Thymus (thymus). Thymus - tsarin. Thymus - location

Yau za mu gaya muku game da abin da yake cikin thymus (thymus). Bugu da ƙari, za ka koyi yadda za a baƙin ƙarfe da ya ce jiki, abin da ayyuka ake yi da kuma inda aka located.

Overview

Thymus (thymus) - a jikin mutane lymphopoiesis, kazalika da yawa dabbobi. Sai ya faru immunological "horo", maturation da bambantawa na T-Kwayoyin na rigakafi da tsarin.

bayyanar Jiki

Thymus (thymus) - shi ne mai kananan cikin size jiki da laushi daidaito, da ciwon pinkish-m launi da wani lobed surface. A jariri jariran ta girma ne game da 4 cm m, 5 - a tsawon kuma 6 - a kauri. Thymus a yara na iya zama wani nauyi na game 15-17 grams.

Height na jiki kara zuwa farkon na mafarki. A wannan lokacin ta girma kai irin matsakaicin dabi'u: up to 7.5 cm a fadin da kuma 16 - a tsawon. Its taro iya zama 20-38 grams.

Tare da shekaru da thymus (thymus) na iya sha atrophy, kuma a cikin tsufa ba ya bambanta daga kewaye m nama. A 75 years, da taro na irin wannan jiki ne kawai 6 grams. Bugu da kari, shi hasarar da launi. Wannan shi ne saboda da karuwa a da rabo daga kitsen Kwayoyin da stroma. Saboda haka, thymus gland shine yake zama mafi rawaya.

A thymus gland shine yake: da wuri a cikin jikin mutum

A thymus ne saman kirji. Ya ya ɓuya kawai a baya da breastbone. A gaban na jiki m cikinta sternum ga matakin na 4th costal guringuntsi, kazalika da fata. Bãya gare shi shãfe babba yankin na pericardium, wanda yake rufe da farko sassa na huhu jijiya da kuma lakã, hagu brachiocephalic Vienna da aortic baka. A garesu akwai mediastinal pleura.

A tsarin da jiki

Yanzu ka san abin da thymus. A tsarin wannan jiki, za mu yi la'akari a yanzu. A cikin mutane, shi kunshi wani 2-lobes, spliced to juna ko hankali m. Ƙananan ɓangare na thymus ne m, kuma a saman, a akasin haka, shi ne sosai kunkuntar. A babba iyakacin duniya na jiki ne da karfi reminiscent na biyu-pronged cokali mai yatsu. A gaskiya, Saboda haka da sunan da.

Babu shakka dukan jiki da aka rufe da wani musamman kwantena, wanda aka hada da m nama (connective). Tashi daga ta jumper a cikin zurfin. Suka rarraba da thymus cikin yanka.

Lymph, jinin samar da innervation

Jinin samar da Gabar aka samu daga thymic rassan da aortic baka, thoracic jijiya (ciki), kuma brachiocephalic akwati da kuma rassan da ƙananan kuma babba thyroid jijiyoyi. Game da venous outflow, shi ne da za'ayi ta hanyar rassan brachiocephalic da ciki thoracic jijiyoyinmu.

A Lymph gudana daga thymus da Lymph parasternal tracheobronchial plexus.

Innervated thymus (da aikin wannan jikin za a wakilta nan) hagu da kuma dama rassan da vagus jijiya, da kuma m, wanda yake fãra daga stellate m kullin da kuma na sama thoracic akwati cewa an hada da jijiya plexuses kewaye da abinci jiki tasoshin.

A tsarin da nama

Thymic stroma kunshi gaba ɗaya na epithelium. Diverticula Kwatsam daga uku gill baka, sa'an nan germinate a cikin agara mediastinum. A wasu lokuta, da stroma na sashin jiki ne kafa ta ƙarin strands (daga 4th nau'i-nau'i daga branchial arches).

Lymphocytes aka samu daga hematopoietic kara Kwayoyin cewa gudun hijira zuwa hanta sashin jiki. Yawanci, wannan na faruwa a cikin na farko, na biyu trimester.

A farko wuri a cikin thymus nama ne yaduwa daga daban-daban jini Kwayoyin. Ko da yake nan da nan ta aiki an rage ga samuwar T-lymphocytes. Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, da thymus yana da wani lobed tsarin. A cikin tsokoki na kwakwalwa lobes bambanta da bawo. A karshen da aka located a kan periphery da kama wani duhu tabo. Har ila yau a cikin bawo akwai jini capillaries da kuma arterioles.

Ya kamata a lura da cewa, musamman da aiki bangaren qunshi Kwayoyin:

• hematopoietic lymphoid jinsi (ie, girma T-lymphocytes).
• haematopoietic macrophage jerin (interdigitiruyuschie da dendritic Kwayoyin, hali na macrophages).

Bugu da kari, da bawo hada sel epithelial asalin, ciki har da:

• stellate (thymus asirce narkewa hormone - thymosin, thymopoietin da sauran gudãnar da ci gaban tsarin, bambantawa da kuma maturation na T Kwayoyin, da kuma na ayyuka na balaga Kwayoyin na rigakafi da tsarin).
• goyon bayan sel (saboda su aka kafa "kwarangwal" nama, kuma an ma kafa gematotimusny shãmaki).
• kletki "reno" tare da intussusception, inda lymphocytes ci gaba.

A karkashin wannan kwantena jiki fi yawa T lymphoblasts (fissile). More warai located maturing T lymphocytes, wanda a hankali ya yi ƙaura zuwa kwakwalwa abu. Ya kamata a lura da cewa su maturation daukan game da kwanaki 20. A wannan lokaci akwai samuwar kuma rearrangement kwayoyin halitta shigar T-cell tsoka mai amsa sigina. Bayan haka, sun sha selection (m). A wasu kalmomin, da hulda da epithelial Kwayoyin fara don zaɓar kawai "m" lymphocytes, co-rabe, da TCR.

A mataki na gaba shi ne zabin da lymphocytes korau. Yana gudanar kai tsaye a kan iyakar da cerebral kashi. Kwayoyin na monocytic asalin fara zaži Kwayoyin cewa suna iya hulɗa tare da antigens na jiki, sa'an nan kuma fara su apoptosis.

Ya kamata a lura da cewa a cikin medulla ƙunshi mafi yawa T-lymphocytes (ripening). Shi ne daga nan suka bar cikin jini da kuma shirya a cikin jiki. Salula abun da ke ciki na abu da aka gabatar stellate, goyon bayan epithelial Kwayoyin da macrophages. Bugu da kari, akwai Hassall ta corpuscles da efferent lymphatic tasoshin.

Thymus: ayyuka

Me ya sa muke bukatar wannan jiki da kuma abin da aikin shi aikin a cikin jiki? Thymic hormones kamar timalin, thymosin, thymopoietin, thymic humoral factor, insulin-kamar girma factor-1 ne polypeptides. Idan wani mutum hypothymism za a iya lura, yana da rigakafi a sakamakon wata alama ƙi rage yawan T-lymphocytes a cikin jini.

Saboda haka, zai iya a amince a lura da cewa T-lymphocytes a thymus saya irin kaddarorin da samar da kariya a kan Kwayoyin cewa zama dan hanya jiki (saboda daban-daban raunin). A farkon asarar babban ayyuka na thymus gland shine yake iya haifar da m aiki na mutum rigakafi da tsarin.

Epithelial Kwayoyin na thymus lobes homon cewa shirya da canji na lymphocytes in ce sashin jiki. A wasu lokuta, a cikin adulthood iya zama musamman bambancin a rigakafi. Matsayin mai mulkin, wannan ne saboda pathological canje-canje a cikin thymus da sauran lymphoid gabobin. Wannan sabawa iya da kyau a cikin hanyar kwatsam mutuwa daga mãsu haƙuri a lokacin maganin sa barci a tiyata.

Masana sun ce cewa thymus ne a tsakiyar sashin jiki na mutum rigakafi da tsarin.

tsari

Thymus hormones da su mugunya da aka kayyade glucocorticoids, watau abin da ake kira hormones na adrenal bawo. Bugu da kari, domin aiki na jiki alhakin interferons, lymphokines da interleukins, samar da daban-daban Kwayoyin na rigakafi da tsarin.

Zai yiwu thymus cuta

Wannan jiki iya hõre sabawa, kamar:

• Di Dzhorzhi ciwo.
• Medac ciwo.
• myasthenia gravis (tasowa matsayin mai zaman kanta cuta, amma sau da yawa hade da thymoma).

Bugu da kari, a cikin misalta jiki na iya sa siffofin maruran kamar:

• thymoma, thymic kafa daga epithelial cell.
• T-cell lymphoma, kunno kai daga lymphocytes, kuma su precursors.
• neuroendocrine marurai.
• pre-T-lymphoblast marurai wanda wani lokacin da primary sarrafawa a cikin thymus da aka gano a cikin nau'i na wani m infiltration a mediastinum, bi da instantaneous canji a cikin sankarar bargo.
• rare ƙari (jijiya da kuma jijiyoyin bugun gini asalin).

Ya kamata kuma a lura da cewa thymic marurai iya zama wani buɗi na ciwo na endocrine neoplasia irin 1.

Wanda a tuntube domin binciken?

Idan akwai tuhuma da cewa raunuka faruwa a cikin thymus, to ya kamata ka nan da nan ziyarci immunologist da oncologist. Bisa ga MRI data, X-ray, kuma CT scan daga cikin kirji, likitoci za su iya sa haƙuri da daidai ganewar asali da kuma rubũta magani (ra'ayin mazan jiya, ko m).