Wane ne Normanists da antinormanistov?

A cikin Rasha kimiyya yana da na dogon lokaci akwai wani tattaunawa Normanists antinormanistov da kuma wanda ya shafi rawar da Normans (Norsemen) a cikin samuwar na da statehood a Rasha. Wannan muhawara faruwa a daban-daban jirage - da akida da kuma kimiyya.

tarihi tattaunawa

The muhawara game da Normans zo game da XVII karni, a lokacin da Swedish masana tarihi sun yi amfani da bayani a kan tushen da Varangian Rus su goyi bayan kasar fadada a Gabashin Turai. Irin wannan rhetoric ya sa musu na kasa ideologists na XVIII karni (na farko, Mikhail Lomonosov). Antinormanistov hana wani dangane Rus da Vikings.

A ƙarshen XIX karni, wannan zargi ya kusan bace. By da lokacin ya zo da yawa tsanani kimiyya ayyukan masana ilimin harsuna, Ya tabbatar da asalin na Scandinavian sunayen na farko Rasha sarakuna a na da kafofin (kamar Oleg, Rurik, Igor, da sauransu. N.). Musamman muhimmanci shi ne littafin na da sanannen Danish Explorer Vilgelma Tomsena. Game da Varangians bayyana a Rasha a cikin Sabunta karni, akwai mai yawa shaida rechecked. Su da tasiri a kan al'adun gabashin Slavs karatu a wannan rana.

Duk da haka, da shawarwari Normanists antinormanistov da kuma sake maido da tare da sabon karfi riga a cikin Stalin zamanin, lokacin da antinormanizma ra'ayi amfani da Nazi farfaganda game da magabaci daga cikin Jamus mutanen Slavic (Swedes da kuma Scandinavians a general ne mafi kusa zumunta na kabilanci Jamusawa). Tun daga zamanin Tarayyar Soviet zargi da dukan Norman tsira zuwa yau.

Asalin Rurik

Mai Normanists antinormanistov da jayayya game da ainihi na Rurik - yarima wanda ya yi mulki a Novgorod a 862-879 shekaru. Ya zo domin ya Rasha tare da 'yan'uwansa da Truvor Sineus. Bisa ga "Tale of bygone Years" a 862. Ilmen Slavs da gida Finno-Finns sun gayyace su yi mulkin Novgorod ƙasar. Local kabilu sun sha wahala daga m jayayya. Ciki jayayya tsakanin da Slavs na Arewa-Maso-Yamma na Rasha ya fara bayan da cewa kamar yadda suka fitar da baya da Vikings, su biya haraji a musayar su kare lafiya. Independence da ya jagoranci wani m zubar da jini. A karshe takaddama aristocratic ƙungiyõyin Novgorod amince da gayyatar wani tsaka tsaki m da wanda gudanar ya dakatar da jayayya tsakanin su.

Wannan mutumin da ya zama Rurik. The shawarwari Normanists da antinormanistov Game da tasiri cewa ya zo da Vikings da a kan Eastern Slavs. Babu shakka cewa yarima zo daga Scandinavia, tare da ayarinsa, kuma masu gargadi. A tarihin al'umma da ake kira "Rus". Normanists da antinormanistov bambanta a cikin fassarar da lokaci.

Ruric ya samu Novgorod, Sineus - Beloozero, Truvor - Izborsk. The sunan yayana ya koma zuwa Hrærekr - Scandinavian sunan, don haka babu shakka cewa shi ne mai zuwa na baya. Duk da haka Normanists antinormanistov kuma daban-daban fassarori da asalin na farko sarkin Novgorod. Alal misali, wasu malamai gane shi tare da Rerik Jutland, wanda ya rayu a tsakiyar IX karni da kuma mallakar daular scylding daga Denmark. Wannan ka'idar ta dogara ne a kan kama daga sunaye, ko da yake wannan m fasalin - kawai abu cewa underpinned da jarrabawa.

fragmentary kafofin

All na zamani muhawara Normanists da antinormanistov bisa na da tarihin cewa an ko dai kofe ko a sashi an rasa saboda gobara da kuma lalata Securities. Duk wannan ya haifar da wani yawa na innuendo da hasashe.

Idan ka kwatanta matsayin da Normanists antinormanistov, ya bayyana cewa su shawarwari shafi dama Rasha tarihin, wani lokacin ta husũma. Alal misali, magaji Ryurika Oleg a farko ake kira da gwamnan. A kwangila tare da Rum farkon X karni shi an ambaci riga matsayin dangi na farko sarkin Novgorod. Daga baya Rasha kafofin na XII karni, kuma echoed wannan jarrabawa, da ruɗar da farkon ayyukan gida chroniclers.

Wani matsalar ta'allaka ne da cewa babu waje masana tarihi m kafofin na zamani, wanda zai tabbatar da labari na Rurik da 'yan'uwa biyu. A wannan batun, babu daidai Dating na cikin ayyukan da Varangian sarakuna.

Yaren mutanen Sweden bincike

A bisa ga al'ada, an yi imani da cewa Normanists antinormanistov suka fara tattaunawa a farkon rabin na XVIII karni. Duk da haka, da farko binciken a kan dangantakar da Scandinavians da kuma Rasha nema a mayar da XVI-XVII ƙarni. A lokacin da a Muscovy kasance na farko da Yammacin Turawa. Saboda haka, wannan tambaya da asalin na Vikings sha'awar na sarki jakadan Sigismund Herberstein. A kan shirya hanya ya tafi zuwa wasu masu bincike.

A ra'ayin na Swedish asalin Rurik kare da Swedish jami'in diflomasiyyar kuma tarihi Petr Petrey de Erlezunda, wanda ya rayu a Rasha a zamanin Boris Godunov. Ayyukansa ya zama mashahuri ko da kasashen waje, kuma an fassara zuwa Jamus. Yaren mutanen Sweden marubucin Olaf Dalin, a hukuma bukatar rubuta "The History of Yaren mutanen Sweden jihar," Rurik ya gano tare da Erik Björnsson daga Scandinavian Ynglings daular. Ba da da ewa, duk da haka, wannan jarrabawa an karyata.

Littafi Gottlieb Bayer

Farko da ainihin kimiyya aikin da ya fara normanizm dauke muqala "A Varyag" a Rasha. Its marubucin ya farfesa a St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences Gottlieb Bayer (1694-1738). Ya farko yayi nazari cikin tarihi sa na farkon na da kafofin, wanda ƙarshe ya zama abinci ga tunani na gaba ƙarni da dama na masana kimiyya.

A farko Bayer dõgara a kan littafin tarihin na zamani. Academician ƙaryata rare sa'an nan da "Prussian ka'idar" bisa ga abin da Vikings da yuzhnobaltiyskoe asalin. A cikin aikinsa da kuma samu takardun shaida daga kasashen waje kafofin, misali daga tarihin Bertinskih.

Karkashin Bayer Vikings san da Scandinavians a cikin za'a fadada ma'anarta: Swedes, Gotlanders, Danes da Norwegians. Resorting to harsuna, ya bincikar da Rasha nobility da kuma sunayen sarakuna IX-X ƙarni. Don wannan karshen, marubucin ya juya zuwa ga kafofin kamar dutse runic inscriptions, Greek ayyukansu, da sauran Monuments na zamani. Bayer dauki rubuce-rubucen, da kuma Byzantine Sarkin sarakuna X karni, Konstantina Bagryanorodnogo. A sakamakon wannan aikin tarihi ƙarasa da cewa sunayen Rurik kuma yana da Truvor Scandinavian asalin.

Aiki Gerard Miller

Wasu daga cikin "Varangian" littafin da wani ɓaɓɓake ja hankalin masu Vasiliya Tatischeva (1686 -1750), kuma an kawo sunayensu da shi a cikin "History of Rasha". A daidai wannan lokaci da Rasha masanin kimiyyar kansa makale daidai m matsayi to Bayer. Tatishchev an apologist antinormanizma, Vikings yi ĩmãni da Finns da Finnish asalin dangana ga Rurik.

Bugu da kari ga marubucin na "Tarihin Rasha" a cikin tattaunawa na Scandinavia a cikin tsakiyar karni XVIII ya samu halartar biyu shahararren bincike. Na farko shi ne a manyan ethnographer da geographer Gerard Miller (1705-1783), da kuma na biyu - Mikhail Lomonosov (1711 - 1765). Karshe sai ya yi aiki da dama na kimiyyar da kuma bar wani gagarumin alamar ciki har da a tarihi da'a.

A 1749, a kan lokaci na gaba rana sunan ranar Empress Elizabeth, babban birnin ya da za a gudanar da wani taro jama'a, a wanda shahararren malamai taru don karanta Mai Gefe rahotanni. Musamman Lomonosov ya rubuta sanannun "Eulogy" ga taron. Miller ya zaɓi wajen m topic na "The Origin of mutanen da sunan Rasha." The rubutu da aka shirya a kan lokaci, amma an taba yarda da jama'a muhawara da kuma riga a buga edition kãma.

Miller ta rahoton bai so masana kimiyya da dama da jami'an kusa da Empress wanda same shi "predosuzhdenie Rasha." Ci sabawa rubuce-rubucensu, da Lomonosov, wanda ya kasance mai kaifi abokin gaba da ka'idar da "Varyag" TUSHEN Rasha. Similar a ra'ayoyinsu kan tattaunawa Tatischev kauce masa. Kamar haka sau da dama kafin a 1749 Normanists ka'idar da antinormanistov sa wani tsanani rikici tsakanin m masana kimiyya.

Miller ya beleaguered sabawa rubuce-rubucensu sun fi mayar da echoed ta Bayer. Kwatanta matsayin Normanists antinormanistov da kuma kokarin sanin ko abin da yake da key da bambance-bambance. Su za a iya sauƙi ware ta hanyar kwatanta Miller da kuma University kimantawa. Da farko, kare da Norman ka'idar, ya kwatanta da Scandinavians da Vikings jagoranci a cikin ni'imar da wannan jarrabawa, sabuwar shaida. A musamman, Miller kusantar da hankali ga al'ada "Rasha" sunayen da Dnieper Rapids, wanda aka bai wa a cikin rubutun "A da gudanar da daular" ta Byzantine m Konstantinom Bagryanorodnym. Har ila yau, marubucin acclaimed ayyukan janyo hankalin wa nazari da shawara Scandinavian mawallafa na farkon tsakiyar zamanai, ya ambaci gabashin Slavs.

Masana tarihi Normanists da antinormanistov sau da yawa zama 'yan wasan kwaikwayo a wani hadadden gwagwarmayar siyasa. Wannan hari kan Miller da aka sa ba sosai da kimiyya bangare na aikinsa, a matsayin akida overtones. Elizabeth ta sarautar ya fara bayan da "duhu shekaru goma", a lokacin da, a lokacin Anny Ioannovny taru a kusa da kursiyin kuma akwai Jamusawa da yawa. A karkashin sabon Empress aka bi ta a backlash. Yana soki kome waje, da kuma Sweden kuma aikata yaki ya fara. Hakika, da wannan bango, aikin, magana game da Scandinavian asalin Rurik, aka gane a matsayin shafa. Miller, kasancewa a cikin wani m halin da ake ciki, da ra'ayin, duk da haka, bai canza ba. Aikinsa aka buga kasashen waje da kuma a Rasha da shi zuwa janar mai karatu ya zama samuwa ne kawai a 2006.

muhawara antinormanistov

Cikakken mayar da martani ga littafin na Miller da aka bi ba babban abokin hamayyarsa Mihaila Lomonosova. A 'yan shekaru bayan sa mamaki shawarwari Varangian Rasha masanin kimiyya ya fara tsara nasa manyan aiki a kan tarihin kasar. Gama da shi, ya ba da lokaci saboda da kwatsam mutuwa. Bayan rasuwar Lomonosov aka buga daya kawai girma ya "tsoho Rasha tarihi." Duk da haka, wannan tambaya da Varangians (as daya daga cikin fifiko), marubucin a cikin aikinsa dauke.

"Rasha kafin Rurik" Mikhail kishin surori da dama tsaurara. Domin da Slavs, ya lasafta ba kawai Slavs, amma kuma da Baltic States (Lithuania, Zhmud, Prussians) da kuma Veneto, Mediya da paflagontsev, riqon asalin wannan na kowa kabila kusan wannan zamanin na cikin Trojan War. Tuni wannan wa'adi za a iya gani da ra'ayin cewa babu Vikings ko wani wasu kabilu iya ba da tasiri da samuwar mai zaman kanta Rasha, wanda asalin nema a mayar da tsufa. Babban drawback na Lomonosov ta aiki shi ne cewa a cikin shi marubucin da bin ka'idojin historiography XVI-XVII ƙarni, yayin da a Turai kimiyya yana wajen samar da sabon hanyoyin da m bincike na kafofin.

"Russophile" ka'idar cewa Rurik zo daga Slavs kiyaye da Ekaterina II, m ga "Tarihi" Vasiliya Tatischeva. Alal misali, daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci historiographers na lokacin, Mikhail Shcherbatov (1733-1790) an dauke da farko Novgorod prince zumunta dattawan Ilmen Slovenes Gostomysl.

ra'ayi Karamzin

A mafi daidaita kuma tsanani m idan aka kwatanta da su Sahaban sa Nikolai Karamzin (1766-1826). Ya Multi-girma "Tarihi na Rasha Jihar" ya zama mafi muhimmanci sabon abu na Rasha da al'adu da kuma kimiyya.

Karamzin ya daidai m ga abin da aka ce da Normanists da antinormanistov. Muhawara a garesu aka suka dauka a cikin account tare da matsakaicin kula da facts. Karamzin daraja ayyukan Bayer da Miller, la'akari da su da ba za'a iya mantawaba ga dukan tarihi. Amma antinormanskaya ra'ayi Tatishcheva an soki. Special m marubuci kira shaidar podcherpnut Ioakimovskaya rikodin.

Karamzin ce duk shida da muhimman hakkokin facts goyon bayan Scandinavian asalin Rurik da Varangians a general. Da fari dai, shaidar Yammacin mawallafa, misali, Bishop Liutprand Cremona, inda Rassi tunani shi ne da Normans. Na biyu, sunan Rurik, da kuma sauran shugabannin tsara tare da wata hujja Scandinavian etymology. Uku, da Byzantine kafofin. Vikings a Konstantinoful aka kira Scandinavian Knights. Huxu, Miller ta shaida game da sunayen da Dnieper sashen kogin. Biyar, da kama na tarin Rasha dokokin da gaskiya da guda Jamus da kuma Scandinavian vaults. Shida, da "Tale of bygone Years," inda marubucin Nestor da aka ambata cewa Vikings zauna a yamma da Baltic Sea.

lashe Normanists

Hot muhawara akida abokan adawar yi shawarwari tsakanin Normanists antinormanistov da kuma daya daga cikin manyan "la'ananne tambayoyi" na Rasha tarihi. A sauyi a ta ci gaba da aka littafin Danish masanin ilimin harsuna Vilgelma Tomsena (1842-1927) "Home Rasha jihar." An a cikin wannan aiki da aka farko gabatar da cikakken jigon da na gargajiya Norman ka'idar. Mai littafin Thomsen sãɓã wa jũna daga da magabata nuna bambanci a cikin harsuna. Muhawara na masanin kimiyya game da ilimin harsuna ya ƙunsa na da kafofin, ba rasa su munasaba a yau.

Kamar yadda ta kawai tsanani abokin Thomsen ce Stepan Gedeonov (1816-1878), tun da shi ne aikinsa "The Vikings da Rus" sanya wa Dane, "da alama na tsanani tattaunawa." Sauran ayyukan antinormanskie masanin ilimin harsuna kira babu kimiyya a ciki. A cikin littafinsa Thomsen sanya babban review na Larabawa da kuma Byzantine kafofin a latin a kan Vikings.

Binciken da asalin kalmar "Rasha", da masanin kimiyya kira shi da tushen da tushen da Swedish m daga cikin kalmomi "sailing" da "kwale". A wannan dangane Thomsen da shawarar cewa, irin sunan da suka kira kansu da Scandinavians, wanda ya rayu a kan gaba na Gulf of Finland, kuma ya hau kan wani tafiya zuwa kasashen makwabta. Hakazalika, a masanin ilimin harsuna sanya fitar da kalmar "Vikings". Bisa ga jarrabawa, shi zo daga Swedish tushen "var", wanda fassara a matsayin "tsari" ko "kariya".

Thomsen ware fitar da dozin kalmomi na zamanin d harsuna, wanda zai iya fili a gani Scandinavian etymology (Tiuna, grids, shop, itace, da sauransu. D.). Summing up da karatunsa, marubucin samarwa a capacious misãli: da Scandinavians sun aza harsashin ginin a kananan jihar, wanda yana da Slavs karu zuwa gigantic rabbai. Idan ka kwatanta matsayin da Normanists antinormanistov, irin kwatanta dole ya ginu ne a kan shawara da cewa shi ne ya fara kawo Dane Vilhelm Thomsen.

qarshe na muhawara

Kayyade wanda yake daidai a wata muhawara Normanists da antinormanistov, ya kamata a jaddada cewa, su shawara ta kasance da ma'ana ne kawai a cikin mafi kyau idan a cikin XIX karni, a lokacin da samuwar jihar dangantaka da asalin na daular Qing. Amma ko da marubucin na key na da tushe "Tale of bygone Years" Nestor ya amsa wa uku tambayoyi dabam, "inda ya tafi" Slavic mutanen da suke Rurik da kuma, a karshe, ta yaya Rasha kanta. Around da wannan hanya a yau bãyukansu to tarihi kimiyya.

Modern Normanists antinormanistov da kuma ci gaba da muhawara, ko da yake shi ya dade da bayyana cewa aiwatar da jihar samuwar ne mai zaman kanta da kabila daga cikin hukuncin iyali. Gaskiyar cewa Rurik ya dan hanya mai zuwa na baya, bai hana Ɗansa Igor jariri ya girma a cikin gaba daya daban-daban yanayi da kuma assimilate. Ɗansa, da kuma jikan Vladimir Svyatoslav yana a cikin wata hanya kama da Scandinavians - sun kasance Slavs biyu a jini da kuma a cikin halaye ko harshe. A wannan abu ya faru tare da Varangian bayarwa mashawarci, retainers, da kuma wasu daga kasashen waje kira ga Rasha yan Arewa.

Kwatanta matsayin Normanists antinormanistov da kuma kokarin sanin ko yadda mai girma ya rinjayar da Scandinavians a kan halittar Old Rasha jihar. Ko da yake Novgorod da kuma dokoki na Vikings (Rurik), da kuma Kiev da aka kama da ya bada shawara ko dangi (Oleg), da mafi yawan jama'ar na sabon kasa ya kasance wani Slav. Scandinavian kashi ƙarshe ya bace a cikin teku. Kuma haka da kimiyya nasarar magoya bayan "Varangian ka'idar" ba zai iya wulakanta "kasa girman kai, mai girma", wanda jãyayya har ma da sosai farko Normanists da antinormanistov. A takaice, wannan shawara a baya. Masu sana'a da kuma a cikin zurfin bincike kan tasirin Norman Ancient Rus ci gaba a yau, amma sun lãbartãwa a kananan details: wasu kalmomi a cikin Rasha harshen, al'adu, soja harkokin da haka a kan ..