The zuwa ga ikon da Bolsheviks. A dalilan ga Bolsheviks zo don ikon

The zuwa ga ikon da Bolsheviks, da ranar da ya zo daidai da ranar da Great Oktoba Socialist juyin juya halin (Nuwamba 7, 1917 a zamani style), ya bayyana a cikin bazara na wannan shekara, wani taron ba zai yiwu ba ga mutane da yawa a cikin Rasha Empire. Gaskiyar cewa wannan reshe na Social Democratic-Labour Party karkashin jagorancin VI Lenin kusan har da sosai karshe watanni na juyin juya halin ba Popular tare da mafi muhimmanci azuzuwan a cikin al'umma na lokacin.

Tushen na jam'iyyar siyasa na Bolsheviks

A akida Dalili na jam'iyyar ya samo asali a cikin farkon 90s na karni na 19th a cikin yanayi na tsohon populists wanda ya tafi zuwa ga mutãnensa, sai ya ga matsalolin da peasantry, wanda zai iya warware ta m redistribution na ƙasar, ciki har da gidan haya. Wadannan m matsaloli dade fiye da daya da shekaru goma, kuma a bangare jagoranci ga Yunƙurin zuwa ikon da Bolsheviks. A dangane da gazawar da populist shugabanci da kuma kunnawa da aiki ajin, da tsoffin shugabannin populism (Plekhanov, Zasulich, Axelrod et al.) Suka tafi da a kan kwarewa da Western fama, bita da juyin juya halin Musulunci dabarun, familiarized da ayyukan Marx da Engels, kuma a fassara su zuwa Rasha, kuma suka fara samar sake ma su matsugunni ka'idar rayuwa a kan tushen da Rasha ta akidar Karl Marx theories. A jam'iyyar da aka kafa a 1898, da kuma a 1903, a karo na biyu majalisa na motsi raba cikin Bolsheviks da Mensheviks ga akida dalilai.

Game tawaye mafarkin na ga a shekaru goma

The zuwa ga ikon da Bolsheviks shirya wannan siyasa kungiyar na dogon lokaci. A lokacin juyin juya halin na 1905-07. kungiyar ke faruwa a London (Mensheviks - a Geneva), inda aka yanke shawarar a kan m tawaye. A general, da Social Democrats da riga a wannan lokaci ya so ya hallaka tsarist gwamnati ta shirya tarurrukan boren a cikin sojojin (a kan Black Sea rundunar motoci, a Odessa) da kuma rushe da kudi tsarin (da ake kira dauki adibas daga bankuna da kuma ba su biya haraji). Suna tsĩrar da a Rasha makamai da kuma bama-bamai (kungiyar Krasin), sata bankuna (Helsingfors Bank, 1906).

Su sun kasa shiga cikin aikin hukuma hukumomi

Bolsheviks zo a kan "hukuma tashoshi" Rasha hukumomin kafa kafin juyin juya halin da kasa. Su kauracewa zaben a jihar Duma na farko, na biyu da aka samu m kujeru fiye da Mensheviks (15 matsayi). Bolsheviks zauna a takaice a cikin shawarwari jiki na kasar, kamar yadda 'yan su? Ungiya da aka kama a yunkurin tawaye tare da taimakon da St. Petersburg sansanin. All Duma mambobi daga Bolsheviks da aka kama, da kuma Duma kanta na taro narkar.

Me wa'adi da yuwuwar Rasha Bolsheviks zo iko? A takaice game da wannan za a iya samu a yanke shawara na London (biyar) jam'iyyar majalisa, inda shirye-shirye da aka soma a 1907, "matsakaicin" da "m". Mafi qarancin for Rasha ya bayar da bourgeois juyin juya halin da ya rage na aiki rana zuwa 8 hours, da kifar da autocracy, da kafa mulkin demokra zaben da kuma 'yanci, da gabatarwar gida kai gwamnati, bayar da dama na al'ummai a kai-kafiya, da yarjejeniyoyin da tara da kuma dawowar ƙasar ga manoma cuts. A kalla a cikin Rasha Empire ya faru da proletarian juyin juya halin da kuma miƙa mulki ga gurguzanci tare da kafa umurnin da proletarian talakawa.

A halin da ake ciki a Rasha ya ci gaba da zama mai tsanani bayan 1907. Dalilin da cewa zuwa ga ikon da Bolsheviks a nan gaba ya yiwu, shi ne cewa sarki ya gyara aikinsa, na cewa lokaci bai ba da gagarumin sakamakon, da agrarian tambaya ba a yi niyyar zartarwa, yakin duniya na farko, bayan shan kashi a Tanennbergom aka za'ayi riga a cikin ƙasa na Rasha da kuma haifar da hyperinflation, rushewa daga wadata birane da abinci, da yunwa a cikin kauyuka.

A bazuwar daga cikin sojojin da gudummawar da juyin juya halin

The yaki kashe game da miliyan 2. Sojoji da kusan miliyan daya fararen hula, wata babbar janyo ra'ayoyin jama'a da aka za'ayi (miliyan 15. Mutane), na da babban nauyi da abun da ke ciki manoma, da yawa daga cikinsu, tare da neman sauyi ma'aikata, ya zo da sojojin da juyayi ga Social yunkuri ideas game da samun manoma gonaki kasa. A sa aka haka mai girma cewa da yawa ba su ma rantse, ba a ma maganar da m ilimi. Amma abokan adawar na tsarist gwamnatin sun aiki a cikin gabatarwa da ra'ayoyi da ya kai ga gazawar da Cossacks da sojoji zuwa kashe m zanga-zangar baya a 1915 - 1916 shekaru.

A Tsarist gwamnatin bar 'yan magoya bayan

Dalilan zuwa ga ikon da Bolsheviks ko wani siyasa karfi a 1917 ƙarasa da cewa tsarist gwamnatin a cikin yanayi, ya yi rauni sosai ta fuskar tattalin arziki da kuma siyasa. A daidai wannan lokaci kai tsaye Nicholas II gudanar da ware matsayin (ko aka hana isasshen bayani game da ainihin Jihar harkokin). Wannan ya ba da, misali, da damar a watan Fabrairu 1917 zuwa rufe Putilov factory da kuma "jħfa" a kan titunan St. Petersburg, game da 36 da mutane dubu, wasu daga wanda kasance a ƙarƙashin rinjayar neman sauyi ideas na Bolsheviks da kuma fara shiga cikin wani yajin da ma'aikata a wasu masana'antu. The sarki a lokacin ba zai iya ko dõgara a kan matsaransa, kamar yadda mafi yawan pre-yaki abun da ke ciki da aka kashe a gaban da kuma maye gurbin tara sojoji na daban-daban azuzuwan. Da sarki mutane da yawa siyasa na kasar, wanda, duk da haka, sun kasance a cikin wannan lokaci a cikin 'yan adawa ga juna, kamar yadda kõwace ƙungiya tanã da jiharsu ci gaban shirin.

'Yan sa ran cewa nasarar da Bolsheviks

Kamar yadda na Afrilu 1917 yawa zaton cewa Bolsheviks zo ikon ne ba zai yiwu, kamar yadda da girma da yawan jama'a, manoma ƙara, goyon bayan da Socialist-yunkuri, industrialists da su jam'iyya, da kawo dukkan - nasu, akwai da dama jam'iyyun cewa goyi bayan daular mulkinsu. Lenin ta Afrilu theses bai sami amsa daga Socialist-yunkuri, Mensheviks da yawa Bolsheviks matsayin shugaban miƙa ya ba up tsaron gida matsayi a kan yaki da kuma yin zaman lafiya (watakila kawai ga wannan Jamus "bai lura", kamar yadda Lenin zo a Petrograd ta hanyar da ƙasa a cikin wani shãfe haske mota). Saboda haka, dalilai na zuwa ga ikon da Bolsheviks sun, musamman, da kuma kasashen waje da manufofin. Bugu da kari, da rubutun samarwa aka rushe ta wucin gwamnatin da kuma mi} a mulki ga Soviets, tare da nationalization na ƙasar, maimakon a iya canjawa wuri zuwa baƙauye al'ummomi cewa bai ƙara zuwa shahararsa ta Lenin ta magoya bayan.

ƙoƙari mara nasara

Bolsheviks zo ikon (1917) aka bi ta yunkurin kaiwa ga kasar kafin Nuwamba. A watan Yuni na wannan shekara, a farko Congress of Ma'aikata 'da Sojoji' wakilai, (All-Rasha), ya bayyana cewa Bolsheviks a su muhimmanci kasance a matsayi na uku a cikin gurguzu yanayi. A Congress, da wakilai ƙaryata Lenin ta shawara domin kawo karshen yaki da kuma yarjejeniyoyin da data kasance hukumomi. Duk da haka, ka tuna cewa a wancan lokacin karkashin tasirin da Bolsheviks sun riga a cikin sojoji 'regiments, ciki har da quartered a Petrograd The farko na'ura gun rajimanti (11, 3000 sojoji) da kuma Kronstadt matuƙan na sojan ruwa tushe. Tasirin jam'iyyar na Lenin a cikin soja yanayi ya kai ga cewa wani yunkurin kai da Tauride Palace (hedkwatar wucin gwamnatin) da aka kaddamar a watan Yuli 1917. Wadannan kwanaki, da gidan sarki zo ma'aikatan Putilov factory, sojoji, matuƙan, amma kungiyar na "m" ya haka bad cewa ra'ayin Bolsheviks kasa. Wannan aka yuwuwa ta wani bangare da cewa wucin gwamnatin, ministan shari'a Pereverzev da lokacin shirya da manna up jarida a garin, inda Lenin da abokansa da aka gabatar a matsayin Jamus yan leƙen asirin ƙasar.

The canji na gwamnati da kuma kai tsaye kama

Abin da sauran tsari ne tare da Yunƙurin zuwa ikon da Bolsheviks? Shekara da aikata Mai girma Oktoba juyin juya halin da aka arziki a cikin daban-daban abubuwan. By kaka ya bayyana cewa gwamnatin wucin gadi ba zai iya jimre da rashin bin doka, don haka samuwar wani sabon jiki - Pre-majalisa, a cikin abin da Bolsheviks da kawai 1 \ 10 na kujeru. A lokaci guda Lenin ta jam'iyyar ya lashe rinjaye a Soviets na manyan birane, ciki har da up to 90% a cikin Petrograd da kuma game da 80% a Moscow. Yana yana goyan bayan da sojoji 'kwamitoci na yammaci da kuma Northern fronts da kuma tsakanin manoma da shi ne har yanzu ba Popular - a tsakiyar yankunan karkara Soviets Bolshevik wakilai, bai wanzu ba.

Abin da ya nan da nan da Bolsheviks zo ikon? A takaice events raya kamar haka:

1. A watan Oktoba, Lenin asirce zo a Petrograd, inda ya fara gabatar da wani sabon bore, ba su goyi bayan shi, Kamenev da Trotsky. Na biyu tare da tayin jira ga yanke shawara na biyu Congress of Soviets (All-Rasha), shirya 20 da kuma canjawa wuri a kan Oktoba 25 (tsohon style).
2. Oktoba 18, 1917 (bisa ga labarin. Style) a cikin ƙungiyoyin sojoji na Petrograd regiments aka ganawa, inda aka yanke shawarar gudanar da wani m tawaye da gwamnatin idan ta fara Petrograd Soviet (inda Bolsheviks da 90% na kuri'un da). Bayan kwana biyar, da Bolsheviks koma sansanin sansanin soja. A gefe na wucin gwamnatin sun cadets na soja da kwalejojin da kuma makarantu na ensigns, bugu mata kamfanin, da Cossacks.
3. 24 ga watan Oktoba da Bolsheviks kwace mulki da gidan waya, da kamfanin dillancin labarai da wanda ya tara daga Kronshtadt warships. Ba su ba da cadets na gadoji ta soke.
4. A cikin dare na 24 zuwa gudanar ya kama da tsakiyar ofishin, Jihar Bank, da Warsaw tashar Oktoba 25 da Bolsheviks, kashe tsakiyar wutar lantarki na gwamnatin gine-gine, ya kawo jirgin ruwa na soja "Aurora" a cikin Neva. By karkatar rana, da "juyin juya halin Musulunci talakawa" kama da Mariinsky Palace. Storming da Winter Palace aka sanya dare, da kuma bayan pre-harbe-harben da bindigogi da jirgin ruwa na soja "Aurora". A 2 hours minti 10 26 Oktoba wucin gwamnatin mãsu sallamãwa.

Juyin juya halin entailed karuwa a yawan wadanda suka rasa rayukansu

A sakamakon zuwan to ikon da Bolsheviks aka tareda žata zuwa Rasha, a sakamakon nasarar da ya shi, suka tafi da ikon a Petrograd (kusan a gaba ɗayansa, tare da togiya daga cikin City Duma na Petrograd), wani sabon gwamnati na Bolsheviks, karkashin jagorancin Lenin (da majalisar jama'ar kasar Commissars). Amma kuma mafi yawansu, bã su mallakã kasar, wanda ya kai ga yakin basasa, da kara rushewar tattalin arziki, wanda ya jagoranci, Inter Alia, to yunwa da yawa shafa.