William Shakespeare: Shekaru na Rayuwa, Kalmomin Rayuwa

Shakespeare ... William Shakespeare! Wanene bai san wannan sunan ba? Mafi girma dan wasan kwaikwayo da mawaƙa, girman kai na harshen Ingila, dukiyar duniya. Wannan shi ne. An fassara ayyukansa mai zurfi zuwa yawancin harsuna na duniya, suna cikin jerin littattafai na wajibi na ƙasashe da yawa. Shin hakan ba sanarwa bane?

Yara.

An yi imani da cewa Shakespeare, wanda shekarun rayuwarsa suka bambanta a wasu tushe, an haife shi ne a watan Afrilun shekara ta 1564. Kwanan wata ba'a san kowa ba, tun da ba a sami shaidar shaida ba. Amma a cikin cocin coci shine ranar da aka yi masa baftisma - Afrilu 26.

An haifi shi a tsakiyar Ingila, a garin Stratford-upon-Avon. An san cewa mahaifinsa shine John Shakespeare, wanda shi ne asali na farko (ya shiga aikin safofin hannu). Bayan ɗan lokaci sai ya ɗauki mukamin alderman, wato, shugaban majalisa, sannan ya zama shugaban majalisar gari.

Yahaya wani mutum ne mai arziki sosai, kamar yadda yake tabbatar da cewa yana biya bashin bashi don kada ya halarci hidima. Akwai jita-jita cewa Shakespeare tsohuwar wani asirin Katolika ne.

Mahaifiyar dan wasan kwaikwayo ta gaba shine Mary Arden na dangi na Saxon da aka girmama.

William Shakespeare (shekarun rayuwa - 1564-1616) yana da 'yan'uwa maza bakwai. Shi ne yaron na uku a cikin iyali.

Matasa

Tun da babu takardun makaranta da Shakespeare ba su tsira ba, masu bincike na tarihinsa sunyi jagorancin wasu matakan bayanai daga kafofin daban daban. Bisa ga bayanin su, Shakespeare ya yi karatu a makarantar Stratford Grammar, sannan daga bisani a makarantar sarki Edward Six, inda yayi nazarin aikin tarihin mawallafan marubuta.

Shakespeare (shekaru na rayuwa a sama) a lokacin da yake da shekaru goma sha takwas aure. Ya zaɓa shi ne 'yar mai mallakar gida mai suna Anne, kuma, ƙari ma, ciki. Bayan 'yan watanni bayan aure,' yan matan auren suna da yarinya mai suna Susan. Bayan shekaru biyu, ma'aurata sun bayyana - ɗan Hemnet da 'yar Judith.

Wasan kwaikwayo. Rayuwa a London

Tun 1585 (bayan haihuwar yara), babu wani bayani game da Shakespeare. Sai kawai a 1592 an sami waƙarsa a London, inda yake yin wasan kwaikwayo. Sabili da haka, shekaru bakwai ɗin nan kawai ya ɓace daga tarihin babban dan wasan kwaikwayo. Babu wani daga cikin masu bincike da zai iya faɗi abin da Shakespeare yake yi a waɗannan shekarun.

Tun da kowa da kowa ya san a cikin abin da karni Shakespeare rayu, daya ba shi da mamaki a irin wannan gaps.

Daga takardu daban-daban ya zama sanannun cewa William Shakespeare na takara ya samu nasara a London. Amma kuma, ba a bayyana shi ba daga lokacin da ya fara rubuta su, yadda ya samu kansa a babban birnin kuma dalilin da yasa yake kusa da wasan kwaikwayon.

Ubangiji Chamberlain Servant yana da hakkoki mafi girma wajen yin nazarin ayyukan Shakespeare, yayin da shi kansa ya kasance a matsayin dan wasan kwaikwayo, kuma daga bisani ya zama dan takararsa. Ba da da ewa wannan ɗakin wasan kwaikwayo ya zama ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun mutane a London.

Shekaru na shakespeare na rayuwa kamar yadda ya saba. A shekara ta 1603, kamfaninsa ya fara kiransu "bayin Sarkin", wanda shine mahimmanci da kwarewa da kuma kwarewa na dukan sarauta.

Ayyukan wasan kwaikwayon ya tafi tare da babban nasara, wanda ya ba da damar kamfanin ya sayi ginin kansa. An kira sabon wasan kwaikwayo "Globe". Bayan 'yan shekaru baya, suka sayi gidan wasan kwaikwayo Blackfreyer. Shakespeare da sauri ya zama mai arziki kuma bai ɓoye shi ba. Saboda haka, ya sami gidan na biyu mafi girma a Stratford.

Ayyukan littattafai

Shakespeare, wanda shekarunsa na rayuwa ba tare da izini ba, sun fara tunani akan wallafa litattafansa. Na farko an buga a 1594. Amma har ma bayan da ya zama sananne a wallafe-wallafen wallafe-wallafen, mai wasan kwaikwayo bai daina yin wasa a gidan wasan kwaikwayo ba. Wannan shi ne zuriyarsa, wanda bai iya barin ba.

Dukan lokacin aikin Shakespeare ya kasu kashi hudu:

1. Na farko shine farkon. An rubuta litattafan Renaissance, tarihin, waƙa guda biyu, "hadarin mummunar tsoro."
2. Na biyu. Akwai wasan kwaikwayo mai girma, wani wasan kwaikwayon da aka riga ya yi, sauti, tarihin da tarihin ban mamaki.
3. Na uku. Rubuta abubuwan bala'i na dā, manyan masifu, da bala'in da suka faru.
4. Hudu. Shakespeare ya yi wasan kwaikwayon wasan kwaikwayo.

Dramaturgy

Shakespeare (shekarun rayuwa: 1564-1616) an dauke shi a matsayin mafi kyawun dan wasan kwaikwayo na kowane lokaci. Kuma babu wani irin suna a duniyar da zai iya tsayawa a kan daidaitattun kafa tare da sunansa.

A farkon shekarun 1590, akwai wasan kwaikwayon tarihin tarihi. A wannan lokaci ne ake kunshe da "Richard na Uku" da "Henry Six".

Yana da matukar wuya a ƙayyade lokacin da aka tsara wasu ayyuka, tun da marubucin kansa ba su dashi ba. Amma masu bincike sun yi imani da cewa farkon lokacin kerawa sun hada da:

• "Firaye biyu."
• "Matsayin da yake Yarda".
• "Titus Andronicus."
• "Comedy na kuskure."

Har ila yau, lokacin farkon shine halin da ake ciki ta hanyar aiki mai ban tsoro da kuma rikici. Ya bambanta da mataki na biyu, inda ke gaba da ayyukan saduna. Alal misali, "A Dream Midsummer Night," "The Venetian Merchant."

Tare da kowane sabon aikin, kalmomin Shakespeare ya zama ƙari da ban sha'awa.

A matsayi mafi kyau na aikin wasan kwaikwayo, an rubuta annoba. Daga cikinsu akwai "Hamlet", "Othello", "King Lear".

Shakespeare ya rayu a cikin karni na cike da damar yin halitta, da aiwatar da tunaninsa, rubuta wani abu sabon abu, mai ban mamaki. A cikin wasan kwaikwayon na zamani na ƙarshe malamin mawallafi na marubucin ya kai ga apogee. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa ma'anar irin wadannan wasan kwaikwayon kamar "Anthony da Cleopatra", "Coriolanus" suna da kyau.

Wasu masu bincike sun yi imanin cewa Shakespeare ya rubuta raga-raye da dama tare da wani marubuci. A wannan lokacin ya kasance al'ada ce ta al'ada.

"Romeo da Juliet"

Zai yiwu wannan shine labarin da ya fi shahara a cikin dukan duniya. Yawan wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayon - ba a ƙidaya ba, kuma yawan adadin abubuwan da suka dace suna ban mamaki (fiye da hamsin). Amma kuma abin mamaki ne cewa, duk da ƙarni na baya, labarin nan har yanzu yana shafar rai kuma yana sa ka yi tunani game da ainihin zama.

Ma'anar wasan kwaikwayo na iya sananne ne ga dukan masu karatu. Aikin ya fara ne a birnin Italiya na Verona. A cikin wane karni na Shakespeare ya rayu, wannan shine yadda abubuwan da aka bayyana suka faru.

Montagues da Capulet su ne iyalai biyu da suka kasance suna yaki a shekaru masu yawa kuma sun riga sun manta da dalilin da suka ƙi. Fate gudanar da yadda 'ya'yan shugabannin su fada cikin soyayya da juna. Romao da Juliet sun yanke shawarar aure a asirce. Amma saurayin da ke cikin yakin ya kashe ɗan'uwansa ɗan ƙaunata kuma an kore shi daga birnin.

Abin baƙin ciki, yarinya zai sha guba, amma dan ya ba ta miyagun ƙwayoyi wanda kawai ya sa ta barci. Iyali sun yanke shawara cewa Juliet ya bar wannan duniyar kuma ya sanya ta cikin kabarin.

Romeo, ba zai iya tsira da asarar ƙaunatacciyarsa ba, yana sha guba, yana farkawa, yarinyar tana ganin jikin marar rai a ƙafafunsa. Ta yanke shawara ta bi ta ƙaunatacciyar ƙaranta da kanta kanta.

Rashin mutuwar yara ya kai ga ƙarshen sashin iyalan biyu.

"Hamlet"

William Shakespeare ya sha wahala a cikin rayuwarsa - mutuwar ɗansa. Hemnette ya rasu yana da shekaru goma sha ɗaya, mai yiwuwa daga annobar cutar.

Tun da dan wasan wasan kwaikwayon ya yi aiki a London, bai sau da yawa zuwa garinsa ba kuma a lokacin mutuwar dansa babu kuma wanda ke kusa da shi. Shakespeare ya sha wahala ƙwarai da gaske ta wannan yanayin.

Ya kasance tare da wannan taron cewa masu bincike na kerawa sun hada da haifar da masifar game da Hamlet, ta haɗa su da kama da sunayen.

A cikin mãkirci, ba shakka, babu wani haɗin da za a iya gano. Ana gudanar da aikin a cikin mulkin Danish. Yarima mai suna Hamlet ya sadu da mutuwar mahaifinsa-sarki. Ya gaya wa saurayin cewa sarki na yanzu, kawun Hamlet, Kudiyus ya kashe shi. Mai fatalwa yana neman fansa ga abin da ya yi tare da shi.

Hamlet yana damuwa, ba zai iya yanke shawarar ba. Don kare kansa, an lalata shi. Amma kawunsa bai zama mai sauki ba, baiyi imani da aikin dan dansa ba. A kan Claudius, an haifi shirin Hamlet.

A sakamakon haka, Hamlet yana shan guba, ba tare da sanin shi ba. Amma kafin ya mutu, yana da lokacin yin fansa ga mahaifinsa.

A kan kursiyin ya shiga Frontinbras, masarautar Norwegian.

Waƙoƙi da sauti

A cikin wane ƙarni ne Shakespeare ke rayuwa? A cikin karni na ci gaba da bunkasa tattalin arziki da kuma ci gaban ci gaban kasar. Hakan ya faru da manyan hanyoyin jiragen ruwa da ke cikin Ingila. A sakamakon haka, a shekarar 1593 annobar annoba ta kama ƙasar ta kusan shekaru biyu.

Hakika, a irin wannan yanayi, babu cibiyoyin jama'a, ciki har da gidan wasan kwaikwayon Shakespeare, na aiki. An tilasta wajan wasan kwaikwayo ya zauna ba tare da aiki ba. Ya karanta abubuwa da yawa, da kuma wahayi zuwa gare ta "Metamorphoses" na Ovid rubuta biyu na batsa waqe.

Na uku shine "Rahoton Mai Ƙaunar," wanda aka sake buga shi sau da dama a rayuwar marubuci.

Amma akasarin duka, an san sunan William Shakespeare a kan sauti. Suna cikin aikin mawãƙi - 154. Sonnet wata ayar ne daga shafuka goma sha huɗu, wanda ake amfani da irin wannan rukunin: abab cdcd efef gg.

Hanyar hawan na sonnet an raba shi zuwa ƙungiyoyi goma sha biyu, daga cikin waɗannan:

• Yin waƙoƙin aboki;
• Jiye da tsoro;
• Joy da kyau na ƙauna.

Shakespeare ta style

William Shakespeare, wanda shekarun rayuwarsa ke nunawa a cikin wannan bita, an mayar da shi sosai a matsayin wallafe-wallafen. Ayyukansa na farko an rubuta shi a cikin harshe na al'ada, ba tare da bambanci dan wasan kwaikwayo daga ƙungiyar masu rubutun ba. Don kaucewa kwarewa a cikin ayyukansa Shakespeare ɗora su da metaphors, a zahiri dasa su a kan juna. Wannan ya hana shi daga bayyanar da haruffa.

Duk da haka, ba da daɗewa ba mawãƙi ya zo salon al'ada, ya dace da ita. Standard zama da amfani na blank ayar (rubuta a iambic pentameter). Amma kuma ya bambanta da ingancinta, idan muka kwatanta ayyukan farko da masu biyo baya.

Wani bambanci game da salon Shakespeare shi ne ya rubuta tare da wani zance ga ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo. A cikin aikinsa ana amfani da jigilar mutane, kayayyaki na ban mamaki da tsawon lokuttan. Wani lokaci dan wasan kwaikwayo yana bawa mai kallo yayi la'akari da ƙarshen wannan magana, sa a can ya daɗe.

Criticism

Shakespeare, shekarun rayuwarsa, wanda labarinsa na ɗan gajeren lokaci ne sananne ga dukan masu wallafe-wallafen wallafe-wallafen, yana da tasiri sosai ga mabiyansa cikin rubuce-rubuce.

Duk da haka, a lokacin rayuwarsa ba a dauke shi babban dan wasan kwaikwayo ba. Kuma a ƙarshen karni na goma sha bakwai, ko da ya soki ga gaskiyar cewa ya haɗu da mummunan haɗari da haɗari a ayyukansa.

Duk da haka, tun a karni na goma sha takwas, an manta da wadannan ra'ayoyin, masu sukar labarun sun fara nazarin aikinsa sosai. Kuma nan da nan akwai wata sanannun gaskiyar cewa Shakespeare shi ne mawallafin ƙasar Ingila. Bayan wannan, an kula da hankali ga shekarun Shakespeare.

An karbi karni na sha tara ta hanyar fassarar ayyukan Shakespeare a cikin wasu harsuna. Musamman, wannan ya faru ne daga Agusta Schlegel.

Duk da haka, masu sukar suna har yanzu. Saboda haka, Bernard Shou ce cewa Shakespeare idan aka kwatanta da Ibsen ne aka rabu amfani, kuma ba ya fahimta wannan bautar gumaka.

A cikin wanzuwar Shakespeare na ban mamaki iyawa, Leo Tolstoy kuma shakka.

Amma farkon karni na ashirin da, sake propelled shi zuwa stardom lokacin Expressionists da Futurists fara sa kwaikwaiyo, da kuma mawãƙi TS Eliot ce cewa Shakespeare ta kwaikwaiyo ne ko da yaushe har zuwa ranar.

Kwanan nan

Shekaru na ƙarshe na rayuwar Shakespeare sun kasance a garinsa. Kodayake ya ci gaba da kasuwanci a London. An maye gurbin J. Fletcher a matsayin babban wakilin wasan kwaikwayo na kungiyar. A cewar wasu masu bincike, ya zama mawallafin marubucin wasan kwaikwayo na karshe.

Shakespeare ya rayu a cikin karni idan ba shi yiwuwa a san ainihin abinda ke faruwa ga mutum. Amma a kan sauran takardun da ya bayyana a fili cewa rubuce-rubucensa ya canza, ya zama ba shi da tabbas da suma. Bisa ga abin da masana tarihi suka kammala cewa William Shakespeare na da rashin lafiya.

Mutuwa

Shakespeare ya mutu ranar Afrilu 23, 1616. An yi imani cewa wannan ranar haihuwarsa ce. Bisa ga nufin, dukan dukiya na dan wasan kwaikwayo ya wuce wa 'ya'ya mata da jikinsu.

Maganar karshe na mawaƙi ita ce dan uwarsa Elizabeth, wanda ya mutu a shekara ta 1670.

Inda Shakespeare ya shafe shekaru na ƙarshe na rayuwarsa, an yi amfani da tsutsa na mawaƙi.