The bayani dalla-dalla na enzyme: iri da kuma siffofin da mataki

The kalmar "enzyme" yana da Latin asalinsu. Fassara yana nufin "yisti". The English amfani da kalmar "enzyme", samu daga Girkanci kalmar ma'ana guda abu. Enzymes kira na musamman da sunadarai. Suna kafa a cikin sel kuma suna da ikon su hanzarta cikin shakka daga biochemical tafiyar matakai. A wasu kalmomin, da suka yi aiki a matsayin nazarin halittu catalysts. Ka yi la'akari da kara da cewa wakiltar wani bayani dalla-dalla na enzymes. также будут описаны в статье. Iri bayani dalla-dalla ma za a bayyana a cikin labarin.

Janar halaye

Bayyanuwar da catalytic ayyuka na wasu enzymes ne ya sa ta gaban wani adadin mahadi ba-gina jiki yanayi. Su kira cofactors. Sun kasu kashi biyu kungiyoyin: karfe ions, kuma da dama daga inorganic abubuwa kazalika coenzymes (kwayoyin mahadi).

aiki inji

By su sinadaran halitta, enzymes ne a kungiyar sunadaran. Duk da haka, sabanin karshen, da abubuwa a cikin tambaya dauke da aiki site. Yana da wani sa na musamman da aikin kungiyoyin na amino acid sharan. Suna tsananin daidaitacce a sarari saboda da manyan ko quaternary tsarin da enzyme. A cikin aiki site na kara kuzari da kuma substrate saki shafukan. Last - shi ne abin da shi ne saboda bayani dalla-dalla na enzymes. The substrate ne abu da abubuwa a kan furotin. A baya can an yi tunanin cewa su hulda ne da za'ayi a kan wani "kulle da kuma key". A wasu kalmomin, da aiki site dole ne a hankali dace da substrate. A halin yanzu mamaye wani daban-daban jarrabawa. An yi zaton cewa da farko babu wani daidai wasan, amma ta bayyana a cikin shakka daga cikin hulda da abubuwa. Na biyu - wata mai kara kuzari - wani site rinjayar da bayani dalla-dalla na mataki. A wasu kalmomin, shi ya kira yanayin da kara dauki.

tsarin

All enzymes kasu kashi daya- da biyu-bangaren. Tsohon da tsarin kama da tsarin sauki sunadarai. Sun ƙunshi kawai amino acid. Na biyu kungiyar - proteid - ya hada da furotin da kuma maras gina jiki rabo. Last abubuwa coenzyme farko - apoenzyme. Last kayyade substrate bayani dalla-dalla na enzyme. Wancan ne, shi aikin da aiki na substrate sashe a cikin aiki site. Coenzyme, bi da bi, da hidima a matsayin catalytic yankin. Ya unshi da bayani dalla-dalla na mataki. Kamar yadda za a yi aiki a matsayin coenzymes bitamin, da karafa, da kuma sauran low kwayoyin nauyi mahadi.

catalysis

Aukuwa na wani sinadaran dauki saboda da karo na kwayoyin hulda abubuwa. Su motsi a cikin tsarin da aka ƙaddara da gaban m free makamashi. Chemical halayen bukatar kwayoyin dauki miƙa mulki jihar. A wasu kalmomin, ya kamata su da isasshen ikon for wucewa wani makamashi shãmaki. Yana wakiltar da ƙaramar yawan makamashi don goya duk kwayoyin reactivity. All catalysts, enzymes ciki har da, iya rage makamashi shãmaki. Wannan na taimaka wa hanzarta ya ci gaba da dauki.

A abin da ya bayyana bayani dalla-dalla na enzymes?

Wannan ikon da aka nuna a cikin hanzari da kawai wani takamaiman dauki. Enzymes iya shafar daya da kuma guda substrate. Duk da haka, kowace daga cikinsu za su kawai hanzarta da takamaiman dauki. A dauki bayani dalla-dalla na enzyme za a iya gani a pyruvate dehydrogenase hadaddun. Ya ƙunshi sunadarai, shafi na PVC. Babban ne: pyruvate dehydrogenase, pyruvate decarboxylase, acetyl. A dauki kansa ake cewa oxidative decarboxylation na STC. A samfurin abubuwa a matsayin ta acetic acid aiki.

rarrabuwa

Wadannan iri musamman enzymes:

1. Stereochemistry. An bayyana a cikin ikon da wani abu to shafi daya daga cikin yiwu stereoisomers na substrate. Alal misali, shi ne iya aiki a kan fumaratgidrotaza fumarate. Duk da haka, shi ba zai tasiri a CIS-isomer - maleic acid.
2. Cikakkar. этого типа выражается в способности вещества влиять только на конкретный субстрат. The bayani dalla-dalla na enzyme na irin wannan da aka bayyana a cikin ikon da wani abu to shafi kawai wani takamaiman substrate. Alal misali, sucrase reacts kawai tare da sucrose, arginase - arginine da sauransu.
3. Dangi. в этом случае выражена в способности вещества влиять на группу субстратов, имеющих связь одинакового типа. The bayani dalla-dalla na enzyme a wannan harka da aka bayyana a cikin ikon da wani abu to shafi wani rukuni na substrates da ciwon bond da irin. Alal misali, alpha-amylase reacts tare da glycogen da sitaci. Bã su da wani dangane glycoside irin. Trypsin, pepsin, chymotrypsin shafi mutane da yawa sunadarai peptide kungiyar.

da zazzabi

в определенных условиях. Enzymes ne musamman a wasu yanayi. Ga mafi yawan su a matsayin mafi kyau dauki zazzabi da + 35 ... + 45 digiri. Lokacin da ajiye abu cikin sharuddan ƙananan rates, ta aiki za ta rage. Wannan yanayin da aka kira a matsayin wata reversible inactivation. Lokacin da ta zafin jiki yakan ikon mayar. An ce a lokacin da sanya a karkashin yanayi, inda t ne na sama dabi'u ma faruwa inactivation. Duk da haka, a cikin wannan harka da shi zai zama babu ja, kamar yadda aka mayar da ragewan da yawan zafin jiki. Wannan shi ne saboda da denaturation da kwayoyin.

Effect na PH

A acidity na lura da kwayoyin dogara. Haka kuma, da PH musababin da aiki da kuma bayani dalla-dalla na aiki site na enzyme. Ganiya acidity index ga kowane abu mai. Duk da haka, a mafi yawan lokuta shi ne 4-7. Alal misali, ga wani alpha-amylase na yau ganiya acidity ne 6.8. A halin yanzu, akwai da dama daga ware. A ganiya acidity pepsin, misali, 1.5-2.0, chymotrypsin da trypsin - 8-9.

maida hankali

A mafi enzyme ne ba, da hakan ta dauki kudi. A irin wannan ƙarshe za a iya kõma tare da girmamawa ga substrate taro. Duk da haka, a rubuce m ga kowane abu mai saturating manufa ciki. Lokacin da shi duka da aiki shafukan suna shagaltar da data kasance substrate. будет максимальной, вне зависимости от последующего добавления мишеней. Kamar wancan ne da bayani dalla-dalla na enzyme ne a kalla, ko da kuwa da m Bugu da kari daga cikin hari.

Abu-gwamnoni

Su za a iya raba hanawa da kuma activators. Duka wadannan Categories kasu kashi nonspecific da kuma takamaiman. Domin karshen irin hada avtivatoram zhelchnokislye salts (ga lipase podzheluzhochnoy gland shine yake), chlorine ions (alpha-amylase), hydrochloric acid (ga pepsin). Nonspecific activators ne magnesium ions da shafi kinases da phosphatases, da kuma takamaiman hanawa - m peptides proenzymes. A karshen ne m siffofin abubuwa. Suna kunna ta tsakiyan nonon mata na m peptides. Su dace wasu iri kowane mutum proenzyme. Alal misali, a cikin wani m nau'i na trypsin samar a cikin nau'i na trypsinogen. Its aiki cibiyar da aka rufe m hexapeptide, wanda shi ne wani takamaiman hanawa. Da kunnawa tsari ne ta tsakiyan nonon mata. The aiki site na trypsin a sakamakon wannan, shi ya zama bude. Nonspecific hanawa ne salts da nauyi karafa. Alal misali, jan karfe sulfate. Sun sa denaturation mahadi.

hanawa

Yana iya zama m. Wannan sabon abu ne da aka bayyana a cikin abin da ya faru na tsarin kama tsakanin hanawa da substrate. Sun kũtsa a cikin wani gwagwarmayar da mahada zuwa ga aiki site. Idan hanawa abun ciki shi ne mafi girma fiye da na substrate an kafa kopleksferment hanawa. A lokacin da ƙara manufa abu rabo canji. A sakamakon haka, da hanawa za a maye gurbin su. Alal misali, succinate zuwa succinate dehydrogenase ayyukan matsayin substrate. Hanawa ne oxaloacetate ko malonate. M kayayyakin suna dauke da tasiri da dauki. Sau da yawa, su ne kama da substrates. Alal misali, ga glucose 6-phosphate samfurin ne glucose. A substrate zai zama guda glucose-6 phosphate. Noncompetitive hanawa ba kawai don tsarin kama tsakanin abubuwa. Hanawa da kuma substrate iya lokaci guda daura da enzyme. Kamar wancan akwai samuwar wani sabon fili. Su ne kompleksferment-substrate hanawa. A lokacin da hulda da aiki cibiyar ana katange. Wannan shi ne saboda da dauri da catalytic site hanawa na aiki site. An misali ne cytochrome oxidase. Domin wannan enzyme hidima a matsayin substrate oxygen. Cytochrome oxidase hanawa ne salts na hydrocyanic acid.

allosteric tsari

A wasu lokuta, sai dai aiki cibiyar, wanda kayyade bayani dalla-dalla na enzyme, akwai wani mahada. A bangaren abubuwa a matsayin wani allosteric shi. Idan wannan sunan ake dangantawa da shi wani activator na enzyme qara da tasiri. Idan a mayar da martani ga allosteric hanawa shiga cikin cibiyar, da aiki abu, bi da bi, rage-rage. Alal misali, adenylate cyclase da guanylate cyclase na nufin wani enzyme da allosteric tsari irin.