Yaren mutanen Sweden sunadarai Nobel Alfred: Biography A sabuwar dabara na Dynamite, ya kafa na Nobel Prize

Nobel Alfred - fice Swedish masanin kimiyya, da ya kirkiro Dynamite, Academician sunadarai experimenter, Ph.D., Academician, kafa na Nobel Prize, ya sa shi a dukan duniya daraja.

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Karin Nobel, wanda biography ne mai gaske sha'awa a cikin halin yanzu tsara, an haife shi a Stockholm a ranar 21 ga watan Oktoba, 1833. Ya kasance mai 'yan qasar na kudancin gundumar na Swedish manoma Nobelef, wanda shi ne wanda aka samu sunan da aka sani a ko'ina cikin duniya. A cikin mutãnensa, fãce shi, ya haifi 'ya'ya uku. Uba Immanuel Nobel an kasuwa wanda, lalata, ya yi ƙarfin halin gwada sa'arsa a Rasha. Ya koma a 1837 zuwa St. Petersburg, inda ya bude wata bitar. Bayan shekaru 5, a lokacin da abubuwa suka tafi smoothly, ya koma zuwa ga iyalinsa.

A farko-gwajen da Swedish sunadarai

Da zarar a Rasha, 9-shekara Nobel Karin sauri ƙware da Rasha harshen, wanda a Bugu da kari ga m Turanci, Italiyanci, Jamus da kuma Faransa. Ilimi boy samu gida. A 1849, mahaifinsa ya aiko shi a kan wani yawon shakatawa na Amirka da kasashen Turai, wanda dade shekaru biyu. Karin ziyarci Italiya, Denmark, Jamus, Faransa, Amurka, amma mafi yawan lokaci wani saurayi ya ciyar a Paris. Akwai ya dauki wani m hanya na kimiyyar lissafi da kuma sunadarai a cikin shahararrun masanin kimiyya Jules Peluso Lab, bincika man fetur da kuma bude nitrites.

A halin yanzu Immanuel Nobel ta kasuwanci - wani talented kirkiro kai sanar - aka gyara: Rasha sabis, ya zama mai arziki da kuma sanannen, musamman a lokacin da Crimean War. Ya factory samar mahakar da aka yi amfani da tsaro na Finnish sansanin soja Sveaborg, Kronstadt da Revel harbor a Estonia. Yabo Nobel Sr aka karfafa da na sarki samu lambar, wanda, a matsayin mai mulkin, 'yan kasashen waje ba su bayar da.

Bayan da yaki, tsaya umarni, kamfanin ya tsaya rago, da yawa ma'aikata sun fita daga aiki. Wannan ya tilasta Immanuel Nobel koma ga Stockholm.

A farko-gwajen Alfreda Nobelya

Alfred, yake da dangantaka da sanannen Rasha sunadarai Nikolaem Zininym, A halin yanzu, zo Grips tare da nazarin da kaddarorin nitroglycerin. A 1863, saurayin ya koma Sweden, inda ya ci gaba da gwaje-gwajen. Satumba 3, 1864 akwai wani mummunan bala'i: a lokacin da gwaje-gwajen a cikin fashewar 100 kilo nitroglycerine mutane da dama aka kashe, daga gare su, 20-shekara Emil - kane Alfred. Bayan da ya faru, Alfred mahaifin gurgunta, kuma na karshe 8 shekaru, ya zauna bedridden. A wannan lokacin, Immanuel ci gaba da aiki na rayayye: na rubuta 3 littattafai, to wanda ya yi zane-zane. A shekara ta 1870, shi koma da tambaya da yin amfani da sharar gida itace masana'antu, da kuma Nobel Sr. ƙirƙira plywood, bisa ƙirƙira Hanyar gluing amfani da biyu daga katako faranti.

Da sabuwar dabara na Dynamite

Oktoba 14, 1864 Swedish masanin kimiyyar ya fitar da wani patent cewa a yarda da shi ya shiga da a yi na bama-bamai, wanda a hada dauke nitroglycerin. Karin Nobel ƙirƙira Dynamite a 1867. ta samar a nan gaba masanin kimiyya kawo babban dũkiya. Da latsa na cewa lokaci ya rubuta cewa ya samu sanya ta Swedish sunadarai bazata: idan a cikin aiwatar da harkokin sufuri na karye kwalban nitroglycerin. Yana zub da ruwa, sharkaf ƙasa, sakamakon wani Dynamite. Karin Nobel ba a gane sama version, da kuma nace cewa sane tsunduma a cikin search for abubuwa da lokacin da gauraye da nitroglycerin zai rage hadarin fashewa. Da ake so Converter zama diatomaceous duniya - dutse, wanda kuma ake kira Tripoli.

Laboratory domin samar da Dynamite Swedish sunadarai shirya tsakanin lake a kan wani baji, daga lugar yankunan.

Watanni biyu bayan farko-up na iyo dakin gwaje-gwaje na Alfred ta inna kawo shi a kasuwa daga Stockholm Johan Vilgelmom Smitom - Mai miliyan arziki. Nobel ya shawo Smith kuma da dama wasu masu zuba jari su shiga da kuma samar da wani kamfanin ga masana'antu samar da nitroglycerine, wanda ya fara a 1865. Farga da cewa Swedish patent ba ya kare 'yancin kasashen waje, Nobel ya jadadda mallaka mallaka da hakkin zuwa tsirar nitroglycerin da kuma sayar da shi a kewayen duniya.

A bude Alfreda Nobelya

A 1876, duniya koya game da wani sabon firtsi na masanin kimiyya - "fashewar cakuda" - a fili na nitroglycerin da collodion, yana mai karfi explosiveness. M shekaru arziki binciken nitroglycerin hade tare da sauran abubuwa: ballistite - na farko smokeless gunpowder, sa'an nan igiyoyinsu.

Nobel bukatun da aka bai iyakance don kawai aiki tare da fashewar abubuwa: wani masanin kimiyyar sha'awar kimiyyan gani da hasken wuta, electrochemistry, magani, ilmin halitta, tsara don m boilers kuma atomatik birki, kokarin samar da wucin gadi roba, nitrocellulose da karatu wucin gadi siliki. Akwai game da 350 patents, wanda ya ayyana da hakkin ya Alfred Nobel: Dynamite, Detonator, smokeless foda, wani ruwa mita, mai sanyaya na'urar, mai barometer, wani fama da makami mai linzami yi, gas kuka,

halaye masanin kimiyya

Nobel Alfred ya kasance daya daga cikin mafi ilimi maza daga cikin lokaci. The masanin kimiyya karanta litttattafai masu yawa da a kan aikin injiniya, magani, falsafa, tarihi, almarar, fifita ya Sahaban: Hugo, Turgenev, Balzac da Maupassant, ko da ya yi kokarin rubuta. The girma na ayyukan Alfred Nobel (litattafan, kwaikwaiyo, shayari) da kuma ba a buga. Kiyaye kawai wasa game da Beatrice Cenci - "Nemizida" gama riga mutuwa. Wannan shi ne wani bala'i a 4 ayyukan da aka hadu da rashin jituwa da churchmen. Saboda haka, duk buga edition, saki a cikin haske a 1896, bayan mutuwar Alfred Nobel, an halaka ne fãce ga uku kofe. Duniya yana da damar da za su samu matsahi na saba da wannan gagarumar samfurin a cikin 2005. Yana da aka buga a cikin memory daga cikin manyan masanin kimiyya a Stockholm scene.

Sahaban bayyana Alfred Nobel a matsayin surly mutum, wanda fĩfĩta birane bustle da gaisuwa da kamfanin na m kawaicin da nake yi, kuma m nutsewa a cikin aikin. Scientist jagoranci wani lafiya salon, wani mummunan hali zuwa shan taba, barasa da cãcã.

Da yake isasshe kulla, Nobel downright kula zuwa ga Spartan salon. Aiki a kan m garwayayye da abubuwa, ya aka yi tsayayya da zuwa tashin hankali da kisan kai, dauke da wani gagarumin aiki saboda zaman lafiya a duniya.

Qirqire for Peace

Da farko fara da Swedish sunadarai nakiyoyi aka yi amfani da m dalilai: domin gina hanyoyi da kuma jiragen kasa, hakar ma'adinai, gina canals da Tunnels (ta amfani da ayukan iska mai ƙarfi). The Nobel nakiyoyi for soja dalilai fara da za a yi amfani da kawai a cikin Franco-Prussian War na 1870-1871. The masanin kimiyya so ƙirƙira abu ko na'ura da cewa yana da wani hallakaswa ikon, aikata dukan yaki ba zai yiwu ba. Nobel biya congresses kishin zaman lafiya a duniya, da kuma ya dauki bangare a gare su. Ya kasance memba na Paris Society of Engineers Civil, da Sweden Academy of Sciences, Royal Society of London. Na yi yawa awards, da suka hada da wani sosai sha'aninsu dabam.

Karin Nobel: soyayya rayuwa

Babban kirkiro - wani m mutum - ya taba aure kuma da 'ya'ya. An Rufe, m, m mutane, da ya yanke shawarar sami wani mataimakin sakataren kuma sanya shi a cikin jaridar da wani lãbãri. 33-shekara amsa Contessa Berta Sofia Felichita - kafa, da ilimi, multilingual mace, wanda shi ne Bespridannitsa. Ta rubuta Nobel, ya karbi amsar. wani rubutu wanda ya sa juna juyayi a garesu. Ba da da ewa akwai wani taro na Albert kuma Bertha. yawa matasa tafiya, magana, kuma zance da Nobel Bertha kawo mai girma yarda. Ba da da ewa Albert ya tafi a kan kasuwanci, da kuma Bertha iya jira ba a gare shi, kuma ya koma gida, inda ta jiran Graf Artur von Suttner - juyayi da kuma soyayya ta rayuwa, wadda ta fara wani iyali. Duk da cewa Bertha ta tashi domin Alfred ya zama wata babbar hit, kuma su dumi m rubutu ci gaba har karshen Nobel kwanaki.

Karin Nobel da kuma Sofi Gess

Kuma duk da haka, a cikin rãyuwar Alfred Nobel ya soyayya. The 43-year old masanin kimiyya fadi cikin soyayya da 20-shekara Sofi Gess - mai sayarwa na flower shop, shi koma daga Vienna zuwa Paris, takalman wani Apartment kusa da gidan da kuma ba ka damar ciyar yadda ta so. Sofia aka sha'awar kawai kudi. Kyau da kuma m "Madame Nobel" (kamar yadda shi ne ake kira kanta) da rashin alheri yana da wani m ba tare da wani ilimi na musamman. Ta ƙi tafiyar da malamai, wanda ta hayar Nobel.

Communication masanin kimiyya da Sofi Gess dade shekaru 15, har 1891 - lokacin da lokacin da Sofia haifi wani yaro daga wani Hungarian jami'in. Karin Nobel lumana raba da wani matashi aboki, kuma ko da ya nada ta zuwa sosai nagari ciki. Sofia aure haifi 'yarta, amma ko da yaushe annoba Alfred buƙatun don abun ciki ƙaruwa, bayan mutuwarsa ya nace a kan shi, barazana, idan na ƙi don buga wa m haruffa. Executors, wanda ba ya so to suna da babba ruffled jaridu, asasshe: suka sayi Sofia haruffa da kuma telegrams Nobel, kuma Ya ƙãra ta haya.

Tun suna yara, Nobel Alfred aka halin da matalauta kiwon lafiya da kuma kullum m. a 'yan shekarun nan ya aka shan azaba da kuma akuba. A likita wajabta nitroglycerin masanin kimiyya - wannan shã'aninku (a irin irony) hutu Alfred, wanda sadaukar da rayuwarsa don aiki tare da abu. Karin Nobel umer10 Disamba 1896 a villa a San Remo daga kwakwalwa haemorrhage. The kabari daga cikin manyan masanin kimiyya ne located a Stockholm ta hurumi.

Karin Nobel da ya samu kyautar

Bisa ƙirƙira Dynamite Nobel gani da amfani a taimaka wa ci gaban mutum ci gaba, ba bakin wake-yaƙe. Amma da aka tsananta suka fara a kan irin wannan hatsari binciken tura da Nobel da ra'ayin cewa wajibi ne a bar baya da wasu, mafi muhimmanci sawun. Saboda haka, Swedish kirkiro yanke shawarar kafa bayan mutuwarsa maras premium rubuta a 1895 ba, bisa ga abin da a wani musamman halitta asusun bar girma daga cikin Saide na jihar - 31 miliyan kroons. Samun kudin shiga daga zuba jari za a kasaftawa a kowace shekara a kari ga mutanen da suka kawo a baya shekara, mafi girma amfani a kan mutãne. Interest ne zuwa kashi 5 sassa da nufin kimiyyar wanda Ya sanya wani muhimmin samu a filin daga sunadarai, kimiyyar lissafi, adabi, magani da kuma Physiology, da kuma sanya wani gagarumin taimako ga kiyaye zaman lafiya a duniya.

Special nufin Alfreda Nobelya gazawa la'akari da kabila daga cikin 'yan takara.

Lambar yabo ta farko da Alfred Nobel Prize ya faru a 1901: shi ne wata likita Roentgen Conrad ya samu na haskoki cewa kai sunansa. Nobel Kyautukan ne mafi babbar da kuma girmama tare da kasa da kasa awards, yana da wani gagarumin tasiri a kan ci gaban duniya kimiyya da adabi.

Har ila yau a cikin kimiyya tarihi na Alfred Nobel, wanda shi ne mai wasiya bugi masana kimiyya da dama domin su karimci, ya shiga a matsayin discoverer na "Nobel" - wani sinadari, mai suna a cikin girmamawa. Sunan fice masanin kimiyya ne Stockholm Physico-Technical Institute da kuma Jami'ar Dnepropetrovsk.