Wanda ya rubuta "Robinson Crusoe"? Daniel Defoe labari: abun ciki, babban haruffa

A littafin ne game da Kasadar da Robinson Crusoe iya gaskiya da za a dauki daya daga cikin shahararrun ayyuka a Turai wallafe-wallafe. Ko wadanda mu compatriots ke ba musamman karkata zuwa jawabin lokaci karatu, tabbas za su iya gaya cewa da zarar kan wani lokaci karanta game da ban mamaki Kasadar da wani ma'aikacin jirgin ruwa, kusan shekaru talatin da ya zama shi kadai a kan wani hamada tsibirin. Duk da haka, a da yawa karami yawan masu karatu za su tuna da suka rubuta Robinson Crusoe. Ba don komawa sake zuwa littafin, amma ya dulmuya baya cikin yanayi na wani m yara, karanta wannan labarin da tunani game da abin da marubucin ya rubuta, saboda wanda aka buga da ban mamaki Kasadar da wani ma'aikacin jirgin ruwa.

Robinson Crusoe da Munchausen

Events a cikin rayuwar wani ma'aikacin jirgin ruwa, aka bayyana ta Daniel Defoe - daya daga cikin littattafan na 17-18 karni, wanda shagaltar da wani wuri na musamman a cikin ayyukansu na yara adabi, tare da Kasadar na Baron Munchausen. Amma idan tarihi daga cikin shahararrun eccentric, da'awar cewa ya ja kansa daga cikin fadama da gashi, manya kawai Sake karanta a lokacin da nostalgia for yara, da labari cewa sanya Daniel Defoe - quite wani al'amari. Ya kamata a lura da cewa sunan marubucin wanda ya rubuta game da ban mamaki Kasadar na Baron, kawai aka sani ga waɗanda gwani-bibliography.

Robinson Crusoe. Taken ayyukansu

Za mu yi kokarin amsa wannan tambaya da abin da yake cikin babban aiki da wannan aiki. Waɗanda suke ambatar labarin, wanda buga Robinson Crusoe, da abun ciki na aiki, ya bayyana dalilin da ya sa marubucin halitta shi. Babban taken labari - shi ne mai matsala na mutum m jama'a, zai zama shi kadai da yanayi.

A kan halittar ayyukansu

The labari ya bayyana a zamani zamanin domin marubucin, lokacin, Gwargwadon binciken, lokacin da jirgin zai iya zama shekaru masu yawa a cikin teku.

Adventure-kasada Genre aiki quite hankula ga idon basira litattafan da Ingila a wannan lokaci.

A samfur na babban harafin - wani ma'aikacin jirgin ruwa Selkirk kuma, ba shakka, da Daniel Defoe. Author ya Robinson ya cheerfulness da tenacity. Duk da haka, Robinson m marubuci kusan shekaru 30, a lokacin da wani ma'aikacin jirgin ruwa tsakiyar-shekaru ƙasashe kan ƙasarsa ta gaba, cike da makamashi, masu ilimi da Defoe riga aiki a London.

Ba kamar Selkirk, Robinson ciyarwa a kan wani hamada tsibirin fiye da hudu da rabi shekaru, da kuma dogon 28 years. Marubucin da gangan ya sanya kansa gwarzo a irin wannan yanayi. Bayan zama a kan wani hamada tsibirin Robinson shi ne a wayayyun mutum.

Daniel Defoe ya iya remarkably daidai rubuta game da sauyin yanayi, Flora da fauna na tsibirin, wanda ya Robinson. Da lura na wurin daidai da tsarawa daga tsibirin Tobago. Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa marubucin ya bincika bayanai da aka bayyana a cikin littattafai kamar "Discovery na Guiana", "duniya" da sauransu.

The labari da aka buga

A lokacin da ka karanta wannan aikin, za ka gane cewa mutumin da ya rubuta "Robinson Crusoe," ji mai girma yarda da aiki a kan brainchild. Aikin, yi Danielem Defo, aka mai daraja da ya Sahaban. A littafin da aka buga Afrilu 25, 1719. The labari masu karatu kamar cewa a cikin wannan shekara aikin da aka sake buga shi sau hudu, amma kawai a marubucin rai - 17 sau.

Fasaha na marubuci aka yaba: masu karatu imani a cikin m Kasadar na protagonist, wanda ya shafe kusan shekaru 30 a kan wani hamada tsibirin bayan wani shipwreck.

summary

Robinson Crusoe - da na uku ɗan wata arziki mutum. Tun suna yara, yaron mafarkansu na Voyages. Daya daga cikin 'yan'uwansu da aka kashe, wani da ya ɓace, sai uban da cewa ya tafi zuwa teku.

A 1651, ya tafi zuwa London. A jirgin ruwa a kan wanda shi gudãna, an farfashe.

Daga London, ya yanke shawarar da ya tafi zuwa Guinea, a yanzu da jirgin kama da Baturke privateer. Robinson da aka bautar. A cikin shekaru biyu, ba ya da bege na gudun hijira, amma a lokacin da dubawa ne raunana, Robinson ya sami damar tserewa. Yana Xury Moor da kuma aika zuwa kifi. Moor jefa overboard, ya lallashi Xury gudu tare.

Portuguese jirgin Picks su a cikin tẽku, kuma kai su Brazil. Robinson sayar Xury jirgin kyaftin.

A Brazil, babban harafin da aka shirya sosai sayayya ƙasar, aiki, a wata kalma, ya zo da "zinariya nufin", wanda aka haka so mahaifinsa.

Amma da kishin kasada Firaministan shi a kan tafiya zuwa bakin tekun na Guinea ga ma'aikata. Makwabta planters alkawari zuwa noma a ɓõye, kuma ka aika da shi a kan wani par tare da dukan bayi. Cikin jirgin ne farfashe. Shi ne daya daga cikin wadanda suka tsira.

Tare da sauki damar zuwa tekun, Robinson ciyarwa farko da dare a wani itace. A cikin jirgi, ya Picks sama da kayan aikin, gunpowder, bindigogi, abinci. Robinson fahimci cewa tsibirin ne inda ba wanda yake zaune. Daga baya shi sau 12 ziyarci da jirgin da kuma sami wani "tari na zinariya," philosophically abin lura da amfani.

Robinson ya dace da kanka lafiya gidaje. Ya preys a kan awaki, sa'an nan domesticates su, ya tsayar da aikin noma, gina kalanda (notches a iyakacin duniya). Bayan watanni 10 a tsibirin ya samun kansa "gida", wanda yake shi ne babban harafin a cikin wani tanti da wani ɓangare na tsibirin, inda akwai hares, Foxes, kunkuru, girma melons da inabi.

Robinson yana da wani mafarki - ya gina wani jirgin ruwan da ya gudãna zuwa babban yankin, amma da cewa shi ne ya gina, ƙila su ƙyale shi ya yi tafiya ne kawai a kusa da tsibirin.

Da zarar protagonist gano tsibirin sawun: shekaru biyu da suka mallakar na tsoro da ake ci abinci da savages.

Robinson fatan ajiye baubawa, wanda aka tsara "don yankawa", a sami wani aboki, mataimaki ko bara.

By karshen zaman ku a tsibirin a cikin rayuwarsa zo Jumma'a, ya koyar da uku kalmomi: "eh", "babu", "master." Tare da suka fito da dan Spain da kuma Jumma'a ta uba, fursunonin savages. Da ewa ba bayan, tsibirin zo da umurninSa na Turanci jirgin da cewa kama kaptin, mataimakansa da kuma wani fasinja jirgin ruwa. Robinson fid da fursunoni. Kyaftin kai shi zuwa Ingila.

A Yuni 1686 Robinson ya komo daga tafiya. Mahaifansa biyu ne dogon matattu. Ya mayar da duk kudaden shiga daga Brazilian plantations. Ya daukan kula biyu dan'uwa, aure (a 61), ya haife biyu da 'ya'ya maza da' ya mace.

A dalilai domin samun nasarar da littafin

Abu na farko da cewa gudummawar da nasarar da labari - mai girma fasaha na daya da suka rubuta "Robinson Crusoe." Daniel Defoe gagarumin aikin da aka yi a kan nazarin yanayin kafofin. Wannan taimake shi ya bayyana a cikin daki-daki cikin fasali na Flora da fauna daga cikin hamada tsibirin. The kamu da wani ra'ayi na marubucin tare da aikinsa, da m turu cewa ya samu - duk da wannan sanya shi aiki musamman m karatu da gaske ya yi ĩmãni da ra'ayin Defoe.

Dalili na biyu ga nasara - shi ne haƙĩƙa wani m labarin. Wannan kasada labari yawon buxe ido yanayi.

Author na aikin, "Robinson Crusoe", da haruffa wanda mu ke duk saba, ya yi da babban harafin da saba talakawa mutum ne daban-daban, duk da haka, ƙarfin hali kuma kuzari.

Kuzarin kawo cikas na ci gaba da hali na protagonist

Abu ne mai sauki su yi tunanin cewa a cikin farkon, da zarar a tsibirin, Robinson ya ji mafi zurfi yanke ƙauna. Ya - mai rauni mutum, aka bar shi kadai tare da teku. Robinson Crusoe tsage a kan abin da aka yi amfani da. Wayewa da ke sa mu rauni.

Daga baya, duk da haka, ya gane yadda sa'a yake, da ya ke da rai har yanzu. Farga da wuri, da protagonist fara shirya a tsibirin.

Domin shekara ashirin da takwas na rayuwa a kan wani hamada tsibirin Robinson koyi abubuwa da yawa da cewa taimake shi tsira. Karkara daga wayewa, tilasta masa ya koyi da basira da yin wuta, yin kyandirori, glassware, man fetur. Wannan mutumin sanya gidansa, furniture, koya a gasa burodi, saƙa kwanduna, to noma ƙasar.

Zai yiwu mafi muhimmanci da fasaha da cewa samu Robinson Crusoe shekaru da yawa - shi ne ikon rayuwa, ba su zama a wani yanayi. Ya bai koka a rabo, amma kawai yi dukan abin da ransa a kan tsibirin da aka fi a cikin wannan aiki ya taimake shi.

m labari

Artwork na Robinson Crusoe iya gaskiya da za a dauke ta farko m labari. Marubucin ya gaya mana game da halin da protagonist, da gwaje-gwaje da cewa shi daukawa. Duk wanda ya rubuta Robinson Crusoe, unusually daidai tattaunawa game da mutum abubuwan a kan wani hamada tsibirin. A marubuci ya bayyana girke-girke, da wanda babban harafin sami ƙarfin kada su rasa ƙarfin hali. Robinson tsira saboda yana iya ja kaina tare da kuma aiki tukuru, ba tare da succumbing mai yanke ƙauna.

Bugu da kari, Defoe ya ba da gwarzo da ikon bincika da hali. Robinson kiyaye a diary, wanda ya dade da makaɗaicin abõkinsa. A babban harafin da ya koya ganin mai kyau a cikin dukan abin da ya faru da shi. Ya amsa da sanin cewa abubuwa za su iya zama mafi sharri. Complex rayuwa skills ake bukata shi ya zama kaffa.

A yanayin da babban harafin

Robinson Crusoe, Defoe ta kai ayyukansu gaya mana abubuwa da yawa game da wannan hali - a sosai idon basira hali. Kamar wani mutum a cikin wannan jirgin ruwa da kyau da kuma mummuna halaye.

A cikin hali na Xury shi bayyana kanta a matsayin maci amana, ba su iya empathize da sauransu. Shi ne hankula, misali, cewa Jumma'a kira shi Ubangiji ne, kuma ba wani. Na kansa Robinson ya ce kamar yadda rundunar tsibirin, ko ma kamar mai sarkin ƙasar.

Duk da haka, marubucin ya ba da protagonist na da yawa m halaye. Ya gane cewa ya iya kawai za a gudanar alhakin duk da matsaloli a cikin rayuwarsa. Robinson - mai karfi hali wanda aka kullum aiki da kuma neman inganta a su ƙaddara.

game da marubucin

Rayuwa na Daniel Defoe ma, cike yake da kasada da kuma cike da sabani. Bayan kammala karatu daga tauhidin Academy, ya, duk da haka, dukan wajen dogon rayuwa tsunduma a harkokin kasuwanci alaka high kasada. An sani cewa ya kasance daya daga cikin mahalarta a cikin tarzomar da ta sarauta da iko, sa'an nan bace na dogon lokaci.

Dukan aiki da aka hade da wani mafarki, wanda aka gane ta da yawa: ya so don samun arziki.

By da shekaru 20 ya aka gudanar a matsayin wani cin nasara kasuwa, amma daga baya ya sha wahala a fatarar, sa'an nan ya tsere daga mabartan 'kurkuku, ya yi zama a cikin wani tsari don laifi a karkashin wani ƙarya sunan.

Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin 'yar jarida da kuma zama wani m siyasa adadi.

Defoe kafin karshen su kwana ɓuya daga creditors, kuma ya mutu kadai.