Wanne ne zuwa kashi sunadaran ruwa kwayoyin? Formula sinadaran halayen

Ruwa - babban yanayin rayuwa a Duniya. The Earth ta surface ne fiye da biyu daga kashi uku ɗin kunshi tekuna, tekuna, koguna da tabkuna. A girma daga ruwa a cikin teku a sau goma da girma daga cikin jimlar ƙasar yankin.

Land - Island a cikin teku

Duniyar mu za a iya dauke da wani teku a cikin abin da nahiyoyi su ne a gaskiya kawai wata babbar tsibirin, daidai saboda wannan, daga Earth kewayewa Duniya bayyana blue-kore, da launin daga cikin teku.

Kowane rai a wannan duniya tamu da aka yi da ruwa, msl jellyfish ya qunshi 95% da kuma jikin mutum ya ƙunshi 65% ruwa. A rashin wannan abu kawai 1% na jiki nauyi sa a ji ƙishirwa. Idan da kwayoyin hasarar 10% na danshi, wanda na iya haifar da ta hallaka. Kusan dukkan sinadaran halayen faru a wani ruwa-ruwa matsakaici. Evaporating da ruwa shirya zafin jiki na ƙasar ma'abũta. Idan wani mutum bai gumi, bayan sa'o'i na aiki tukuru jikinsa zafin jiki zai tashi zuwa 46 ^° C

ruwa kuzarin kawo cikas

A cikin ruwa yanayi ne a akai motsi: shi evaporates daga bude kududdufai, da faruwa a cikin girgije, da dama kamar yadda ruwan sama ko dusar ƙanƙara, sa'an nan kuma koguna, da kõguna da marẽmari suna gudãna zuwa cikin teku. Danshi seeps a cikin ƙasa, tattara da kuma sake zo zuwa ga surface, wanda ya cika har kududdufai. Mafi yawa daga cikin ruwa akwai kamar yadda tururi a cikin yanayi, a cikin m jihar - a cikin irin babbar yadudduka da dusar ƙanƙara da kankara floes daga duwãtsu, kuma a cikin iyakacin duniya yankuna. Aƙalla ashirin da tara ruwan sama da aka yi amfani da kai tsaye da rayayyun kwayoyin halitta. Halitta ruwa ba gaba daya tsabta, kamar yadda tsabta kamar yadda zai yiwu an dauke ruwa, amma shi ya ƙunshi wasu impurities entrained a cikin iska.

A adadi ya nuna wasu daga cikin sunadaran kwayoyin da ya hada da ruwa a matsayin raba da yanayi.

A tsarin da ruwa

Wanne ne zuwa kashi kwayoyin halitta na ruwa kwayoyin - know a zamaninmu wani dalibi.
Kowane kwayoyin wannan abu da aka gina na daya oxygen zarra da biyu hydrogen atoms. Wannan tsarin na uku abubuwa, kamar yadda aka guga man da juna. A tsakiyar oxygen (sinadaran da alama - G) a garesu na cajin na biyu hydrogen zarra (H) - shi ne sunadaran to wanda raba ruwa kwayoyin.

Kusa da oxygen zarra korau zargin an kafa, da kuma a kusa da hydrogen atoms - tabbatacce. Sanin abin da sunadaran ruwa kwayoyin da aka raba, kimiyyar lissafi kayyade cewa ta kwayoyin - dipole. Wannan asusun ga duk ta jiki Properties. A nisa tsakanin nuclei na sunadaran Yã, H - game 0.1 nm, da kuma tsakanin hydrogen atoms - game da 0,15 nm.

A gaskiya ma, cikin ruwa - shi ne hydrogen oxide, babban sashi a duniya. A 1783, sanannen sunadarai Lavoisier farko cirewa hydrogen daga ruwa fiye da aka nuna a wanda kwayoyin halitta raba ruwa kwayoyin (dabara - H ₂ Ya). Saboda haka ta kwayoyin nauyi - 18 g / mol, wanda ya kunshi Naira Miliyan Xari da kwayoyin ba a cikin atomic taro na oxygen da kuma hydrogen. A tsarin dabara aka nuna a wanda wani ruwa kwayoyin ne raba kwayoyin halitta.

ruwa kimiyyar lissafi

Ruwa ne wani ruwa da cewa yana da wani wari, babu dandano, babu launi, da ciwon da wadannan Properties:

• ruwa yawa - 1 g / cm ^3;
• daskarewa digiri - ⁰ ° C (kankara).
• digiri na tafasar - 100 ^{° C} (vapour).

Wanne ne zuwa kashi sunadaran ruwa kwayoyin a cikin kimiyyar lissafi, za a iya kyan gani a kasa.

A lokacin reflux hydrogen shaidu suna karya, da kuma cikin ruwa ya jũya a cikin tururi jihar. Lokacin da yawan zafin jiki da aka saukar daga 100 ^{° C} zuwa 3,98 ^{° C} ta girma rage-rage sosai a hannunsu. Duk da haka, da fice tsari ya auku a kara nassi na ƙananan iyaka. Sashe na daga cikin juz'i na ruwa a 3,98 ^{° C} yana da mafi taro fiye da a ⁰ ° C, saboda wannan kankara da kuma kiyaye a kan bãyan tẽkun.

Bugu da kari, ruwa yana cikin mafi girma surface tashin hankali idan aka kwatanta da sauran ruwa abubuwa, ban da Mercury. A karkashin surface na ruwa kwayoyin da karfi da janye zuwa juna. Amma wadannan kwayoyin ba jawo hankalin da kwayoyin da iska a sama da su, suna janyo hankalin juna kawai. Wannan halitta a surface tashin hankali sakamako daga cikin fim a kan ruwa.

Wannan dukiyar da ake amfani da wasu kwari da zai iya tafiya a kan surface ba tare da nitsewa. Jikinsu ne sosai haske, da kuma surface tashin hankali ba da damar su fada cikin ruwa. Samuwar icicles ma ya auku saboda wannan dukiya na ruwa da kuma janye tsakanin ta da kwayoyin. Lokacin ruwa ne tuba zuwa cikin tururi, da cewa shi ne gaseous, surface tashin hankali vuya.

Chemical Properties na ruwa

Ruwa - m reactionary abu. Its sinadaran Properties dogara ne a kan abin da sunadaran ruwa kwayoyin da aka raba. Liquid disintegrates cikin hydrogen da oxygen a ƙarƙashin rinjayar da lantarki. A dauki daukan wuri a cikin abin da ya tsaya da oxidant, kuma a rage wakili. A ruwa kwayoyin ne kamar manya-manyan atomic maganadiso kuma iya sadarwa tare da kusan kome da kome da cewa za a iya alaka. A karkashin mataki na ta salts an kiyaye hydrolysis ba wani rauni electrolyte.

Ruwa reacts tare da mafi asali oxides. Reacts da yawa karafa, kamar sodium, potassium, da baƙin ƙarfe kan dumama, tare da ci gaba na hydrogen aka lura:

2Na + 2h ₂ Ya = H ₂ + 2NaOH.
2k + 2h ₂ Ya = H ₂ + 2KOH.
3Fe + 4H ₂ Ya = 4H ₂ + Fe ₃ Ya _4.

Nonmetals ba kamar yadda aiki kamar yadda karafa, amma har yanzu hulɗa tare da ruwa a karkashin karfi dumama:

C + H ₂ Ya = H ₂ + CO.

CH ₄ + 2h ₂ Ya = 4H ₂ + CO _2.

Interacts da yawa ba-karfe oxides. Lokacin da wannan ya auku da dauki na fili kafa acid.
Samu ta hanyar kona hydrogen a oxygen ta samar da ruwa tururi:

2h ₂ + O ₂ = 2h ₂ Ya,

kuma wannan dauki instantaneous a zazzabi ^na 700 C.

A qa'ida ta rushe a ruwa

The mai ruwa-ruwa matsakaici iya narke da yawa abubuwa, daban-daban a jihohin tari. Sun kasu kashi da wadannan iri:

• narkewa.
• talauci mai narkewa.
• kusan insoluble.

Mene ne manufa da rushe? Ganin kwayoyin halitta abin da ruwa kwayoyin da aka raba, shi za a iya bayyana ta da ikon jawo hankalin da kwayoyin na daban-daban abubuwa. By maida martani shi da gishiri ions za a janyo hankalin zuwa cajin ions na ruwa kwayoyin. Wannan saki ko garwaya da zafi. Ions narkewa a cikin ruwa abu riƙe da wani yawan ruwa kwayoyin kafa hydrate harsashi. A ions ake hydrated, da kuma irin lu'ulu'u an kira crystal hydrates.

ruwa aiki

mai ruwa-ruwa abu aiki a cikin rai na mazaunan duniya tamu ba za a iya overestimated, saboda duk rayuwa, ba wai kawai domin shi ne, amma kuma kullum kula da zama kawai saboda wannan al'amari.

1. Metabolism. Ruwa abubuwa a matsayin iyakacin duniya da sauran ƙarfi, da mafi kyau yanayi domin duk faruwa a wani rai gabar halayen. Abubuwa da za a iya narkar da shi, suna kira a matsayin hydrophilic da insoluble - hydrophobic.
2. Kai. Ciki cell kwayoyin suna kullum motsi daga daya cell zuwa wani. Ruwa ne da ya fi muhimmanci canja wuri a cikin ciki yanayi na wani kwayoyin.
3. Thermoregulation. Ruwa a ko'ina gudamawar zãfi, da sanyi, daidaitawa da yawan zafin jiki a cikin jiki, kamar haddasa sweating dabbobi, game da shi cools jiki.
4. A nazarin halittu darajar ruwa shi ne cewa an da hannu a dama sinadaran halayen.
5. Inji aiki. dukiya na ruwa da muhimmanci kada su ji ƙyama don kula da siffar gabobin da kyallen takarda.

A sabon abu kaddarorin ruwa

Babu abu a duniya, mafi m ga dukkan abubuwa masu rai fiye da bayyana ruwa. Checkered yawa, high zafi iya aiki da kuma high surface tashin hankali, da iyãwarsa ga memory - duk wannan anomalous Properties na wani abu kamar ruwa. Abun Lura da gwaje-gwajen sun tabbatar da cewa mai ruwa-ruwa abu yana da ikon sha da kaddarorin kayan, wanda da zarar narkar da shi, da kuma adana wadannan kaddarorin, ko da bayan cikakken kau na wadannan kayan. Gina a kan wannan ka'idodi na homeopathic magani. Wani undeniable kuma a lokaci guda inexplicable al'amari daga ra'ayi na kimiyya - da musamman waraka Properties na Epiphany ruwa dauke da babban makamashi. Duk wadannan asirai da duk da haka warware halin yanzu da kuma nan gaba masana kimiyya.