Transgenic shuke-shuke: shirye-shiryen da kuma yin amfani da

A batun na genetically modified shuke-shuke mafi sabunta a 'yan shekarun nan. Transgenic fasahar yana da abokan adawar da kuma kare, duk da haka halin da ake ciki ba ya zama bayarda kan lokaci. A wannan labarin, za mu mayar da hankali a kan abin da aka genetically modified amfanin gona, a cikin abin da ribobi da fursunoni, za a gabatar da misalai na transgenic shuke-shuke.

The gaggawa na matsalar

A jama'ar na duniyarmu a farkon shekara ta 2016 amounted zuwa 7.3 biliyan mutane da aka girma cikin sauri a yau. Al'ummai da yawa a duniya jin akai karancin abinci da ruwa. Wannan shi ne saboda da cutarwa sakamakon mutumin a yanayi, wanda a cikin sa tsautsayi ƙasa haihuwa.

A XX karni shi aka rasa ba kasa da 20% na 'ya'yan itace-qazanta yankunan kan duniya. Su yankin da kuma ci gaba da rage a sakamakon nazarin halittu ƙasƙanci, da kwararowar hamada, yankin Flushing na amfani surface, damƙa na ƙasar domin wasu dalilai.

A miƙa mulki ga namo masana'antu albarkatun gona domin samar da methanol take kaiwa zuwa wani raguwa a fannin horar da ƙasa, wanda kara exacerbates halin da ake ciki na mutum abinci mai gina jiki.

Rasha Ma'aikatar Lafiya karatu sun nuna cewa yawan jama'a na abinci ne halin da rage a cikin adadin ilimin m kayayyakin. A sakamakon haka, da kasawa da samar da furotin, bitamin da kuma sauran halitta abubuwa.

Masana kimiyya hango ko hasashen da karuwa a yawan al'ummomi na 'yan Adam a duniya to 9-11 biliyan ta 2050, don haka kana bukatar ka ninka ko sau uku da girma na kayayyakin gona a fadin duniya. Wannan karuwa ne ba mai yiwuwa ba tare da gabatarwar transgenic shuke-shuke, don taimaka daɗa ƙaran na amfanin gona da kuma rage farashin kayayyakin, kazalika dauke Properties cewa ba a tsire-tsire girma ta gargajiya da fasaha.

Jigon fasahar

Duk wani mai rai gabar yana da kwayoyin halittu da cewa sanin duk da fasali. Nagartaccen sarkar kwayoyin halittu suke kafa Properties. A sarkar kanta da ake kira genotype (genome).

A baya can, sabon matasan iri samu ta hanyar hade da iyayentaka shuke-shuke da canza kwayoyin halittu da juna da kuma samun sabon fasali. Wannan tsari ya dauki wani babban adadin lokaci, kuma karshen samfurin ne ba ko da yaushe har zuwa tsammanin.

Ta hanyar cin gaban sabuwar fasahar shi yiwuwa a canja shuka genotype sauri ta gabatar da zama dole genes. Wannan shugabanci na bincike aiki da aka kira a kayyade aikin injiniya. Shuke-shuke da ƙẽƙasasshen genes kira transgenic ko genetically modified. Halitta injiniyoyi haifar da sabon genotypes. Saboda haka da ikon da sauri samun sabon shuke-shuke. Don zama wata damar canza wani genotype tare da wani qayyadadden dalili.

Misalai gene gyare-gyare

Halitta injiniya taimaka wajen gabatar da kwayoyin halittu da suke resistant zuwa daban-daban cutarwa dalilai:

• Herbicidal qagaggun.
• Pesticide formulations.
• Phytopathogenic kwayoyin.

Gabatar a matsayin halittar da cewa kara maturation lokaci, kayyade nitrogen. Iya inganta amino acid abun da ke ciki na gina jiki da shuke-shuke.

A ci gaba da aikin gona da masana'antu da kuma dasa wannan amfanin gona a manyan yankunan take kaiwa zuwa haifuwa na kwari da cutar canja wuri. Don yãƙe su, masana kimiyya haifar da yawa sinadaran mahadi. Kwari hankali daidaita da poisons da kuma zama resistant. A halin da ake ciki muhalli yake ta tabarbarewa a wannan: mutu so kwari, da kuma a cikin ƙasa fada cutarwa sunadarai.

Halitta injiniya yayi halittar kwayoyin halittu da samar da kariya da kwari. A tumatir girbe gene haddasa m lalace. A cucumbers suna kara da cewa kwayoyin halittu alhakin samuwar sugar, ku ƙarasa da wani zaki kokwamba. Rubuce wadannan hanyoyi da damar da tsire-tsire su yi girma m, wanda ba high da ake samu da kuma ba su ji tsoron parasites, kuma ba su kasance m.

Wannan aiki ne da za'ayi tun 1984. A farko transgenic shuka da aka rajista, a 1983. A da taba, a cikin cell Gininsu, wanda ya gabatar da ɓangare na uku da kwayoyin halittu. Taba filin gwaji da aka za'ayi a shekara ta 1986 a Amurka. Kuma a shekarar 1994 Amurka suka tafi a kan sayarwa transgenic abinci. Waɗannan su ne tumatir tare da wani low ripening lokaci da waken soya. Bayan shekaru biyu a kan kasuwar zo jerin genetically Kamfanin albarkatun gona: masara, tumatir, dankali, waken soya, rapeseed, radish, squash, da kuma auduga.

Tun daga nan, da gene gyare-gyare ya shafi duk amfanin gona, da amfanin gona da suka girma. Wannan shi ne saboda da tattalin arziki. Bayan duk, da Colorado irin ƙwaro halaka sararin amfanin gona na dankali, wanda shi ne dalilin da ya sa biliyoyin daloli da aka rasa. A yanke shawara a cikin ni'imar transgenic dankali, ba batun Colorado dankalin turawa, irin ƙwaro. Za ka iya ci gaba da kiran da transgenic shuke-shuke suna misalai. Don kwanan wata, jerin ne quite m. Kusan duk amfanin gona, sun karɓi nasu kwayoyin twin.

A kimiyya tsari

Samar da transgenic shuke-shuke ta fara da gabatarwar takamaiman genes a shuka Kwayoyin don hadewa a cikin su chromosomes. A tsari na gabatar da waje genes Sauki idan na farko cell ganuwar suna cire ta enzymes: pectinase ko cellulase, wadda take kaiwa zuwa bayyanar protoplasts. Gabatar da sabuwar halittar da a cikin protoplast tsarin, bayan da Kwayoyin suna da ladabi a gina jiki yanayi, sa'an nan ya kafa Kwayoyin suna amfani da dawo da shuke-shuke.

Manufar kayyade kimiyya - a transgenic shuke-shuke resistant zuwa herbicides da ƙwayoyin cuta. A saboda wannan dalili da hanyar, da gabatar da transgenes wanda bayyana da antibodies a cikin sel da kwayar sunadari. Tukar tumbi da al'adu ba fallasa da ƙwayoyin cuta, zai yiwu ya haifar da dogara da kariya daga shuke-shuke daga nau'o'in shuka kwayar cututtuka.

Ainihin hanyoyin samar da transgenic tsire-tsire ne:

1. A amfani da Agrobacterium. Yana da su gabatar da wani musamman kwayoyin cuta a cikin shuka genotype.
2. "DNA-gun." A wannan yanayin, masana kimiyya a zahiri "harba" na DNA a cikin cell. A sakamakon haka, wadannan "harsasai" an gina tare da DNA da ake so location.

A tabbatacce darajar

Selection sanya shi yiwuwa a samu mai shuka da mai manyan adadin bitamin. A ci gaba da Biochemistry bayar da damar. Alal misali, ya aka sanya shi cikin "zinariya shinkafa" tare da wani babban abun ciki na bitamin A. Samu strawberries tare da wani babban abun ciki na bitamin C. Samar waken soya, wanda ya karu sau biyar da adadin bitamin E.

Amfani da shuke-shuke samar daban-daban m sunadarai, magani, antibodies. Amfani da shuka tsarin ne recombinant sunadaran a kan wani ciniki sikelin. The sosai farko da aka samu adam girma hormone a shekarar 1986. Tun daga nan, da yawa na hada sunadarai, daga cikinsu:

• avidin (amfani da ilmin sanin kwayoyin halittu bincike).
• casein (madara gina jiki amfani da wani abinci ƙari).
• Collagen da Elastin (sunadaran don magani).

Amfani da genetically modified shuka kwayoyin magance al'amurran da suka shafi kewaye tsarkakewa matsakaici. Alal misali, ƙirƙirar shuka-biodegradatory. Za su iya taimaka cikin bazuwar na man fetur da kuma sauran abubuwa masu haɗari a cikin manyan yankunan.

Don tsabtace ruwan da ƙasa, da shuka za a iya amfani da su sha abubuwa masu cutarwa daga yanayi, musamman nauyi karafa. A wadannan gwaje-gwajen, da gubar taba, yana da dukkan wadannan damar.

Don yi da ayyuka na tsarkakewa shuke-shuke suna dasa a gurbata yankunan sa'an nan cire da kuma riga-da sabon "tsabtace" jam'iyyar. Don tsarkake ruwa, irin shuke-shuke kamata tushen tsarin nutsa cikin ruwa-ruwa mafita.

masana'antu trends

A tsari na samar da transgenic shuke-shuke hada da dama aka gyara:

1. Iri da wani babban matakin da yawan aiki.
2. Samar da wata al'ada iya samar da dama ta girbi a kowace shekara. (Misali, bred strawberries, fruiting sau biyu a daya bazara.)
3. Production na transgenic shuke-shuke resistant zuwa kwari. (Akwai dankalin turawa, dankalin turawa, irin ƙwaro halaka.)
4. Iri-iri, don shawo kan wani yanayin yanayi.
5. Kiwo shuke-shuke samar da dabba gina jiki. (A China, taba cultivar samu samar da mutum lactoferrin.)

A amfani da transgenic shuke-shuke taimaka a warware wasu batutuwa, daga gare su: karancin abinci, agronomic matsaloli pharmacology ci gaba da kuma waɗansu da yawa. Saboda da genetically modified shuke-shuke suna bace cutarwa da magungunan kashe qwari da cewa suna da wani detrimental sakamako a kan yanayi. Transgenic shuke-shuke resistant zuwa kwari, - wannan ba almarar ba, amma wani sosai real sabon abu a cikin harkokin noma.

Bambance-bambance tsakanin genetically modified da na halitta shuke-shuke

Simple layman rarrabe tsakanin halitta da kuma transgenic shuke-shuke ba zai yiwu. An samu daga ta dakin gwaje-gwaje gwaje-gwaje.

Rasha Ma'aikatar Lafiya a 2002 da umarnin a masana'antun zuwa Label da kayayyakin da ake hada da fiye da kashi biyar bisa dari gennopreobrazovannogo abu. Amma a gaskiya, irin wannan lakabtawa ne kusan babu daya da kira. Dace cak bayyanãwa irin wannan take hakki a kai a kai.

Don zama m ga shigo, saye da sayarwa na genetically modified kayayyakin akwai wani jihar rajista hanya ne nawaita. Wannan ne musamman disadvantageous for abinci masana'antun.

Sa alama a kan wani samfurin ba ya nufin cewa abinci zai sa cutar da mutane. A halin yanzu, mutane da yawa buyers gane shi a matsayin mai hadari alama.

Genetically modified shuke-shuke - abin da suke?

A Rasha, an rajista da kuma dole cak duk 10-daban na transgenic shuke-shuke. Wadannan sun hada da:

• waken soya iri biyu;
• Masara biyar jinsunan.
• Biyu dankalin turawa, iri.
• beets.
• sugar gwoza daga wannan.

A cikin West, genetically modified kayayyakin da tasirin, suka barjat shelves. A Rasha, da yawa irin wannan kayayyakin, ko da yake dace markings a kan su a can. Duk da haka, duk wadannan kayayyakin da ake shigo da daga wasu kasashe. A Rasha, da genetically canza al'adu samu ya zuwa yanzu kawai a kimiyya da gwaje gwajen kimiyya. Fatan girman kai ga masana kimiyya ne da dankalin turawa, wanda dankalin turawa leaf beetles mutu.

Muhalli hamayya da irin dankali. A gudanar da bincike, wanda ya nuna cewa ta hanyar cin wani dankalin turawa a berayen canje-canje na jini dabara, da rabo daga cikin jiki ta gabobin, akwai daban-daban pathologies. Duk da haka, bisa ga masana kimiyya, shi ne ba da wani dalili da su kãfirta da masana'antu a matsayin dukan.

Transgenic ci gaba da sauƙin kiwo hanyoyin, da kuma wani lokacin mafi aminci. Transgenic kayayyakin ne da yawa mai rahusa halitta, saboda haka, suna cikin bukatar a underdeveloped kasashen. A nan gaba, Organic kayan lambu da nama zai zama samfurin na kananan shagunan da hauhawar farashin.

Amfani ko rashin amfani genetically modified shuke-shuke

Akwai biyu sabani ra'ayoyi game da darajar transgenic fasaha. Wasu masana kimiyya suka yi ĩmãni da canji na genotypic data gaba daya lafiya ga jikin mutum da kuma shi ne mai amfani ga ci gaban aikin noma. Wasu yi imani da cewa sakamakon irin canje zai nuna kansu ne kawai bayan shekaru masu yawa.

Zuwan transgenic shuke-shuke kuma raba duniya a cikin rabin. Daga cikin wadanda a baya - Amurka, Canada, Australia, Argentina da sauransu. Shi abubuwa da Turai da kuma kasashen da dama tare da wani koma-baya tsarin aikin noma.

The hujja a transgenic shuke-shuke yi imani da cewa irin wannan al'adu ƙarshe kansu zama ineradicable sako ko a haɗa zuwa wasu plantations, da gur yanayi. Hakika, shi ne quite yiwu.

A halin da ake ciki a duniya da kuma a Rasha

Turai shelves a kan genetically modified kayayyakin ne sosai rare. Gwamnatin Jihar suna shan tsananin dokokin bukata lakabin irin kayayyakin. Akwai kuma dokoki domin DNA. Wannan matsayi na Turai ne a siyasa da tattalin arziki yanayi.

A Rasha irin dokokin tukuna. Duk da haka, akwai wani dokokin da cewa ba da damar zuwa saka gennoizmenennye al'adu. Za ka iya kai da ci gaban samar da sabon iri, kazalika da yarda ka shigo gennopreobrazovannye kayayyakin daga kasashen waje. A Rasha shigo da transgenic waken soya da masara.

Jama'a ra'ayi a kan halin da ake ciki na dukiya gennoizmenennymi form kafofin watsa labarai da wakilan. Sun cika da scandals da kai gefe makiyan gennopreobrazovannoy kayayyakin. A kimiyya shaidar da aminci a lokaci guda zama a cikin wasu inuwõyi.

Shin akwai sa damuwa?

Duk wani shuke-shuke mai saukin kamuwa zuwa kwayoyin canji, wuce m aminci cak kafin samun izinin taro aikace-aikace. Hukumomin gwamnati suna binciko muhalli da kuma toxicological kasada dangantaka da namo wadannan amfanin gona. Babu tsanani cutarwa effects bayan da amfani da genetically modified kayayyakin ba tukuna aka rajista.

Halitta injiniya yayi wani fairly mai haske al'amurra: transgenic tsire-tsire ba su da lafiya kuma kada ku rot. Amma kada ku manta da tsohon maganarsu: "Nature kan kin wani injin." Ina je kwari da cututtuka? Shin parasites kasance ba tare da abinci da kuma mutuwa? Abin da sakamako ne wannan sabon abu ne har yanzu m.

Kamar yadda abokan adawar na transgenic fasahar, injiniyoyi, jinsi yi tashin hankali da yanayi. Su, sabanin shayarwa matsawa wani gene a wani shugabanci, wanda zai babu makawa kai ga bakin ciki sakamakon. Duk da haka, a lokacin, da kuma likitoci da aka zargi da tsoro su tsoma baki tare da jikin mutum da kuma na zamani magani ya sanya babban ci gaba, da kuma likita ta ayyuka, babu daya hanyar rigingimu.

Zama cewa kamar yadda shi may, da ci gaba ba zai iya dakatar. Kila, da yin amfani da transgenic shuke-shuke - ne kusa da nan gaba na noma masana'antu. Haka kuma, ci gaban da kwayoyin injiniya iya taimaka noma don samun fita daga mutane da yawa wuya yanayi. Wani sabon fasahar binciken halittu zai samar da shawararsu, da kuma sauran al'amurran da suka shafi (abinci, fasaha da kuma siyasa).

Yanzu ya bayyana cewa irin wannan transgenic shuke-shuke (GMPs), ba da misali da amsar wannan tambaya iya wani karatu na labarin.