Physiology - abin da yake da shi? Tarihi da kuma asali Physiology

Daga cikin rassan ilmin halitta da kuma magani tafiyad da nazari na jikin mutum, shi ya mamaye wani wuri na musamman Physiology. Mene ne physiological tsarin, wanda ka'idojin shi aiki kuma shi ne alhakin abin da - da wadannan tambayoyi da aka bincika fitattun masana kimiyya: I. P. Pavlovym, P. K. Anohinym, I. M. Sechenovym. A aikin mu, mun yi la'akari da matakai na ci gaba da kuma samuwar Physiology. Next, a look at cikin yankunan da karatu da tafiyar matakai na rayuwa ba kawai jikin mutum, amma kuma dabbobi da kuma shuke-shuke. Har ila yau, ba misalai, don tallafa wa m muhimmancin da kimiyya na tsarin ayyuka na gabobin da sel da jikin mutum domin ci gaba da magani da kuma kiwon lafiya tsare.

History of Physiology

Daya daga cikin na farko masu bincike ya yi nazarin fasali na musayar abubuwa na mutum, shi ne ya kafa na magani - Hippocrates. Turanci likita Harvey, da suka rayu a cikin 17th karni, ya kafa manufa na motsi na jini a cikin rufaffiyar tsarin na jini da kuma bude tsari dabam dabam. Italian likita da kuma masanin kimiyya L. Galvani za'ayi gwaje-gwajen, don gano yanayin jijiyar, da kuma aza harsashin ginin Neurophysiology. Wannan reshe na kimiyya aka baya ɓullo da godiya ga aikin M. I. Sechenova, V. M. Behtereva, P. K. Anohina. Gagarumin taimako ga nazarin da numfashi tsarin ayyuka da chemists: Lavoisier kuma J. Priestley.

Physiology wuri a cikin nazarin halittu tarbiyya tsarin

By nazarin rayuwar bayyananen ba kawai na sel, gabobin da kyallen takarda, amma kuma dukan jikin mutum a matsayin bude nazarin halittu tsarin, Physiology kayan yau da kullum shiga wani Gungu na musamman - aikace-aikace - rassan ilmin halitta. Wadannan sun hada da Biochemistry, cytology da histology. Sun yi wa rayuwa dauki a cikin kwayoyin, salon salula da kuma nama matakin. Bi embriology Genet karatu haifuwa aiki da kuma watsa hereditary Properties. Kuma a karshe, mafi muhimmanci shi ne dangantakar da take tsakanin Physiology da kuma ilmin jikin mutum, ba tare da wanda ba shi yiwuwa a gyara definition daga cikin matakai faruwa a kowane daga cikin aikin tsarin: juyayi, endocrine, Sistem, da dai sauransu ...

Taimako daga I. P. Pavlova ta nazarin narkewa kamar matakai

A kimiyya definition of abin da Physiology, za a iya takaitashi a matsayin haka: shi ne mai kimiyya da cewa na nazari akan rayuwar ayyuka na duk tsarin a cikin jiki. Biochemical halayen da faruwa a cikin mutum narkewa kamar fili, kazalika da hanyoyin da cewa gwada su, an gano da shahararren Rasha masanin kimiyya I. P. Pavlovym. Ya dabara fitsari ya taimaka buše asirin duodenal gland. An kuma aka shigar bulan na narkewa a ciki da kuma karatu da sinadaran abun da ke ciki na ciki ruwan 'ya'yan itace, tsaya fita ko da a gaban chyme samun shiga cikin jiki kogo. Ya zama a sarari cewa irin wannan Physiology na narkewa.

Godiya ta zuwa ga na musamman a cikin daidaici aiki a kan dabbobi, da masana kimiyya gabatar da wani cikakken asibiti hoto na aiki na salivary gland, hanta, ciki. Halitta enzymes su secretory cell da aka rinjayi da zumudi cibiyoyin unconditioned reflexes a cikin kwakwalwa kara.

The masanin kimiyyar kuma saukar neuro-humoral sunadaran da tsari na narkewa, domin wanda a shekara ta 1904 aka bayar da kyautar Nobel. Research I. P. Pavlova ya muhimmanci don amsa tambaya "Wane ne ɗan adam Physiology da kuma abin da yake da rawar da nazarin halittu tarbiyya da tsarin?".

A m muhimmancin aikin I. M. Sechenova

Brilliant bude daga cikin wadanda suka kafa na hanawa a tsakiya m tsarin Ivana Mihaylovicha Sechenova har yanzu zama a matsayin msar tambayar dalilin da nazari na matakai na tunani, da tunawa da magana. Kimiyya substantiated babban kwatance kwakwalwa reflexes nazarin, kuma Ya ƙaddara gaban a thalamus diencephalon gida birki cibiyar. Bisa ga ideas I. M. Sechenova, sigina rawa a cikin aiwatar da sakawa a iska mai guba na hana ruwa guda matakai yi musamman kwayoyin - neurotransmitters, hada a cikin jiki da kuma tara a cikin jini jini.

Scientist daya daga cikin na farko ya ba da definition of abin da Physiology na jiki na haƙuri. Yana aiki a matsayin tushen ga magani a tambaya daidai ganewar asali da zabi na mafi kyau duka hanyoyin magani. Rukunan I. M. Sechenova game feedbacks a reflex aiki na kwakwalwa ya mai da ake bukata kafun ga halittar wani kimiyya na cybernetics.

A ra'ayi na aikin tsarin

M ayyuka na jikin mutum a matsayin mafi m bude-nazarin halittu tsarin da ke zuwa yanzu fiye da reflex halayen. Famous Rasha masanin kimiyya P. K. Anohin ɓullo da wani ka'idar don bayyana gyaran da akai ciki yanayi da taimakon hadaddun physiological gabobin da kuma tsarin. Su hadewa aikin kula homeostasis matakin m to da lafiya, da kuma aka kayyade hadaddun halayya ayyukan. Binciken masana kimiyya sun taimaka wajen amsa wannan tambaya, abin da yake da Physiology na mafi girma m aiki, ya tabbatar I. M. Sechenova tunani game da rawar da mafi girma cibiyoyin na cerebral bawo don samar da wani zabi na saituna don cimma burin da kuma hanyoyin da dalili na mutum aiki.

A jikin mu akwai aikin tsarin na biyu matakan. A farko kunshi da sunadaran da taimakawa wajen kula da homeostasis via neurohumoral tsari. Su samar da wata al'ada jini sugar matakin, da abun da ke ciki na jini jini, jini, da sauransu. D. The biyu tsarin goyon bayan wani rai goyon bayan jiki via hulda da mazauninsu ta hanyar halayya canji.

ciki numfashi

Kamar yadda muka sani a yanzu, da akida, da na nazarin halittu da tsarin a bangarori daban-daban na kungiyar na rai al'amari - kwayoyin, salula, nama kuma organogenic - karatu kimiyya Physiology. Mene ne metabolism a kowane daga cikin wadannan matakai, da kuma kamar yadda ya faru - amsoshin wadannan tambayoyi samar da aikace-aikace da masana'antu.

Saboda haka, idan akai la'akari da Physiology Biochemistry gas musayar na cell numfasawa, tamkar tsaro na jikin mutum da oxygen. Ya zo a cikin redox halayen da kwayoyin abubuwa cell, inda da saki makamashi ne tara a cikin nau'i na ATP kwayoyin wanda aka yi amfani da jiki zuwa aiki a kan tsoka girma da kuma ci gaba. Kamar yadda ka gani, da physiological matakai ne da wani na game alama na duk nazarin halittu da tsarin a matakai daban-daban na kungiyar.