A general dabara domin alkenes. Kadarorin da faye hali na alkenes

A mafi sauki gudanar da mahadi sun hada da cikakken kuma unsaturated hydrocarbons. Wadannan sun hada da abubuwa na Class alkanes, alkynes, alkenes.

Da dabara na wanda sun hada da hydrogen da carbon atoms a wani takamaiman jerin da yawa. Suna sau da yawa samu a yanayi.

Tabbatar da dalilin da alkenes

Sauran su name - ko hydrocarbons olefins ethylene. An don haka ya kira aji na mahadi aiki a cikin 18th karni lokacin bude m ruwa - ethylene chloride.

By alkenes ne abubuwa hada da carbon da hydrogen abubuwa. Sun kasance a cikin acyclic hydrocarbons. Wadannan kwayoyin suna ba kawai biyu (unsaturated) bond a haɗa da biyu carbon atoms da juna.

dabara alkenes

Kowane aji na mahadi yana da wani sinadaran nadi. A alamu ne abubuwa na lokaci-lokaci tsarin nuni da abun da ke ciki da kuma tsarin da connection na kowane abu.

A general dabara na alkenes denoted kamar haka: C _n H _2n, inda adadin n ne fi ko daidai to 2. Idan deciphering shi za a iya gani cewa kowane carbon zarra yana zuwa biyu hydrogen atoms.

Kwayoyin dabara alkenes na homologue jerin wakilta da wadannan sifofi: C ₂ H _4, C ₃ H _6, C ₄ H _8, C ₅ H _10, C ₆ H _12, C ₇ H _14, C ₈ H _16, C ₉ H _18, C ₁₀ H _20. Ana iya gani cewa kowane m hydrocarbon ƙunshi daya more carbon a 2 da kuma mafi hydrogen.

Akwai zana wuri alama ce da oda na sinadaran mahadi tsakanin kwayoyin halitta a cikin DNA, wanda ya nuna tsarin dabara na alkenes. Da taimakon valence nuna ta carbon da hydrogen.

Alkenes tsarin dabara iya nuna a fa] a] form, a lokacin da aka nuna, duk da sinadaran abubuwa da kuma sadarwa. A mafi dunkule magana ba a nuna olefins carbon fili da kuma hydrogen ta wajen valence.

Formula kwarangwal designate cikin sauki tsarin. Broken layi wakiltar kafuwar kwayoyin a cikin abin da carbon atoms aka gabatar tare da fi da kuma iyakar, da kuma hydrogen batu links.

Yadda za a samar da sunan olefins

Bisa ga din nomenclature, dabara da kuma sunayen alkenes daga alkanes dokoki da tsarin game da cikakken hydrocarbons. Don yin wannan, a cikin sunan karshe kari na baya baki -an maye gurbinsu -ilen ko -en. An misali ne da samuwar butane-butylene da pentene daga pentane.

Don nuna matsayin dangi da biyu dangane da carbon atoms nuna a Larabci numerals a karshen sunan.

A zuciya na sunayen alkenes ne nadi na hydrocarbon da mafi tsawo sarkar a cikin abin da biyu bond ne ba. A lokacin farkon lambobi da sarkar ne yawanci zabi karshen wanda shi ne mafi kusa ga unsaturated fili, carbon atoms.

Idan tsarin dabara na alkenes yana da rassan da cewa nuna radicals sunan da lambar, a kuma ba su lambobi daidai wuri a cikin carbon sarkar. Biye da sunan hydrocarbon. Bayan da lambobin yawanci sa jan layi.

Akwai unsaturated m offshoots. Su sunayen iya zama maras muhimmanci ko kafa da dokoki na tsanaki nomenclature.

Alal misali, NSC = CH- ake magana ethenyl ko roba.

isomers

Kwayoyin dabara alkenes iya ba nuna isomerism. Duk da haka, domin wannan aji na abubuwa, fãce ethylene kwayoyin muhimmi na sarari bambancin.

Isomers ethylenic hydrocarbons iya zama a kan carbon kwarangwal, na unsaturated sadarwa matsayin interclass ko na sarari.

A general dabara na alkenes kayyade adadin carbon da hydrogen atoms a cikin sarkar, amma ba ya nuna gaban da wuri na biyu bond a cikinta. An misali ne cyclopropane matsayin giciye-aji Isomer C ₃ H ₆ (propylene). Sauran iri isomerism, aka nuna a C ₄ H ₈ ko butene.

Miscellaneous unsaturated sadarwa matsayi na faruwa a cikin butene-1 ko butene-2, a farko yanayin, wani biyu dangane shi ne a kusa da farko carbon zarra, kuma a karo na biyu - a tsakiyar sarkar. Isomers na carbon kwarangwal za a iya daukan misali methylpropene (CH ₃ -C (CH ₃₎ = CH ₂₎ kuma isobutylene _((CH3) 2C = CH _2).

Na sarari bambancin muhimmi butene-2 da Kish-trans matsayi. A cikin farko idan gefen kungiyoyin suna located sama da kuma a kasa da babban carbon sarkar da wani biyu bond a karo na biyu isomer substituents ne a kan wannan gefe.

Halaye na olefins

A general dabara domin alkenes kayyade yanayin jiki na duk 'yan wannan aji. An fara da kuma kawo karshen tare da ethylene butylene (C ₂ zuwa C _4), abubuwa zama a wani gaseous form. Saboda haka colorless ethene yana da sweetish wari, low solubility a ruwa, kwayoyin nauyi kasa da cewa daga iska.

A cikin ruwa tsari, gabatar hydrocarbons homologue lokaci daga C ₅ zuwa C _17. Da farko tare da alkene da ciwon a cikin babban sarkar na 18 carbon atoms, a miƙa mulki na jiki jihar a wani m form.

All olefins matsayi matalauta solubility a mai ruwa-ruwa kafofin watsa labarai, amma mai kyau a cikin kwayoyin halitta na sauran ƙarfi, kamar benzene ko fetur. Su kwayoyin nauyi ne kasa da cewa daga ruwa. Kara carbon sarkar take kaiwa zuwa wani karuwa a yawan zafin jiki halaye da narkewa da kuma tafasar maki daga wadannan mahadi.

Properties olefins

Tsarin dabara alkenes nuna gaban biyu bond a cikin kwarangwal kuma σ- na π- a haɗa biyu carbon atoms. Wannan tsarin da kwayoyin kayyade ta sinadaran Properties. Communication-π aka dauke su ba da karfi, wanda ya sa ya yiwu don a hallaka shi tare da samuwar biyu sabon shaidu-σ, wanda aka samu a sakamakon shiga wata biyu da kwayoyin halitta. A unsaturated hydrocarbons ne electron gudunmawa. Sun shiga a cikin tafiyar matakai na electrophilic irin connection.

An muhimmanci sinadaran dũkiyar alkenes ne halogenation aiwatar da saki mahadi irin digalogenoproizvodnym abubuwa. Halogen atoms za a iya a haɗe zuwa fili ta biyu carbons. An misali ne bromination na propylene samar da 1,2-dibromopropane:

H ₂ C = CH-CH ₃ + Br ₂ → BrCH ₂ -CHBr-CH _3.

Wannan neutralization aiwatar launuka a cikin bromine ruwa alkenes dauke ingantaccen shaidar gaban biyu bond.

Muhimmanci halayen olifinov da dangantaka hydrogenation da Bugu da kari hydrogen kwayoyin karkashin mataki na kara kuzari karafa kamar platinum, palladium ko nickel. Wannan results a hydrocarbons da cikakken bond. Formula alkanes, alkenes aka ba a kasa a cikin hydrogenation na butene:

CH ₃ -CH ₂ -CH = CH ₂ + H ₂ → CH ₃ ^Ni -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -CH _3.

A tsari na shiga halide kwayoyin kira olefins
gidrogalogenirovaniem wucewa, ta hanyar girka, bude Markovnikov. An misali ne hydrobromination na propylene samar 2-bromopropane. Yana an haɗa da hydrogen-carbon biyu bond, wanda aka dauke mafi hydrogenated:

CH ₃ -CH = CH ₂ + HBr → CH ₃ -BrCH-CH _3.

alkenes ruwa Bugu da kari dauki tare da acid din da aka sani a matsayin hydration. A sakamakon haka ne kwayoyin na cikin barasa 2-propanol :

CH ₃ -HC = CH ₂ + H ₂ Ya → CH ₃ -OHCH-CH _3.

Lokacin da fallasa su alkenes sulfuric acid sulfonation tsari ya auku:

CH ₃ -HC = CH ₂ + HO-OSO-OH → CH ₃ -CH ₃ CH-OSO ₂ -OH.

A dauki fitowa tare da samuwar acid esters, msl, izopropilsernoy acid.

Alkenes saukin kamuwa zuwa hadawan abu da iskar shaka a lokacin da konewa a karkashin mataki na oxygen ta samar da ruwa da kuma carbon dioxide:

2Tar ₃ -HC = CH ₂ + 9O ₂ → 6CO ₂ + 6H ₂ O.

A dauki na olefinic mahadi da kuma tsarma potassium permanganate a cikin bayani bada Yunƙurin zuwa wani tsarin glycols ko dihydric alcohols. Wannan dauki an ma oxidising ta samar da ethylene glycol da bleaching bayani:

3H ₂ C = CH ₂ + 4H ₂ Ya + 2KMnO ₄ → 3OHCH-CHOH + 2MnO ₂ + 2KOH.

Alkene kwayoyin iya hannu a cikin Polymerization da free m ko cationic-anionic inji. A cikin farko idan, a ƙarƙashin rinjayar peroxides samu polyethylene irin polymer.

Kamar yadda na biyu inji cationic catalysts ne acid da kuma anionic jamiái suna organometallic polymer da kasafi stereoselective.

Mene ne alkanes

Suna da ake kira paraffins ko iyakance acyclic hydrocarbons. Bã su da wani mikakke ko branched tsarin, wanda ya ƙunshi kawai guda shaidu cikakken. Dukkan mambobi na da homologue jerin wannan aji suna da janar dabara C _n H _{2n + 2.}

A cikin tsarin ƙunshi kawai carbon da hydrogen atoms. A general dabara na alkene kafa tsarin rubutu cikakken hydrocarbons.

Sunayen alkanes da su halaye

A sauki wakilin wannan aji ne methane. Biye da abubuwa irin su ethane, propane da butane. Dalili na da sunan shi ne tushen da adadi a cikin Girkanci harshe, to wanda aka kara kari na baya baki -an. Alkanes sunayen aka jera a cikin IUPAC nomenclature.

A general dabara domin alkenes, alkynes, alkanes hada kawai biyu jinsunan kwayoyin halitta. Wadannan sun hada da abubuwa carbon da hydrogen. Yawan carbon atoms a duk uku azuzuwan ashana, kamanta shi ne lura kawai a cikin yawan hydrogen cewa za a iya cleaved ko shiga. Na cikakken hydrocarbons samu unsaturated mahadi. Da wakilan da paraffins dauke a cikin kwayoyin ne 2 hydrogen zarra fiye da olefin, wanda ya tabbatar da wani janar dabara na alkanes, alkenes. Alkenes tsarin yana dauke saboda gaban na unsaturated biyu bond.

Idan muka kwatanta da yawan hydrogen da carbon atoms a alkane, matsakaicin darajar za a iya kwatanta da sauran azuzuwan na hydrocarbons.

Tun da methane da kuma kawo karshen butane (C ₁ zuwa C _4), abubuwa zama a wani gaseous form.

A cikin ruwa tsari, gabatar hydrocarbons homologue lokaci daga C ₅ zuwa C _16. Tun alkane da ciwon a cikin babban sarkar na 17 carbon atoms, a miƙa mulki na jiki jihar a wani m form.

Suna halin isomerism na carbon kwarangwal kuma Tantancewar gyare-gyare na kwayoyin.

A paraffins carbon valences suna dauke da cikakken shagaltar m carbons ko hydrogen samar da wata dangane σ-type. Daga mai guba bisa, wannan yana sa su weaker Properties, wanda shi ne dalilin da ya sa alkanes ake kira iyaka ko cikakken hydrocarbons rasa dangantaka.

Sun shiga cikin canzawa halayen alaka halogenation da wani m irin nitration sulfochlorination ko kwayoyin.

Paraffins sha mai aiwatar da hadawan abu da iskar shaka, konewa ko bazuwar a high yanayin zafi. A karkashin mataki accelerators tsakiyan nonon halayen faruwa a hydrogen zarra ko dehydrogenation na alkanes.

Mene ne alkynes

Suna kuma kira acetylene hydrocarbons, a cikin abin da carbon ne ba a cikin sarkar sau uku bond. A tsarin da alkyne aka bayyana ta da janar dabara C _n H _{2 n-2.} Ana iya gani cewa da bambanci to alkanes daga acetylenic hydrocarbons rasa hudu hydrogen atoms. Su maye gurbin sau uku bond, kafa ta biyu π- sadarwa.

Wannan tsarin kayyade sinadaran Properties na wannan aji. A tsarin dabara na alkenes da alkynes nuna unsaturation na kwayoyin da kuma gaban biyu (H ₂ C꞊CH ₂₎ kuma sau uku (HC≡CH) connection.

Sunan alkynes da su halaye

A sauki wakilin ne acetylene ko HC≡CH. Haka kuma an kira a matsayin ethynyl. Yana asali daga sunan cikakken hydrocarbon, wanda cire kari na baya baki -an da kuma ƙara -in. A cikin sunayen dogon-alkyne adadi nuna da wuri daga cikin sau uku bond.

Sanin tsarin da hydrocarbon cikakken kuma unsaturated, shi za a iya ƙaddara karkashin wata wasika suturta general dabara domin alkynes: a) CnH2n. a) CnH2n + 2; c) CnH2n-2. g) CnH2n-6. A daidai amsar ne na uku zaɓi.

An fara daga acetylene da kuma kawo karshen butane (C ₂ zuwa C _4), abubuwa ne gaseous a yanayi.

A cikin ruwa nau'i hydrocarbons ne homologue lokaci daga C ₅ zuwa C _17. An fara tare da alkyne da ciwon a cikin babban sarkar na 18 carbon atoms, a miƙa mulki na jiki jihar a wani m form.

Suna halin isomerism na carbon kwarangwal, a kan Status of sadarwa sau uku da kuma interclass gyaggyarawa kwayoyin.

By sunadarai halaye irin wannan acetylenic hydrocarbons alkenes.

Idan m alkyne sau uku bond, sun yi aiki don samar da wani acid aiki alkinidov salts, msl, NaC≡CNa. A gaban biyu π-shaidu sa da kwayoyin da wani karfi nucleophile sodium atsetiledina shiga canzawa halayen.

Acetylene aka magni a gaban jan chloride ya sami dichloroacetyl, sandaro karkashin mataki na wani saki haloalkynyl diacetylenic kwayoyin.

Alkynes shiga a electrophilic Bugu da kari halayen, da manufa wanda underlies da halogenation gidrogalogenirovaniya, hydration da carbonylation. Duk da haka, irin wannan matakai ne weaker fiye da na alkenes da biyu bond.

Domin acetylenic hydrocarbons iya nucleophilic Bugu da kari dauki na barasa irin kwayoyin, a primary Amine ko sulfide.