A m Layer na sel. Biology: tsarin da tsirrai, da kewaye

A Kwayoyin cewa, samar da nama da Flora da fauna, da gagarumin bambance-bambance a size, siffar, bijiro da batun kafa abubuwa. Duk da haka, duk suka yi suna da kama da juna a general shaci girma, musayar rayuwa, irritability, ikon canzawa ci gaba. Next, la'akari da mafi tsarin da shuka cell (Table babban aka gyara za a ba a karshen cikin labarin).

Brief Historical Fage

Ta wajen osmotic buga a shekara ta 1925 Gorter da Grendel samu komai bawo na ja da maikacin jini, da ake kira "inuwa". Suna hauhawar cikin wani tari, ma'ana su surface area. Lipids aka raba ta amfani da acetone. Har ila yau, da yawan ja jini Kwayoyin da naúrar yankin da aka yi niyya. Duk da rashin tabbas a lissafin da aka dauka daga bazata daidai sakamakon, da kuma bude sia bilayer.

janar bayanai

A binciken da na nama ci gaba da kuma ci gaban da abubuwa na Flora da fauna hulda da ilmin halitta. A tsarin da shuka cell ne a hadaddun na uku inseparably da alaka da juna gyara:

• Core. An rabu da cytoplasm ta wajen wani porous membrane. Yana dauke da nucleolus, da makaman nukiliya sap da kuma chromatin.
• A cytoplasm da hadaddun musamman Tsarin - wasu gabbansa. A karshen, musamman, sun hada da plastids, mitochondria, lysosomes da Golgi na'ura, cell cibiyar. Wasu gabbansa ne kullum ba. Baya ga wadannan, akwai kuma wucin gadi samuwar, da ake kira inclusions.
• A tsarin, wanda Forms da surface - harsashi da shuka cell.

Features na na'ura surface

Shin leukocytes da sel unicellular kwayoyin jacket samar da ruwa shigar azzakari cikin farji, ions, kananan kwayoyin na sauran mahadi. A tsari a cikin abin da akwai shigar azzakari cikin farji daga m barbashi, kira phagocytosis. Idan muka samu wani digo na ruwa mahadi, mu yi magana na pinocytosis.

wasu gabbansa

Su ba a eukaryotic Kwayoyin. Tare da wasu gabbansa da alaka da nazarin halittu rikirkida da faruwa a cikin cell. Su inuwõyi biyu diaphragm - plastids da mitochondria. Sun dauke da nasu DNA, kazalika da na'ura cewa synthesizes da gina jiki. Farfagandar ne da za'ayi ta rarraba. A mitochondria, fãce ATP, da furotin da ake hada a kananan yawa. Plastids ne ba a shuka Kwayoyin. Su haifuwa da aka yi da kuma rarraba.

membrane

Kuskure ɗauka cewa cikin matsanancin Layer na sel - a cytoplasm. A membrane ne na roba kwayoyin tsarin. A m Layer na sel kira surface na'ura, da wanda ke ciki na daki daga waje muhalli. Akwai daban-daban ayyuka na jikin tantanin. Daya daga cikin manyan ayyuka da shi ne don tabbatar da mutuncin dukan kashi. Tu tsarin ne ma yanzu, raba wani cell a cikin abin da ake kira compartments. Wadannan rufe yankunan kira wasu gabbansa ko compartments. Tu su suna da goyan bayan wasu yanayi. A jikin tantanin ayyuka sun hada da tsari na musayar tsakanin matsakaici da kuma cell.

membrane

Mene ne tsarin da jikin tantanin? Cell membrane - a bilayer (biyu) na kwayoyin na sia aji. Mafi yawansu ba su wakiltar wani hadadden irin lipids - phospholipids. A kwayoyin ba hydrophobic (wutsiya) da kuma hydrophilic (kai) rabo. Lokacin da Kwayoyin kafa harsashi, wutsiyoyi ciki da kuma shugaban - a gaban shugabanci. Matattarar - shi ne invariabelnye tsarin. dabba cell casing yana mai yawa kamance da na da kashi na Flora. A membrane kauri - tsari na 7-8 nm. Halittu m Layer na sel hada daban-daban proteinaceous mahadi: poluintegralnye (daya karshen nutsa cikin matsanancin sia ko ciki Layer), na game (permeates) surface (m ga voyayyen bangarorin na ko dai zama a kan waje). Da dama sunadaran da aka abutting maki na membrane da ciki da cell cytoskeleton da gina garu (idan ba). Wasu na game dangane yi rawar da ion tashoshi, da dama rabe da transporters.

m aiki

A tsarin da jikin tantanin sun fi mayar da kayyade ta aiki. A musamman, da matattarar yana da wani zabe permeability. Wannan yana nufin cewa mataki na permeability na kwayoyin ta hanyar da membrane dogara a kan su size, sinadaran Properties, lantarki cajin. Babban aikin yi da matsanancin Layer na sel, kira shãmaki. Saboda shi ne bayar da wani zabe, daidaitacce, aiki da kuma m musayar muhalli mahadi. Alal misali, peroxisomes jacket samar da kariya daga m peroxides cytoplasm.

kai

Ta hanyar da matsanancin cell Layer mika mulki auku abubuwa. Saboda da kai bayar da bayarwa na gina jiki, kau na karshe kayayyakin na musayar tsari, da mugunya daban-daban abubuwa, da samuwar ionic sinadaran. Bugu da kari, cikin cell kiyaye da mafi kyau duka PH da kuma maida hankali ions zama dole ga enzyme. Idan bukata barbashi don wasu dalilai, ba zai iya wuce ta cikin bilayer na phospholipids, misali, saboda da hydrophilic Properties saboda membrane ne hydrophobic a, ko saboda su manyan size, ba za su iya haye membrane ta wajen musamman transporters (m sunadaran) ta endocytosis ko sunadarai tashoshi. A kan aiwatar da m kai fili gwada m Layer na sel ba tare da kashe kudi da makamashi da yadawa saukar da wani taro dan tudu. Daya bambance-bambancen da wannan tsari yana dauke sauƙaƙe aiwatar. A wannan yanayin, da abu yakan taimaka wa Kwayoyin haye m Layer wani takamaiman kwayoyin. Yana iya zama ba tashar abin da yake iya watsin daya kawai irin abu. Domin aiki kai na bukatar makamashi. Wannan shi ne saboda cewa da motsi a cikin wannan yanayin daukan wuri mayar da natsuwa dan tudu. A cikin membrane a cikin wannan harka akwai musamman farashinsa sunadarai, ciki har da ATPase, wanda aka rayayye pumped cikin cell da potassium ions, sodium farashinsa.

wasu ayyuka

A m Layer na cell executes a matrix aiki. Wannan results a cikin wani juna matsayi da kuma fuskantarwa na membrane gina jiki mahadi da su ganiya hulda. Saboda da inji aiki an bada shi ta mai cin gashin kansa Kwayoyin da ciki Tsarin, kazalika dangane da sauran Kwayoyin. Na bayar da muhimmanci a cikin wannan harka da wakilan da Flora da Tsarin bango. A dabbobi, tabbatar da inji aiki ya dogara da intercellular abu. A membranes aiki da kuma samar da makamashi kalubale. A kan aiwatar da photosynthesis a chloroplast, da salula numfasawa a mitochondria a cikin ganuwar suna kunna ta makamashi canja tsarin. A cikin wadannan, kamar yadda a wasu lokuta, sunadarai ne da hannu. An dauke da daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci tsoka mai amsa sigina aiki. Wasu sunadaran da aka samu a cikin membrane ne rabe. Saboda wadannan kwayoyin tantanin halitta zai iya yarda da wadannan ko wasu sakonni. Alal misali, steroids, zagawa da ta cikin jini, rinjayar kawai a kan waɗanda manufa Kwayoyin cewa suna rabe m zuwa da daya ko wasu hormones. Akwai ma neurotransmitters. Wadannan sinadarai samar da turu watsa. Su ma suna da wata mahada da takamaiman manufa sunadaran. Matattarar aka gyara su ne sau da yawa enzymes. Saboda haka enzymatic aiki na jikin tantanin. A jini membranes na hanji epithelial Kwayoyin ba narkewa kamar mahadi. A m Layer na sel generated da kuma gudanar da biopotentials.

A taro na ions

Amfani da membrane goyon ciki abun ciki na K + ions a wata mafi girma fiye da waje, matakin. A taro na Na + ne da yawa ƙananan fiye da a kan waje. Wannan shi ne na musamman muhimmancin tun da yuwuwar bambanci haka bayar a kan garun, da a cikin ƙarni na wani jijiya turu.

alama

Yanzu a kan membrane antigens, wanda aiki a matsayin wasu "gajerun hanyoyin". Sa alama ba ka damar gano cell. Glycoproteins - sunadaran docked su oligosaccharide branched gefen sarƙoƙi - wasa da muhimmancin "antennas". Tun da m jeri na gefen sarƙoƙi na iya zama ga kowane rukuni na Kwayoyin yi alãmarsu. Da taimakon wadannan faru amincewa da wasu sauran abubuwa da cewa, bi da bi, sa su su yi aiki a shagali. Wannan ya faru, misali, da samuwar tsokoki da kuma gabobin. A cewar wannan dabarar da aka yi aiki da tsarin na rigakafi don gane waje antigens.

Abun da ke ciki da kuma Structure

Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, cell membranes kunshi phospholipids. Duk da haka, kuma su a cikin tsarin ne ba cholesterol kuma glycolipids. A karshen ne lipids docked su tare da carbohydrates. Glyco- da phospholipids, yafi kafa da cell ganuwar, an hada da 2 carbohydrate dogon hydrophobic "wutsiyoyi". Su suna hade da hydrophilic, cajin "kai". Saboda gaban cholesterol membrane yana da zama dole matakin na rigidity. A fili bautar da sarari tsakanin hydrophobic sia wutsiyoyi, ta haka ne hana su lankwasawa. A wannan batun, wadanda membranes a wadda kasa cholesterol, mafi m da kuma taushi, da kuma inda shi babu, a akasin haka, mafi girma rigidity da fragility a cikin ganuwar. Bugu da ƙari, cikin fili abubuwa a matsayin tasha hana motsi na Kwayoyin a cikin cell iyakacin duniya kwayoyin. Na musamman muhimmancin ne sunadaran cewa, shiga cikin membrane da kuma ke da alhakin ta daban-daban Properties. Ko da cewa harsashi da shuka cell aka bayyana ta wurin abun da ke ciki da kuma fuskantarwa sunadaran.

na annular lipids

Wadannan mahadi kusa da gina jiki. Duk da haka, na annular lipids mafi streamlined da kasa mobile. A abun da ke ciki ƙunshi m acid da hakan jikewa. Lipids fita daga membranes da proteinaceous fili. Ba tare da na da kashi na annular membrane sunadarai ba su aiki. Sau da yawa asymmetrical harsashi. A wasu kalmomin, wannan yana nufin cewa da yadudduka da daban-daban abun da ke ciki na lipids. A waje ƙunshi yafi glycolipids, sphingomyelins, phosphatidylcholine, fosfatidilnozitol. A ciki Layer na yanzu fosfatidilnozitol, phosphatidylethanolamine da phosphatidylserine. The mulki daga matakin zuwa wani takamaiman kwayoyin mafi wuya. Duk da haka, zai iya da kyau faru ne kwatsam. Wannan ya faru game da zarar kowane watanni shida. A mi} a mulki ƙila za a cika yin amfani da gina jiki-Flippase da skramblazy. Lokacin da matsanancin Layer fosatidilserila, macrophages dauki wani m matsayi da kuma ciyar da su aiki a kan cell hallaka.

wasu gabbansa

Wadannan rabo iya rufe ko guda kuma bonded zuwa juna, rabu da membranes hyaloplasm. Odnomembrannymi wasu gabbansa dauke periksisomy, vacuoles, lysosomes, Golgi na'ura, endoplasmic reticulum. By dvumembrannym hada plastids, mitochondria, tsakiya. Amma ga tsarin membranes, da wasu gabbansa da suke da daban-daban bango ya bambanta a cikin abun da ke ciki na sunadaran da lipids.

zabe permeability

Ta hanyar cell membranes sannu a hankali yaxuwa m da kuma amino acid, ions da glycerol, glucose. Cikinsa da ganuwar kansu rayayye tsara da aiwatar da wucewa daya da kuma jinkirta wasu abubuwa. Domin kudin shiga ga fili, akwai hudu babban inji a cikin cell. Wadannan sun hada da endo- ko exocytosis, aiki da sufuri, osmosis da yadawa. A karshe biyu da m kuma ba ya bukatar makamashi kashe kudi. Amma da farko biyu - suna aiki. Domin su, makamashi da ake bukata. A m kai zabe permeability sa na game da sunadarai - musamman tashoshi. A membrane ne Ribar da su ta hanyar. Wadannan tashoshi ta samar da wata irin izinin tafiya. Sunadaran suna da abubuwa CL, Na, K. Tare game da maida hankali dan tudu, da kwayoyin dauki motsi abubuwa a cikin wani cell gare ta. Kan bango na hangula akwai budewa sodium ion tashoshi. Su, bi da bi, fara hanzari shigar da cell. Wannan yana tare da wani rashin daidaituwa a cikin membrane m. Duk da haka, bayan da ya recovers. Potassium tashoshi zama bude a kowane lokaci. Ions shigar da cell ta hanyar su sannu a hankali.

a ƙarshe

Kasa ne short ayyuka da kuma tsarin da shuka cell. Tebur ma ya ƙunshi bayani game da abun da ke ciki da kuma nazarin halittu kashi.