Winter alkama: girma, aiki da kuma irin

Winter alkama - mai muhimmanci da abinci da amfanin gona. Ban ruwa halitta m yanayi domin ta dace da girma da kuma al'ada ci gaba da kuma inganta ta hardiness, wanda ya samar da kyau shuka lamarinsa.

Winter alkama: yiwuwar hakan da ake samu

Da ake ji m fasahar a Birtaniya girma da matsakaita na 69,56 t / ha na alkama, yayin da a cikin Netherlands - 81,2 c / ha. Mutane da yawa gonaki da suke saba wa m hunturu alkama namo fasaha, samar a kan noman ƙasa barga da ake samu 60 ko 70 quintals a kowace kadada. A mafi girbi kai 92,4 centners a kowace kadada.

Karkashin m agro-yanayin damina za a iya quite samun quite high yawan amfanin ƙasa. Winter alkama ji mai kyau a kan noman ƙasashe - yana ba da girbi har zuwa ɗaya da ɗari kilo a kowace kadada. A al'ada da aka noman a cikin amfanin gona rotations ma girma a kan wani silo ko wani abinci kore da kuma 'yanci bayan da shi da ake amfani da bayan yankan yankin a karkashin amfanin gona na hatsi, kayan lambu da kuma forage shuke-shuke.

Halittu fasali na hunturu alkama

Alkama ciyawa nasa ne a gidan, hunturu da shi na samar da seedlings, bushes da kuma gudanar da kaka hardening. Bayan overwintering shuke-shuke ci gaba ya ci gaba. Ya fara da bambantawa na girma batu. Its karfi girma shi ne dogara a kan ƙarfi daga cikin ganye da kuma tushen da ruwa abun ciki na kyallen takarda. Cikakken jikewa ruwa dole for Kwayoyin kula da su turgor mikewa, kara yawan tãyuna domin nan gaba kunnuwa. Wannan ne mai matukar muhimmanci zamani domin shuka rayuwa. The m lokaci a cikin hunturu alkama rayuwa kara daga tube fita zuwa lactic ripeness.

Farkon tayi watering kafin kwanciya spikelets qara yawan hatsi, da shayar da furanni a farkon samuwar qara yawan furanni ci gaba. A lokacin flowering da kuma hadi lokacin da Littafi numfashi shuke-shuke da sharar gida kwayoyin abubuwa, da tsire-tsire ne musamman m ga zafi fiye da kima da kuma zafi iskõki. a cikin wannan lokaci ganiya gudu iska zafin jiki ne 14-19 ° C, a 35 ° C da shuke-shuke da aka ƙwarai rage photosynthesis amfanin ƙasa an rage zuwa 20, kuma a 40 ° C - 50%. Har ila yau, abubuwa barnatar da low zafi da kuma bushe iska. Girma hunturu alkama a kan wani bango na daukan hotuna zuwa high yanayin zafi da kuma zafi na bukatar hankali.

Barbarar hunturu alkama

Winter alkama ne a fairly dogon lokaci ciyayi, shi damar da ta ga mafi cikakken amfani da gina jiki daga ƙasa. Duk da haka, da bukatar batura, ta ne daban-daban, dangane da shuka girma lokaci. Saboda haka, hunturu alkama hadi a cikin bazara ne dace.

Nitrogen yana da muhimmanci a lokacin girma kakar, amma mafi maida shi ne tunawa da shuke-shuke a manzilõli, idan sun fita cikin bututu da kuma kunnuwa. Barbarar hunturu alkama ne mai muhimmanci a cikin farkon spring, shi a wannan lokacin saboda low zafin jiki da kuma zai yiwu Scotland ƙasa nitrification matakai za a iya mur, da kuma ruwan wanke tafi da nitrate nitrogen a cikin zurfi yadudduka na kasar gona, shuke-shuke iya samun nitrogen yunwa ko da ga da kyau-ga kasa. Wannan bayyana high yi sakamakon lokacin da barbarar hunturu alkama a cikin spring daidai da za'ayi.

A lokacin germination da kuma farkon ci gaban da alkama bayyana high bukatar phosphorus abinci mai gina jiki, shi stimulates da al'ada ci gaban da tushen tsarin. Tare da kyau danshi kasancewa tushen iya shiga a cikin fall zuwa zurfin 1 mita, wanda ya inganta hardiness na hunturu alkama. Phosphorus Qarfafa mataki na bambantawa da kuma babban yawan hatsi da kunne. A rashin shi a farkon girma ba za a iya cika da wani arziki na wannan ikon shuka taki a kwanan baya.

A drawback na sauƙi digestible potassium a cikin ƙasa a lokacin daga farkon girma zuwa flowering alkama sakamakon a wani gagarumin fada a cikin ci gaban da tsire-tsire da kuma shuka girma fada bayan - su zama mafi kula saɓani a cikin zafin jiki da kuma ƙasa danshi. Isasshen arziki na shuka phosphorus da potassium a cikin fall qara hardiness na hunturu alkama, da wani isasshen samar da nitrogen qara abun ciki na gina jiki a cikin hatsi. Da suka wuce haddi na karshen, kazalika da} arfin ƙasa danshi, abu don dasa masauki.

hunturu alkama

A yankuna da shayarwa ko da yaushe wani mutum tsarin kula. Iri na hunturu alkama girma a karkashin ban ruwa dole ne alama mayar da martani ga babban taki, ƙarin danshi na kasar gona, kazalika da juriya ga masauki, kuma fungal cututtuka.

Mafi for alkama ne da launin ruwan kasa da kuma baki duniya ƙasa a cikin irin zane, da talakawan, da kyau aeration. Wannan shi ne hunturu alkama, m ga kasa. M ga shi - salted, compaction da dausayi. Modern irin hunturu alkama, ana amfani da dangane da yankin, da wadannan:

• Tarasovskaya bristlecone - ladabi a Voronezh da Rostov yankuna.
• Rosinka Tarasovskaya - high samar da gwaggwabar riba iri-iri.
• Prestige - for yankunan da marigayi frosts (da Volga yankin, Arewa Caucasus jamhuriyoyin).
• Severodonetsk jubili (girma a kan Kuban, Krasnodar, Rostov a ƙasashe a Arewa Caucasus).
• Spring Tarasovskiy - suna girma a kudu.
• Agusta - fari-resistant iri.
• Gwamna Don.
• Don 105.
• Kamyshanka-3 - da aka horar a Lower Volga.
• Nemchinovskaya-57 da kuma 24.
• Moscow, 39 da kuma 56.
• Galina.

A karshe daraja a cikin wannan jerin bred to Black Duniya, su hatsi yana da babban yin burodi quality.

hunturu alkama taki

Tare da dama aikace-aikace na takin a noman noma girbi ƙaruwa daga 40 zuwa 70%. Taki ga hunturu alkama da cika fuska ƙara yawan amfanin ƙasa da hatsi iri. A cikin gwaje-gwajen da na Cibiyar noma a kan noman ƙasa amfanin gona na hunturu alkama karu daga 28,3 zuwa 51,9 quintals a kowace kadada.

A karuwa a yawan amfanin ƙasa daga mafi kyau duka kudi na nitrogen taki a kudancin kasar ya 10-10,6, daga phosphate - 1.2-1.6, da kuma bisa ga hadin gwiwa mataki - 12,1-16,9 t / ga.To akwai hunturu alkama a hanyoyi daban-daban m ga mutum batura. A ƙarshe na masana kimiyya, potash takin da ya kamata a yi kawai a lokacin da ƙasa na kasa da 300 MG / kg na mobile potassium.

Rate na taki lasafta balance hanya, bisa la'akari da matakin da shirya girbi, kasancewa na gina jiki a cikin ƙasa da coefficient na digestibility na shuke-shuke. Infestation na hunturu alkama muhimmanci rage yadda ya dace da taki yin amfani, rage girbi kai 12-15%.

An muhimmanci ajiye domin kara da tasiri na daban-daban takin hunturu alkama ne sosai uniform jerawa na filin. By wannan yanayin dole ne kusata a hankali. Nitrogen da takin mai magani don hunturu alkama ya kamata a yi amfani da selectively, shan la'akari gida gona da yanayin damina, kazalika da ilmin halitta na horar da iri, da darajar shirya yawan aiki.

Lokacin da girma a cikin nauyi da kuma matsakaici kasa da matukar zurfi da kwanciya da ƙasa ruwa da kuma low nitrogen da abun ciki a cikin ƙasa yi kyau taki fragmented - kashi biyu cikin uku na asali dokoki a karkashin magani, da kuma sauran - a cikin miya a karshen spring tillering.

A haske kasa, kazalika da nauyi, da wajen m ƙasa ruwa yiwu asarar nitrogenous gargajiya, don haka 30% na shekara-shekara kudi ya kamata a yi amfani da karkashin presowing namo, da sauran - a cikin spring ciyar. A wuraren da nitrogen reserves a cikin ƙasa ya karu, yin nitrogen taki a fall impractical saboda zai kai ga Ɗaukaka daga cikin shuka, thickening na amfanin gona. A irin haka ne, 40% na shekara-shekara kudi na nitrogen da ake amfani a farkon spring, yayin da 60% - daga baya.

Masana kimiyya a kasar Jamus, Belgium, Birtaniya da Austria yi imani da cewa don samun 80-95 kg / ha na hunturu alkama a ke so nitrogen takin taimakawa ga pre-shuka lokaci, don haka duk nitrogen kudi bada shawarar a ware a 3-4 hadi, da kuma aikace-aikace na takin da ya kamata a hade tare da gabatarwar fungicides.

Don inganta ingancin hatsi amfanin gona na hunturu alkama feed urea a earing lokaci. A Jamus, karkashin hunturu alkama sa ruwa taki a cikin kudi na 20-30 cubic mita a kowace kadada, yi amfani da shi kafin dasa ko a lokacin girma kakar. Masu bincike a kasar Faransa da kuma Amurka ce cewa ya samu wani amfanin ƙasa na 80 dt / ha dole bukatar yin amfani da ban ruwa da ruwa tare da foliar aikace-aikace na takin da al'adu ruwa na wani hadadden type, wanda ya kunshi macro- da micronutrients (Zn, MG, Fe, B). Wannan barbarar hunturu alkama inganta amfanin gona inganci da tabbatar da ci gaban da 2-6 centners a kowace kadada.

alkama

Cross-shuka Hanyar kan kowane hekta kubutar 50-60 kg na tsaba, da karuwa a hatsi amfanin ƙasa a kwatanta da rufaffiyar drills shuka kai bakwai quintals a kowace kadada. Saboda haka, hunturu alkama shuka giciye, rufe drills, bel da kuma razbrosnym hanyoyi. Mafi na kowa al'ada m - tare da aisles na 15 cm, a yarda da tramline.

Lokacin da gona ne da za'ayi Semi-Dwarf hunturu alkama iri, shi shawarar wani uku-line bel shuka, wanda ya samar da wani karuwa a yawan amfanin ƙasa idan aka kwatanta da layin shuka. Yi kyau da kuma gadon kwana na jirgin ƙasa seeding, wanda yana da za'ayi tare da cakuda tsaba Dwarf da al'ada iri. Saboda da longline da kuma amfanin gona kyautata Tsarin 10-15% phytoclimate aka inganta, abin da ya sa mafi m, kudin-tasiri da kuma m amfani da reserves danshi, rage illar da high yanayin zafi, haka girma a 8-24% alkama juriya da, misali, tushen rots.

hunturu alkama amfanin gona dogara ne a kan shuka lokaci. Kowace rana rasa rai rage hatsi amfanin ƙasa ta 20-60 kg. hunturu alkama seeding ya kamata a yi a lokacin. Musamman sharply rage amfanin gona shuka a watan Oktoba, fiye da wani abu da shi amsa korotkostebelchatye iri da bukatar wani a baya akan ranar ƙarshe. Kananan tsaba ya kamata a sown m, da kuma manyan - zurfi. M kunsawa a cikin ƙasa iri za'ayi iska seeders ko a hade raka'a, da inganta harkokin quite wani gagarumin karuwa a yawan amfanin ƙasa na amfanin gona.

Seed shuka na kullum bisa manufa dogara ne a kan iri-iri, iri size, shuka kwanakin da kuma girma yankin. Seeding rate ya kamata a bambanta ma dangane da mataki na samu na filin.

Kula da amfanin gona,

Kula da amfanin gona ya hada da compacting, gudanar da barbarar, spring tsoratar game gwagwarmaya tare da masauki, kazalika da weeds da kuma daban-daban kwari da cututtuka. A yankunan da yalwa da dusar ƙanƙara snow riƙewa ya kamata a yi, wanda inganta wintering shuke-shuke, kuma qara danshi a cikin ƙasa reserves. Spring kula ga albarkatun gona fara da hadi da kuma tsoratar game harbe. A filayen, wanda aka shirya don girma ban ruwa, tsoratar game dole ne a za'ayi shan la'akari da halaye na ban ruwa cibiyar sadarwa. A gaban noman tube ya zama tsoratar game kawai tare da shuka. a cikin furrows daga cikin mafi kyau sakamakon da aka samu ta hanyar tsoratar game Rotary fartanya.

A gaban weeds a amfanin gona na hunturu aiki ya kamata a dauki herbicides alkama. Kafin shuka da amfanin gona da aka fesa a cikin tube. A daidai wannan lokacin, da amfanin gona, dole ne a bi da powdery fumfuna, ko leaf tsatsa. hunturu alkama cuta bi da tare da tsari magunguna ne "Bayletonomil" da "fundazol".

Idan amfanin gona da chinch kwaro, aphid, tafiya, piyavitsy, da nufin amfani da "Metaphase" ko "phosphamide", 40%. Kula Ayyuka ga albarkatun gona na alkama bukatar mu hada da gudanar da su daga biyu ko sau uku, wanda kubutar da kudi, aiki da kuma lokaci. Processing albarkatu desirably da za'ayi a wata watering hada aikace-aikace na wadannan jamiái da ban ruwa da ruwa.

Rage hunturu alkama ya dogara da tsanani da kuma duration na amfanin gona masauki, kuma zai iya isa a karkashin ban ruwa 25-50% na aiki halin kaka, da kuma nufi ga girbi tsiro sau uku, da kuma ingancin amfanin gona da aka rage muhimmanci. Aikace-aikace Turan a kan noman ƙasa dole mafi kyau duka kudi na miyagun ƙwayoyi ne uku kg / ha a.i. Jiyya ne da za'ayi a lokacin karshen tillering. A cultivars yiwuwa ga masauki, yin manyan kullum, kuma a kan sauran - karami. Sarrafa yawon shakatawa korotkostebelchatyh hunturu alkama cultivars ne impractical.

ban ruwa

Ban ruwa - babban factor a cikin high yawan amfanin ƙasa na hunturu alkama a duk yankuna na ta namo. A karuwa a hatsi amfanin ƙasa ban ruwa - shi ne fasahar namo hunturu alkama, da tasiri na ban ruwa al'ada qara tare da hadin gwiwa tare da taki.

Lokacin hunturu alkama girma bukatar samar da ganiya ƙasa danshi ga germination m da kuma al'ada kaka shuka raya kasa. Wannan shi ne cimma presowing ko gargajiya watering. Su muhimmanci dabam a fagage daban-daban na aikin noma. A wuraren da ruwan sama shi ne sau da yawa a cikin fall da kuma zurfin soaking kasar gona har spring, watering tsanani rage-rage. A yankunan da bushe kaka da kasa ƙasa danshi kaka ruwa sama sosai watering ne m zuwa high da ake samu na hunturu alkama.

A kafa ban ruwa rates kamata la'akari da zurfin gishiri sãsanni da kuma ruwan karkashin kasa matakan. Ban ruwa da ruwa ya kamata ba isa gishiri-qazanta sararin sama, tun da narkar da salts iya tashi zuwa capillary halin yanzu pickle ƙasa Layer inda Tushen suna located. Watering m at kusa matakin na ruwan karkashin kasa. Wuce kima ban ruwa rates zai iya sa waterlogging. Watering tasiri a ruwan karkashin kasa zurfin 3 m ko fiye. A zurfin daya da rabi mita ƙasa watering maye gurbin ban ruwa kafin dasa. Da bukatar watering bayan germination auku a bushe yanayi da kuma fall a cikin garũruwa tare da zurfin ruwan karkashin kasa tebur. Lokaci na ban ruwa ya kamata a ƙaddara da lokacin shuka na hunturu alkama, samar da ruwa da wuraren, ban ruwa kayan aiki da kuma tsabtace lokaci al'adu.

girbi

A ganiya lokacin girbi hunturu alkama - abin da ake kira da kakin zuma ripeness na hatsi na alkama. Wannan mataki na faruwa a lokacin da abun ciki na hatsi da wani babban bushe abu. Senikatsiya (spraying girbi) albarkatu na taimaka wa mafi maturation al'ada, qara yawan amfanin ƙasa na hunturu alkama, don haka kamata ka yi kokarin ciyar da tsaftacewa a cikin wani gajeren lokaci da kuma tare da m yiwu hasãra.

Aiki girbi zai rage asarar da kuma kula da wani high quality na hatsi. Ya kamata a tuna da cewa tsare wani hunturu alkama ta fiye da kwanaki goma da zai kai ga makawa akan rage hatsi amfanin ƙasa bakwai quintals a kowace kadada, amma abun ciki a cikin wannan gina jiki a cikin hatsi an rage da rabi cikin dari.

muhalli m

hunturu alkama namo wajen, kazalika da wani noma, a da dalilai da yawa:

• albarkatun kasa - kai tsaye makamashin hasken rana, yanayi zafi, ruwa a cikin nau'i na hazo, ƙasa;
• kai tsaye makamashi ta halin kaka don samar da kayayyakin don takamaiman fasahar ko ga sha'anin.
• kaikaitaccen makamashi ta halin kaka, wanda ake amfani da shuka namo fasahar a cikin filin na tarin, aiki da kuma ajiya.

A duniya akwai wani hali na samar da damar overruns. Don samun 1% na GDP a kauyen ƙaruwa makamashi amfani da 2-3%. ƙasa magani ta gargajiya da hanyoyin ne mafi tsada. Wannan fasaha a baya 'yan shekaru da ya jagoranci wani karu a humus da kuma ƙasa ƙasƙanci. Global yayi a ci gaba da hunturu alkama, canje-canje a cikin namo fasahar nuna hanya zuwa tattali noma.

Fiye da 124 da miliyan kadada a duniya da aka fassara a cikin sunã rãyar da fasaha. Daya daga cikin matakan inganta makamashi yadda ya dace da kuma makamashi ceto ne kyautata na m sabon gonaki - muhalli da kuma tattalin arziki model na ingantaccen samar da wani taro na zamani da makamashi da kuma hanya-ceton fasahar. Waɗannan kimiyoyi sun haɗa da: mulching amfanin gona, kai tsaye seeding, ban ruwa yadda ya dace. hunturu alkama cin azurta gabatarwar waɗannan fasahohin.

A amfani da sharar gida, wanda za a iya samu a aikin noma, shi ne ta hanyar aiwatar da ayyukan a kan yin amfani da makamashi a duniya. A musamman, namo na alkama da ton na hatsi da ta samar 2 ton na bambaro. Na farko yankakken bambaro zai fi dacewa nome ƙasar da a maido da haihuwa. Amma bangare na bambaro za a iya amfani da su maida shi zuwa makamashi briquettes.

Alkama - shi ne babban abinci da al'adun} asashen da dama, saboda da kwarai da sinadirai masu darajar hatsi da ta arziki abun da ke ciki. Inda hunturu alkama da aka girma da kyau, shi ne bisa ga al'ada da manyan amfanin gona. Wannan Jamhuriyar Arewa Caucasus, Central Black Duniya yankin, Ukraine. Winter alkama ne daidai amfani da danshi na kaka da spring, da bushes, sosai farkon ripening, da kuma da yawa kasa ta shafa fari da bushe iska.