Trigeminal code da kuma aikin naúrar kayyade code

A farko mazaunan wannan duniyar tamu ne iya samun sosai kadan rai. Evolutionary shugabanci duk mai rai faruwa ga tsawaita rayuwar na kwayoyin ga nasara karbuwa ga muhalli da yanayi, da cin sunadaran da karbuwa da kuma yiwuwar yaduwar kwarewa bãyanta. Ƙirƙiri kwayoyin kwayoyin bisa ga shirin da ya yarda rayuwa a duniya da samun da qafafunku da kuma fara nasara ci gaba. The inji na matrix ajiya da kuma watsa kayyade bayanai canza kama zuwa wani tsarin kayyade coding, inda babban bangaren - wani aikin naúrar na kwayoyin code.

A tsakiyar akidarsu na ilmin sanin kwayoyin halittu

Gadar hali - shi ne babban bangaren na nazarin halittu gaba da rayuwa. Nature Ya halitta sunadaran watsa da haifuwa na kwayoyin bayanai ta hanyar shigar da sunadarai a cikin abun da ke ciki sarkar nucleic acid. Ayyuka na nucleic acid (DNA da RNA) - adanar bayanai da kuma canja wurin shi zuwa ga tsarin da sunadarai. Kuma da sunadaran gina jiki na rayuwa halayen kwashe phenotypic magana da wannan bayanai. A kayyade code - mikakke matrix adanar bayanai a kan furotin tsarin da rikodi ta triplets na nucleotides a sarkar nucleic acid. The karami aikin naúrar kayyade code cewa yana dauke da bayani game da m tsarin naúrar sunadaran - a triplet na nucleotides a cikin DNA ko sarkar RNA. bayanin da ake daukar kwayar cutar daga DNA to mRNA da mRNA daga sauran RNA da kuma sunadarai na gina jiki.

Universal coding tsarin

A cikin fahimtar da kwayoyin code a kimiyya da shi ya dauki wani karni, kuma ta fadada - kawai da shekaru goma. Tun da gabatarwar da manufar da tsarin da DNA biyu Helix (1953, Watson da Crick) zo fahimta ta rawa a matsayin hereditary abu, da kuma fara neman haruffa daga cikin haruffa, wanda aka rubuta a kan ta bayani. A ra'ayin cewa aikin naúrar na kwayoyin code, daya nucleotide a lokaci daya ba zai tsaya zargi. Hudu karin nucleotide (adein, Bibyun, saitosin, kuma taimain) DNA iya encode sunadarai na 21 amino acid. Masana lissafi, kimiyyar lissafi da kuma ilmin halitta suna rayayye da hannu a cikin search for wani tsarinsa tsarin da sauri gano cewa wani amino acid din coding jerin uku nucleotides. Saboda haka, aikin naúrar kayyade code - shi ne mai triplet na nucleotides, alhakin kira na mai gina jiki amino acid. Triplets (codons) na 64, wanda 61 - wannan ma'ana codons (tsarinsa amino acid), da kuma sauran 3 - m. Ba su kawo bayani game da amino acid, da kuma aiki a matsayin mai tasha codon bada ko da kammala kira na da sunadari.

Triplet - wani aikin naúrar kayyade code

Biopolymer nucleic acid kwayoyin kunshi monomers - nucleotides. Wadanda, bi da bi, haifar da ci gaba da DNA to wanda wani kwafi tsari bayanai da aka ruwaito da mRNA daidai da karatu frame, inda mafi karami code darajar yana da wani triplet na nucleotides - t. karatu frame motsa unidirectionally, kuma yana da wata hujja kwayoyin code da degeneracy na unambiguity (redundancy).

Pointedness da kuma bambancinsa

Triplet bayanai ne unambiguous, Ina nufin da rabo daga 1 t -1 amino acid ba variably. Amino acid za a iya shigar wanda ke aiki da kuma da dama triplets, amma takamaiman triplet - wani musamman amino acid. karanta frame ne ko da yaushe directed a cikin shugabanci, kuma wannan shi ne saboda da gaban triplets, bada karanta da kuma kammala shi. Wannan rike da zaman lafiyar na gina jiki tsari. Wani dũkiyar triplets - disjointness. Wannan yana nufin cewa nucleotide ne dole ɓangare na triplets, amma kawai kawai daya.

The halitta redundancy

A degeneracy na (redundancy) na kwayoyin code - wannan shi ne wani aminci gefe na wani kwayoyin. Ya kare Kwayoyin kan tareda žata effects na maye gurbi. Kowane aikin naúrar kayyade code iya sha canzawa 1, 2 da kuma 3 nucleotides a triplet. Saboda haka, 9 daga positional substitutions a kowane triplet nucleotide substitutions a kowane 4-1 = 3 yiwu embodiment, kuma a sakamakon da muka samu da 61 da 9 = 549 bambance-bambancen karatu musanya nucleotides a triplet. Wannan shi ne da yawa fiye da wajibi ne a encode 21 amino acid. Wannan pereizbytochnost ko degeneracy, da kuma bayar da nazarin halittu wanzuwar rayuwa da kuma rage zuwa m na kurakurai a lokacin da karanta bayanan jinsi.

Codon ko wani triplet?

A cikin wallafe-wallafe, a triplet na nucleotides, kamar yadda wani aikin conglomerate kira wani triplet ko codon. Mene ne bambanci, kuma ko da shi? Kalmar "codon" da ake amfani a kai tsaye aiwatar da translation - canja wurin bayanai daga RNA zuwa sunadarin. Kalmar "triplet" da ake amfani a mafi fadi na ginin jumla mahallin, a lokacin da ta kwatanta bayanai karanta frame tare da biyu RNA da DNA.