A tsakiyar aji - shi ke ... The yadudduka na al'umma. A tsakiyar aji a Rasha da kuma a Turai

Daya daga cikin manyan siffofin na zaman jama'a aji category ne ya wayar da kan jama'a na kansa a matsayin "abin nufi da kowa ainihi, halayyar memba na wata} aji" (Abercrombie, N., et al. Sociological Dictionary, 1997). A wannan zaman jama'a aji ne mai tsawo da tsari, da bambanci, msl, mabukaci Layer. An muhimmanci bayani dalla-dalla na ra'ayi ne don canja wurin da kayayyaki zuwa aji na hereditary al'umma.

Fage nazari

Kamar yadda muka gani A.Ş. Zhvitiashvili ( "Interpretation of manufar" aji "a cikin zamani Western ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a", 2005), da hankali ga matsalar da kimiyya azuzuwan da kuma aji dangantakar ne saboda dalilai biyu:

• amincewa da iyaka yanayin da irin wannan ka'idar a cikin rubuce-rubucen na Karla Marksa.
• aiki da hankali ga canji matakai a Rasha jihar da kuma kasashe na gabashin Turai.

A wannan yanayin, da tambaya da ya dace haskaka a cikin al'ummar mu, tsakiyar aji category ne har yanzu bude wannan rana, duka a cikin gida da kuma a waje sociological ka'idar.

Matsalar bambantawa na manufar "social aji" a cikin ilimin halayyar zaman Western

Yammacin kimiyya al'umma hada da dama yayi fassarar manufar aji. Da farko, wannan shi ne wani tashi daga rinjaye tattalin arziki rarrabẽwa a cikin bincike na aji-tsari. A daya hannun, wannan mataki ya sa da gwajin mafi m ra'ayi. A gefe - fasali na wani zaman stratification bisa zama kasa wasu: iyakar tsakanin manufar aji da kuma sashen dutsen zama kasa rarrabe hali.

Ãyõyin tsakiyar aji

Daga hangen zaman gaba na West Jamus tattalin arziki da kuma dattaku, kafa na zamani tsarin tattalin arziki a Jamus, Lyudviga Erharda, tsakiyar aji - mutanen da suka fice daga cikin wadannan ingantattun halaye:

• kai girma.
• A cewar m.
• da ƙarfin hali da sa nasu zama a dogara a kan tasiri ba daga aikinsu,
• tabbatar da zaman lafiya.
• 'yancin kai;
• da marmarin bayyana kansu a wani free} ungiyoyin jama'a da kuma duniya.

Bi da bi, Edgar Savisaar, tsohon farko Firayim Ministan Estonia, Highlights wadannan halaye na tsakiyar aji, kamar:

• barga kuma tabbatar da zaman jama'a halin da ake ciki.
• a gwada high misali na rai, da ilimi da kuma horo.
• high gasa a cikin aiki kasuwa;
• share bayanai game da abubuwan da suka faru a cikin al'umma;
• siyasa shakka.
• isa 'yancin kai a cikin bincike na bayanai;
• wani babban mataki ne na kai-ingancinsu a cikin al'umma;
• Aiki tasiri a kan muhimmanci zaman matakai.
• wani babban mataki ne na jama'a da alhakin;
• fuskantarwa, ban da shi da iyalinsa, to jama'a a matsayin dukan.

Haka kuma, a cikin duka biyu sukayi fassara ne ba sosai girmamawa a kan tattalin arziki da gefen tsakiyar aji-zama, amma a kan zamantakewa da siyasa.

A tsakiyar aji da kuma aji na kwararru

Gwama jam'i na tsakiyar fuska siffofin cirewa da Erhard, tare da halaye da cewa yana amfani da Amirka sociologist Talcott Parsons, ma'ana ra'ayi sana'a iya lura a wasu daidaituwa. A da Outlook parsonsovsky sana'a ne mai taimako m-demokra] iyya dabi'u, ciki har da - sana'a wajibi da sadaukarwa da sabis zuwa ga abokan ciniki. A gaban kwarewa, bisa ga Parsons da Storer, kwakwalwa gaba da alhakin ajiya, watsa, da yin amfani da musamman ilimi da kuma wani babban cin gashin a cikin filin na jawo sabuwar mambobi ne na sana'a al'umma, da kariya daga yanayi, mutunci da sauransu.

Saboda haka, ra'ayi na tsakiyar aji da kuma masu sana'a suna da nasaba, a da yawa sociological karatu.

Bambantawa na "haihuwa" da "sabon" tsakiyar aji

Ma'anar manufar tsakiyar aji yana da tsauri bayani dalla-dalla, kai tsaye nuna da zamantakewa da tattalin arziki halaye na jama'a a wani lokaci. Saboda haka, a cikin wani zamani fassarar tsakiyar aji shi ne qualitatively sabon zamantakewa sabon abu.

Daga mahangar American sociologist C. Wright Mills, a bambanci zuwa "sabon", "haihuwa" tsakiyar aji yafi kunshi kananan 'yan kasuwa da suka yi riba daga su data kasance dukiya. Bi da bi, da Amirka tsakiyar aji ya yankunan karkara bourgeoisie kuma ta ƙasar a lokaci guda amsa kamar yadda wani wajen samar, da hanyar da albashi, kazalika da wani zuba jari abu. Kamar haka, akwai zauna mai zaman kanta kasuwa, kai-kafa iyaka mallaki sana'a ayyukan. Labor da dukiya ga Amirka tsakiyar aji sun rabuwa. Bugu da kari, da matsayi a al'umma na wannan category na 'yan kasa ne kuma kai tsaye dogara a kan yanayin kasancewa a cikin mallaka daga dũkiyõyinsu.

Haka kuma, "haihuwa" tsakiyar aji yana a kan wani mallakar tajirai akai, kazalika da bayyana delimitation. Har ila yau, domin da wakilan da aka halin da 'yancin kai daga duka high jama'a da kuma ta jihar.

The ayyuka na tsakiyar aji a cikin al'umma

A matsayi na tsakiyar aji a cibiyar na zamantakewa haka, tsarin samar da zaman lafiya da kuma zumunta ta tabbata. Saboda haka, tsakiyar aji - wani irin matsakanci tsakanin matsananci sandunan na stratification tsarin al'umma. Kamar wancan for ganiya shiga tsakani ayyuka dole cewa wannan Layer al'umma yana da isasshen ƙarfi.

A daya hannun, kamar yadda da yawa m sociologists, fuskar m isa ya tabbatar da cewa stabilizer aiki da kuma tushen da zamantakewa tsarin, wanda aka mayar da hankali a kan tsakiyar aji. Wannan sanyi mai yiwuwa ne kawai a lokacin da tsakiyar aji dace wasu halaye na siyasa da tattalin arziki: m, sani ayyuka da ikon kare nasu bukatun, 'yancin kai da ra'ayi da kuma sauransu.

A yammacin hadisin

Da farko, a yammacin kimiyya tunani tsakiyar aji aka gano tare da mutane da kuma talakawa a general. Alal misali, a cikin ra'ayi na Ortega y Gasset shi ne a tsakiyar aji-mediocrity a fagen ilmi da basira. A Hegel, ya bayyana a matsayin formless taro - ba tare da wani wasu a raga da kuma akida.

Tsakanin cikin gida da kuma kasashen waje hanyoyin tsakiyar aji category a cikin al'umma akwai wani gagarumin bambanci. Alal misali, a tsakiyar aji a Turai, a cikin sharuddan na Faransa sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, a Bugu da kari da tattalin arziki da babban birnin kasar kasaftawa a matsayin rinjaye a cikin akidar Karl Marx ka'idar, ya kamata a dogara ne a kan zaman jama'a babban birnin kasar, al'adu da kuma m. Daya nau'i na m babban birnin kasar na Bourdieu ta siyasa da tunani. A dama da ikon mallakar aka gyarawa shirin gaskiya, a lõkacin da ta je tattalin arziki da ikon mallakar. A cikin hali na al'adu na shi aka dauke hujja da wani diploma ko ilimi lakabi. A social ikon mallakar tabbatar da lakabi na nobility. Kamar wancan ne aka kafa wani cikakken bayanin tsakiyar aji-jama'a.

Har ila yau, na lura shi ne wani muhimmin batu. A yammacin al'adar tsakiyar strata al'umma sane da cewa masu zaman kansu da dukiya ba kawai wani abu na appropriation, kuma an ma tare da bukatar cika a yawan jama'a ayyuka. In ba haka ba, shi ba zai iya zama untouchable, sauran bude cũtar da sauransu.

Tattaunawa da matsala daga cikin tsakiyar aji a Rasha jama'a

A tsakiyar aji a Rasha ne mai raba category ga kimiyya da muhawara a sociological ka'idar. Alal misali, wasu kasashen yammacin sociologists ƙaryatãwa game da wanzuwar wanzuwar wannan Layer al'umma a tsawon aiki na Tarayyar Soviet da kuma lokacin miƙa mulki ga post-Soviet tsarin (Zhvitiashvili, 2005). Daga cikin ra'ayi H. Baltsera a Rasha zamantakewa-stratification tsarin akwai gaban tsakiyar Layer, amma shi ya bambanta daga na gargajiya fahimtar manufar "tsakiyar aji" a cikin al'umma.

Bi da bi, da Rasha sociologist AG Levinson rubuta cewa wannan tambaya na da wanzuwar tsakiyar aji a Rasha a matsayin empirically verifiable abu da kanta ne ba muhimmanci. A wannan yanayin shi ne kawai da sunan da aka ba wani musamman rukuni na mutane, ko a kan fassarar wasu daga cikin sakamakon. Tambayar da kasancewar a tsakiyar aji a Rasha ya kamata a yanke shawarar ba a cikin yanayi inda zai gudanar da amfani ko asali bincike al'umma da kuma tsakanin jama'a da kuma hukumomin gwamnati, a matsayin misali - a cikin tsarin na ra'ayin jama'a. A daidai wannan lokaci, kamar yadda muka gani by marubucin, domin da yawa masu bincike, a hada a cikin tattaunawa game da kasancewar / rashi na tsakiyar aji a Rasha al'umma, shi ne fin so zuwa ga bambantawa irin wannan manufar 'masana "," gwani "," tsakiya management "da sauransu.

Halaye na tsakiyar aji a cikin tsarin da wani zamani Rasha jama'a

Gargajiya fahimtar shafi mayar da hankali ba wai kawai a kan masu daga dũkiyõyin wani size, amma kuma a kan asali dako na zamantakewa -. Zamantakewa da siyasa aiki, wajen magance zaman magudi, na sirri da mutunci kuma 'yancin kai, da dai sauransu A halin yanzu, da Rasha jihar a farkon 90s. Gyãrãwa dauke da dukiya dangantakar a cikin al'umma musamman daga cikin tattalin arziki gefe.

Ko a yau akwai saurã daga cikin hasashe cewa, a "} ungiyoyin jama'a, al'amudin" hada da wani " 'wa'" Solntsevo ko Tambov mafia "(Simonian AD" tsakiyar aji: zamantakewa ƙũra ko gaskiya? ", 2009) - misali, a kan tushen gaban biyu inji cikin wani iyali da sauransu.

A wannan batun, da m sociological ka'idar akwai wasu paradoxes, inda tsakiyar aji a Rasha ya hada da farko zaman kansa kasuwanci, da kuma ba da injiniyoyi, likitoci ko malaman. A dalilin wannan "rashin daidaituwa" ne da cewa wakilan kamfanoni masu zaman kasuwanci da yafi hakan albashi fiye da waccan mujalla da muka masana.

Mutane da yawa masu bincike, abin lura da gaban da Rasha jama'a da talakawan mabukaci Layer, imani da cewa domin da canji a cikin wani cikakken fledged aji wajibi ne don haifar da yawan yanayi:

• sauyi na tattalin arzikin.
• da samuwar wani musamman akida matsayi.
• canje-canje a cikin tunani na al'umma;
• bita halayya da t. d.

A cikin wani hali, da aiwatar da kafa wani cikakken tsakiyar aji a Rasha jama'a na bukatar a isasshe tsawon lokaci.

Laifi da kuma na yanzu na tsakiyar aji a Rasha

M division cikin sassa na al'umma cikin sharuddan tattalin arziki da sharudda a matsayin karkatacciyar fahimtar akidar Karl Marx ka'idar da wani hakki ba. Wakilai daga financially arziki da kuma super-m yawan jama'a a Rasha al'umma, akwai mutane da yawa. Duk da haka, tambaya taso daga yadda high-ranking hukuma ko shahararren ɗan kasuwa suka riƙi cin hanci, za a iya dangana ga category mutane daga wuri na m zamantakewa da siyasa muhimmancin da kalmar. Yana tsaya a nan ba sosai cewa su ba free. Yana da ba haka ba da yawa 'yan kasa, kamar yadda daura da ikon raka (Simonian, 2009).

tsarin na sayar da kamfanonin a Rasha kuma yana da ta mummunan tasiri a kan bayani dalla-dalla na da samuwar manufar "tsakiya zaman aji." mafi girma a jihar zamba a kan rarraba janar mawadãta daga gare mutum wakilan zaman kansa kasuwanci da aka gudanar maimakon abin da ake kira mutane dũkiya. Wannan halin da ake ciki ne kawai ƙarfafa m jihar Tsarin. A sakamakon, ma'abũcin wani zamani babban birnin kasar kalla ya gana da bukatun na classic wakilin kungiyar, bayar da tsakiyar aji. Wannan tallafi, a matsayin SA Dzarasov farko laifi, ba wani mai basira da irin farkawa.

Matsalar ta'allaka ne da cewa wannan category mutane ne iya kama wasu mutane ta kyau da kuma yayin da ba quite iya haifar. Ba cewa shi ne mai laifi na jahilci da wadannan ayyuka. Tsakiyar aji mutane a cikin wannan category tare da cikakken fahimtar hanyan haram samu dukiya suna da alaka da shi - ba kamar yadda wani da suka cancanta mai kyau, amma a matsayin kyawawa samar da sirri gata.

Haka kuma, zamani Rasha nomenclature ba ya yarda wani jama'a ayyuka na bai dukiya. Ya ƙaryata game da shi, kuma da sosai mas'ala da na kowa kyau, kamar yadda sun yi tsayayya da yadda shi ya bi da Western jama'a na tsakiyar aji. Saboda haka, mafi yawan na Rasha yawan ki yarda gane sakamakon sayar da kamfanonin na farkon 90-ies. A halin yanzu, a ci gaba da inviolability na dukiya, shi ne dole a yi wani istinbadi hali. Kawai a karkashin wannan yanayin zaman kansa dukiya zama da tattalin arziki da akai na wani cikakken fledged} ungiyoyin jama'a.

Saboda haka, laifi bangare na al'umma zama ba kawai na taimaka wa samuwar tsakiyar aji, amma kuma take kaiwa zuwa nakasawa da wannan ra'ayi, wanda dogara ne a kan zaman jama'a aji halaye.