Urban agglomeration - shi ne mafi girma Metropolitan yankunan ...

A cikin sauri canza fuskar duniya: ƙauyen da kauyuka ba da hanya zuwa birane, da karshen, bi da bi, suna spliced tare da zama agglomeration. Wannan alƙaluma da kuma tattalin arziki tsari wanda tasowa sannu a hankali, kuma a cikin hãlãye, shi ba za a tsaya. Ci gaban kanta nuna yanayin ga mutãne, ta fi girma hanzari. A gaba dayan karni na ashirin ne a lokacin da m masana'antu. A sakamakon haka shi da ci gaban masana'antu a daban-daban kwatance da kuma hade girma daga cikin birane, yawan, wanda damar da wani m m primary hanya - ma'aikata.

A labarin na

Urban agglomeration - ne tsari na yaduwa daga cikin ƙasa na kauye saboda ta yi da kuma saye da m ƙauyuka. Alkari'u ya wuce da sauri isa ga 80-95 shekaru. Idan muka kwatanta ƙidaya data on farkon da kuma karshen karni na ashirin, da suka kwatanta da rabo daga yankunan karkara da kuma birane alƙarya. A kashi sharuddan, shi ne kamar haka: a 1903, 13% - da mazaunan biranen, da 1995 wannan adadi ne 50%. A Trend ci gaba a yau, amma na farko da manyan birane cibiyoyin bayyana a cikin tarihin duniya. A matsayin misali, Athens, Alexandria, da kuma, ba shakka, babban birnin Roma. Da yawa daga baya, a cikin XVII karni, na farko agglomeration fito a Turai - wannan shi ne Paris da kuma London, wanda zauna manyan yankunan a Birtaniya Tsibirin. A cikin XIX karni, da samuwar manyan birane ƙauyuka fara a Arewacin Amirka. Kalmar "agglomeration" da aka gabatar a karon farko a Faransa geographer M. Rouget. Bisa ga definition, da birane agglomeration - ne fitarwa na ba-ayyukan noma na gudanarwa domin shiri da hannu a cikin ta na kewaye da ƙauyuka. A halin yanzu data kasance definition domin gabatar da isasshen bambancin, amma generalizing da manufa na wani tsari na fadada, ci gaban birnin. A lokacin da wannan aka ɗauke shi zuwa lissafi da dama da sharudda.

definition

N. V. Petrov bayyana agglomeration matsayin wani tari na garuruwa da sauran ƙauyuka a yankin manufa, kuma suka girma tare, a ci gaban tsarin, akwai wani tabbatarwa daga iri daban-daban na dangantaka (da aikin yi, al'adu, da tattalin arziki, da sauransu. D.). A wannan yanayin, da tari dole ne m, kuma suna da wata hujja administrative iyakoki - biyu ciki da waje. Pertsik EN ba wani dan kadan daban-daban definition: birane agglomeration - shi ne na musamman nau'i na urbanization, wanda ya shafi tari geographically mafi kusa matsugunai tattalin arziki interdependent da kuma raba na kowa kai cibiyar sadarwa, aikin injiniya kayayyakin more rayuwa, masana'antu da kuma al'adu dangantakar, kowa zamantakewa da fasaha tushe. A cikin ayyukansu, ya jaddada cewa, irin wannan ƙungiya shi ne mafi m yanayi domin kimiyya da fasaha da ayyukan, da ci gaban m fasahar da kuma wurare. Haka kuma, shi ne a nan cewa mafi gwani ma'aikata suna harhada domin saukaka wanda tasowa sabis kansu da kuma haifar da yanayi na da kyau sauran. The most birane da kuma Metropolitan yankunan ne yankin iyakoki na mobile, yana da ba kawai da ainihin wurin da mutum abubuwa, amma lokaci lokaci ciyar a kan motsi na mutum ko kaya daga tsakiya zuwa periphery.

Sharudda ga kayyade agglomeration

Daga cikin da yawa zamani birane quite raya, tare da yawan jama'a na 2-3 da mutane miliyan. Ƙayyade ko Locality za a iya classified a matsayin Metropolitan yankin, shi ne zai yiwu, ta amfani da takamaiman kimantawa sharudda. Amma a nan, manazarta 'ra'ayoyin bambanta: wasu da shawara ga mayar da hankali a kan wani rukunin dalilai, da sauran shi ne isa zuwa da daya alama cewa fayyace kuma rubuce. Key Figures bisa ga abin da birni za a iya dangana ga agglomeration:

1. The yawan yawa da 1 m ^2.
2. The lamba (100 dubu mutane, na sama da iyaka ne Unlimited).
3. Gudun yi da kuma ta ci gaba (kasa da 20 km tsakanin babban birnin da tauraron dan adam).
4. Number sequestered kwaminonin (tauraron dan adam).
5. A tsanani na tafiya domin dalilai daban-daban tsakanin cibiya da periphery (ga aikin, nazari ko dama, da ake kira madauwari hijirarsa).
6. An Hadakar kayayyakin more rayuwa (utilities, sadarwa).
7. Total dabaru cibiyar sadarwa.
8. A rabo na yawan aiki ba aikin.

Nau'in na birane agglomerations

Duk da bambancin da hulda alamu da yanayi na Gwamuwar birane da tauraron dan adam, akwai wani dunkule tsarin for kayyade irin Locality. Akwai biyu main iri: monocentric da polycentric Metropolitan yankin. The most yawan data kasance da kuma samar da wani ci nasa ne da farko category. Monocyclic agglomeration kafa a kan manufa na mamayar daya daga cikin babban birnin. Akwai core cewa ya hada a ci gaba zuwa da karkararta na sauran ƙauyuka da ya haifar da fuskantarwa domin su kara ci gaba da a symbiosis tare da su m. The most birane agglomeration (mafiya yawa) an tsara daidai da Monotype. An misali ne Moscow ko New York. Polycentric Metropolitan yankin ne togiya, sun hada dama birane, wanda kowannensu yana da wani raba kwaya da kuma garwaya da kewaye kwaminonin. Alal misali, a kasar Jamus yana da Ruhr tasa, cikakken gina up manyan abokai, kowanne daga abin yana da dama da tauraron dan adam a lokaci guda ba su dogara da juna, kuma suna hade a cikin daya naúrar kawai a kan wani yankin akai.

tsarin

The most Metropolitan yankunan duniya da aka kafa a cikin birane, wanda tarihi kirga daga 100 zuwa 1000 shekaru. Wannan tarihi, wani m gidaje, kiri, sarƙoƙi da na al'adu da sauki don inganta fiye da zuwa haifar da sababbi daga karce. The kawai ware ne American birane da cewa tun asali shirya matsayin agglomeration domin mafi girma tattalin arziki rates.

Saboda haka, bari mu yi Takaitaccen rahotonsu. Urban agglomeration - shi ne mai ginannun shiri, wanda shi ne (kamar bayyanannu, iyaka ba wanzu) za a iya raba wadannan sassan:

1. Cibiyar na birnin, ta tarihi kashi, wanda shi ne al'adun gargadiya na yankin. Ya kasancewa ne girma ganiya da rana, akwai sau da yawa hani a kan shigarwa zuwa karkarar sirri kai.
2. Zobe kewaye tsakiyar ɓangare, kasuwanci cibiyar. Wannan yanki ne sosai densely gina up ofishin gine-gine, a Bugu da kari, akwai wani m tsarin abinci Enterprises (gidajen cin abinci, sanduna, cafes), da ikon yinsa, daga sabis ma quite yadu (shagon na gyaran gashi, gyms da kuma wasanni dakunan, fashion ateliers da haka. D.). Akwai da kyau-ɓullo da tallace-tallace cibiyar sadarwa, musamman da tsada shagunan da m kayayyakin, akwai administrative jama'a cibiyoyin.
3. A zaune wuri, wanda nasa ne da tsohon gine-gine. A kan aiwatar da agglomeration ta sau da yawa ya jũya zuwa kasuwanci gundumomi. Wannan shi ne saboda da high kudin na ƙasar domin Apartment gine-gine. Saboda da m bukatar shi, tsarin da cewa ba su da alaka da Monuments na gine-gine da kuma tarihi, rushe ko sabunta hanyoyin for ofishin da kuma wasu gabatarwa.
4. Multi-storey m yi. Dogon lokacin da (barcinmu) yankunan, masana'antu da kuma masana'antu zones. Wannan bangare ne yawanci yawa zamantakewa shugabanci (makarantu, manyan kiri kantuna, asibitoci, dakunan karatu da kuma kama. D.).
5. Kewayen birni yankunan, Parks, gidãjen Aljanna, kauyuka-da tauraron dan adam. Dangane da girman da Metropolitan yankin, wannan yanki ne tasowa, da kuma magance.

matakai na raya kasa

All Metropolitan yankunan duniya ne babban matakai na samuwar. Mutane da yawa ƙauyuka suna tsaya a su ci gaba (a wani mataki), wasu suna kawai fara hanyar zuwa da kuma sosai dadi ga mutum habitation tsarin. Za a iya raba da wadannan matakai:

1. Industrial agglomeration. A dangane tsakanin cibiya da periphery dangane da samar da abubuwan. Labor albarkatun ake daura wa wani musamman sha'anin, akwai wani janar dukiya da kuma ƙasar kasuwar.
2. Inganta mataki. Halin da ya karu matakin na commuting, bi da bi, ya samar da wani na kowa aiki kasuwa, cibiyar wanda shi ne babban birni. agglomeration tsakiya fara rayayye siffar da kansu daga sabis da dama ayyukan.
3. Dynamic agglomeration. Wannan mataki na samar da ga zamani da kuma canja wuri na samar iya aiki a gefe rabo. A a layi daya, tasowa dabaru tsarin cewa ba ka damar yin karin m coalescence na core da kuma tauraron dan adam birane. Akwai na kowa aiki kasuwa, dukiya, janar kayayyakin more rayuwa da ake gina.
4. A post-masana'antu agglomeration. A karshe mataki, wanda aka halin karshen hulda tafiyar matakai. Data kasance sadarwa (core-periphery) suna karfafa da kuma fadada. Ya fara aiki don inganta halin agglomeration ya jawo hankalin more albarkatun da kuma fadada ayyukan.

Features na Rasha agglomerations

Don kara da kudi na ci gaban tattalin arziki da kuma ci gaban high-tech samar, kasar mu ya kamata a yi da kyau-tsare da kuma costed tsare-tsaren na kusa da m nan gaba. Tarihi, akwai wani halin da ake ciki a wadda birane agglomerations Rasha aka tushen kawai a kan masana'antu irin. Lokacin da aka shirya tattalin arzikin cewa ya isa, amma a tilasta miƙa mulki ga canji zamani (samuwar wani kasuwar tattalin arzikin), akwai wani yawan matsalolin da cewa yana da da za a shafe ta a cikin shekaru 90. Kara ci gaba da na Metropolitan yankunan bukatar gwamnatin tsakiya baki. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa wannan topic ne sau da yawa tattauna da masana da kuma m jikin jihar iko. Wajibi ne a kammala sabuntawa, modernization da muhallinsa na samar da kwasfansu, wanda zai haifar da tsauri agglomeration tafiyar matakai. Ba tare da sa hannu na jihar a matsayin funder da hukumar mulki na wannan mataki shi ne ba samuwa ga birane da yawa. A tattalin arziki abũbuwan amfãni daga aiki agglomerations ne undeniable, don haka ya haramta motsa jam'iyya tsari ne geographically nasaba birane da garuruwa. Manyan birane agglomerations na duniya za a iya halitta a Rasha a nan gaba. Muna da dukkan dole albarkatun, shi wajibi ne don daidai amfani da babban - administrative.

The most birane agglomerations Rasha

A gaskiya, to date akwai wani bayyanannen statistics. Bisa ga kimantawa sharudda agglomerations a Rasha za a iya gano 22 most, suna tasowa sosai a hannunsu. A kasar Marinjãyi monocentric irin samuwar. Urban agglomeration Rasha a mafi yawan lokuta suna located a cikin masana'antu mataki na ci gaba, amma su samar da isasshen adam albarkatun domin kara girma. Da lambar kuma block samuwar aka shirya a cikin wadannan jerin (na farko 10):

1. Moscow.
2. St. Petersburg.
3. Rostov.
4. Samara-Togliatti.
5. Nizhny Novgorod.
6. Novosibirsk.
7. Ekaterinburg.
8. Kazan.
9. Chelyabinsk.
10. Volgograd.

Yawan birane agglomerations a Rasha an girma a sakamakon halittar sabon ƙungiyoyi, wanda ba dole ba ne hada da megacities: da Fusion faruwa a kudi na hanya index ko masana'antu amfane shi.

duniya agglomeration

Amazing facts kuma Figures za a iya samu ta hanyar nazarin batun. Wasu da duniya agglomeration yankin da kuma yawan m tare da wadanda na da dukan ƙasar. A total number of batutuwa wuya yin lissafi, domin kowane gwani yana amfani da takamaiman (zaba su) kungiyar halaye ko daya daga cikinsu. Amma lokacin da la'akari da goma most za ka iya ƙidaya a kan yarjejeniya da masana. Saboda haka:

1. Manyan birane agglomerations na duniya - Tokyo, Yokohama. The yawan - 37.5 mutane miliyan (Japan).
2. Jakarta (Indonesia).
3. Delhi (Indiya).
4. Seoul-Incheon (South Korea).
5. Manila (Philippines).
6. Shanghai China (Sin).
7. Karachi (Pakistan).
8. New York (USA).
9. Mexico (Mexico).
10. Sao Paulo (Brazil).

Matsaloli na birane agglomerations

Tare da duk m fannoni na ci gaban tattalin arziki, da al'adu, da tattalin arziki da kuma ilimi, akwai da dama da yawan raunin, wanda aka halin da megacities. Da fari dai, wani babban har na sadarwa da kuma ci gaba da kara aza (a aiki ci gaba) take kaiwa zuwa matsaloli a cikin gidaje, da bi, da rage-rage matakin ta'aziyya daga jama'a. Abu na biyu, kai da dabaru da makircinsu ba ko da yaushe samar da ya dace matakin na zirga-zirga da gudun kayayyaki da kuma mutane. Na uku, da mataki na samu na yanayi (iska, ruwa, ƙasa). Huxu, da agglomeration jawo hankalin mafi yawan aiki jama'ar na kananan garuruwa da suke ba su sahabbai. A karo na biyar, da wuya daga cikin administrative management na manyan yankuna. Wadannan matsaloli da aka sani ga kowane birni mazauni, da kuma magance su na bukatar wani dogon da kuma lokaci-cinyewa aiki na duk birnin Tsarin.