Vanadium (sinadari): tarihin sunan, tsarin da zarra, da valence

Daga cikin 115 a halin yanzu da aka sani da sinadaran abubuwa, da yawa samu da sunan da girmama na heroes of Girkanci mythology, gumakansu. Wasu kira ga sunayen explorers kuma sanannen masana kimiyya. Wasu da aka kira a kan kasashen, birane, Gwargwadon fasali. Musamman mai ban sha'awa shi ne tarihin sunan wani kashi kamar vanadium. Haka kuma na kanta, wannan ƙarfe shi ne quite muhimmanci, kuma yana da musamman halaye. Saboda haka, mu yi la'akari da shi a cikin mafi daki-daki.

Vanadium - sinadari a cikin lokaci-lokaci tebur

Idan muka faye hali abu a kan halin da ake ciki a cikin lokaci-lokaci tsarin, yana yiwuwa a gano da dama key maki.

1. Located a babban hudu lokaci, na biyar kungiyar, da babban subgroups.
2. Lambar siriyal - 23.
3. A atomic taro na kashi - 50,9415.
4. A sunadarai alama - V.
5. Latin sunan - vanadium.
6. Rasha sunan - vanadium. Chemical kashi ne karanta kamar "vanadium" a dabarbari.
7. Shin wani hali karfe farfado rage Properties.

A matsayi na abubuwa a cikin tsarin shi ne bayyananne cewa matsayin mai sauki abu aiki rabi za su da kaddarorin kamar irin waɗanda na Tantalite da niobium.

Features na tsarin da zarra

Vanadium - sinadari, atomic tsarin wadda aka bayyana ta da janar dabara E ³ 3d ² 4s. Babu shakka, saboda irin wannan sanyi da kuma valency da hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihar iya nuna jũna dabi'u.

Wannan dabara damar hango ko hasashen da kaddarorin vanadium a matsayin mai sauki abu - hankula karfe kafa da manyan yawan daban-daban mahadi, ciki har da hadaddun.

Halayyar valency da hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihar

Saboda gaban unpaired electrons a kan uku 3d iya nuna sublayer vanadium hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihar +3. Duk da haka, shi ne ba kadai. A total akwai hudu zai yiwu dabi'u:

• +2.
• 3;
• 4;
• 5.

A wannan yanayin, vanadium - wani sinadari, da valence na wanda shi ma yana da biyu Manuniya: IV kuma V. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa mahadi a wani ba zarra kawai saita, kuma suka duk da kyau launi zanen. Musamman ma wadanda aka sani na ruwa da karfe gishiri gidaje.

Vanadium: wani sinadari. Tarihi da sunan

Idan muka magana game da tarihin samu wannan karfe, wajibi ne a koma zuwa farkon na XVIII karni. A wannan lokacin, a 1801, Mexican Del Rio ya iya ya sami unknown abubuwa a cikin gubar daga cikin dutse, a misali na wanda ya bincika. Bayan jerin gwaje-gwajen, del Rio samu wasu da kyau a canza launin karfe salts. Ya ba shi da sunan "erythron", amma daga baya ya dauki shi ga wani chromium gishiri, don haka dabino a bude ba samu.

Daga baya, wani masani, da Swede Sefstrom, gudanar don samun karfe da zabi shi daga tama. Wannan sunadarai shakka cewa sabon da ba a sani ba kashi, ya ba. Saboda haka, yana da majagaba na shi. Tare da Jens Berzelius ya ba da sunan gano abubuwa - vanadium.

Me wannan? A Norse mythology, akwai daya allahiya wanda shine personification na soyayya, jimiri, biyayya da kuma ibada. Ta shi ne allahiya na kyakkyawa. Sunanta ya Vanadis. Da zarar masana kimiyya kashi kaddarorin da mahadi da aka yi karatu, ya zama quite shakka cewa su da kyau sosai, launi. A karfe gami ƙari da cika fuska inganta su inganci da karfin da kwanciyar hankali. Saboda haka, a cikin girmamawa ga aljanna Vanadis, kuma shi aka bai wa sunan wani sabon abu da kuma muhimmanci karafa.

Vanadium - sinadari a cikin nau'i na wani sauki abu da aka samu ko da daga baya. Kawai a 1869 Birtaniya sunadarai H. Roscoe ya gudanar ya ware da karfe a cikin free nau'i na dutse. Wani masanin kimiyya F. Weller da aka tabbatar da cewa gano sau daya del Rio "Chrome" ne vanadium. Duk da haka, da Mexican da wannan rana ta ba rayu, kuma ya samu bai sami fita. A Rasha kashi suna zo godiya ga G. I. Gessu.

Simple vanadium fili

A matsayin mai sauki abu a tambaya ne wani karfe zarra. Ya na da yawan jiki Properties.

1. Launi: azurfa-fari, m.
2. Gaggautsa, tukuru, nauyi, tun da yawa ne 6.11 g / cm ^3.
3. Narkewa batu - 1920 ⁰ C, wanda damar ta su sun hada da tsaurin karafa.
4. The iska ba oxidize.

Kamar yadda a free form a cikin yanayi haɗuwa da ba zai yiwu ba, sai da mutane da a ware shi daga daban-daban ma'adanai ne da duwatsu.

Vanadium - ƙarfe kashi, wanda farfado isasshe high reactivity lokacin da mai tsanani, kuma a karkashin wani yanayi. Idan muka magana game da misali muhalli yanayi, shi ne iya maida martani ne kawai tare da mayar da hankali acid, Ruwa regia.

Tare da wasu nonmetals haifar binary mahadi, halayen faruwa a high yanayin zafi. A zubi Alkali mai narkewa, forming gidaje - vanadates. Oxygen ne mai karfi da oxidizing wakili mai narkewa a cikin vanadium, kuma da girma mafi girma dumama zafin jiki na cakuda.

Kasancewa a cikin yanayin da Isotopes

Idan muka magana game da baza na kwayoyin halitta a cikin yanayi, vanadium - wani sinadari, wanda yana nufin ba ya nan shiryayye. Shi ne mai memba na kusan dukan manyan duwatsu, ores da kuma ma'adanai. Amma babu inda shi ne ba fiye da 2%.

A abun ciki a cikin ɓawon burodi muhimmanci da kuma shi ne 1.9 * 10 ^-7. Domin wannan nuna alama, shi ne gaba da tagulla, tutiya da gubar. Own dutse karfe ba ya samar, duk da haka, akwai da dama filayen da cewa suna dauke ne vanadium. Sun ƙunshi ƙarfe a cikin crystal raga na wanda vanadium kwayoyin halitta suna kafa a babban adadin.

Yana da irin wannan dutse, kamar:

• vanadinite.
• harsashi.
• carnotite.
• Chile.

Zaka kuma iya saduwa da karafa a cikin abun da ke ciki:

• shuka ash.
• teku ruwa.
• tel teku squirts, teku cucumbers.
• kwayoyin, terrestrial shuke-shuke da dabbobi.

Idan muka magana game da isotopes na vanadium, cewa kawai biyu daga gare su: wani taro yawan 51, wanda mafi yawan - 99,77%, da kuma wani taro yawan 50, wanda aka wãtsa rediyoaktif da ya auku a alamarsu yawa.

vanadium mahadi

Mun riga ya nuna cewa, a matsayin wani sinadari a cikin karfe nuna isa aiki don samar da wani babban yawan daban-daban mahadi. Saboda haka, da wadannan iri abubuwa da aka sani da vanadium.

1. Oxides.
2. Hydroxides.
3. Binary salts (chlorides, fluorides, bromides, sulfides, iodides).
4. Hydroxy mahadi (oxychlorides oxybromide, oksitriftoridy da sauransu).
5. Complex salts.

Tun da valence na kashi dabam yadu, sa'an nan da yawa na abubuwa da aka samu. Babban bayãnin hukuncin alama na duk na su - shi ne da launi. Vanadium - wani sinadari mai bincike wanda tana gina nuna cewa launi iya Range daga fari da rawaya zuwa ja da blue, ciki har da tabarau na kore, Orange, black, da shunayya. Yana da jera wannan shi ne dalilin da cewa an bai wa sunan zarra, saboda shi sosai dubi da kyau sosai.

Duk da haka, da yawa daga cikin mahadi an samu kawai a karkashin wajen stringent dauki yanayi. Bugu da kari, mafi yawan su - mai guba, m ga mutane. Jiki jihar abubuwa iya zama sosai daban-daban. Alal misali, chlorides, bromides da fluorides - sau da yawa duhu ruwan hoda, kore, ko baki lu'ulu'u. A oxides - a cikin nau'i na powders.

A shirye-shiryen da kuma yin amfani da karfe

Tattalin vanadium, raba shi daga duwatsu, kuma ores. Kuma waɗanda ma'adanai dake dauke da ko da 1% na karfe, dauke su musamman arziki a vanadium. Bayan rabuwa da samfurin cakuda baƙin ƙarfe da vanadium da shi da aka canjawa wuri a cikin mayar da hankali bayani. Daga wannan an ware ta acidification na sodium vanadate, daga abin da baya samu wani matuƙar mayar da hankali samfurin, da karfe abun ciki na har zuwa 90%.

Sa'an nan, wannan bushe precipitate aka calcined a cikin wutar, da kuma vanadium an rage zuwa ƙarfe jihar. A wannan nau'i na kayan ne shirye don amfani.

Vanadium - wani sinadari mai cewa an fairly yadu a yi amfani masana'antu. Musamman a inji da kuma smelting na karfe gami. Za ka iya ayyana dama babban wuraren yin amfani da karfe.

1. Yadi masana'antu.
2. Glassmaking.
3. Yi na tukwane da kuma roba.
4. Fenti da kuma varnish masana'antu.
5. Shiri kuma kira sunadarai (sulphate samarwa).
6. Production na nukiliya nukiliya.
7. Aviation, kuma Shipbuilding, inji aikin injiniya.

Vanadium - mai da muhimmanci sosai alloying bangaren domin samar da haske, karfi, da lalata resistant gami, karfe yafi. Ba abin mamaki shi ne ake kira da "hanya karfe."