Tarik Newfoundland tsibirin: tarihi, sauyin yanayi

Sunan tsibirin Newfoundland a cikin translation daga English nufin "sabon-same ƙasar." An located a Arewa Atlantic, kashe gabas Coast na Canada. Kunkuntar mashigar Belle Ile raba shi daga kudancin gefen Labrador Larabawa, Newfoundland a Gabas ta cikin tekun Atlantic, a cikin West - Gulf of St. Lawrence. Indian kakanninmu suka fara shirya a shi ko da a cikin na karni, da kuma Turawa - shekaru goma bayan da aka gano Amirka da ta Columbus. Amma ba su kuma wasu sun ba su iya lashe shi, da kuma a tsibirin har yanzu riƙe ta asali bayyanar daji, bada mutane kawai karamin sashi na sararin yankuna.

A farko Turawa

Akwai tarihi shaida tabbatar da cewa tsibirin Newfoundland sun ziyarci Norman Vikings a XI karni. Masana tarihi yi imani da cewa Icelandic sagas shi ya kira Wineland da Labrador Larabawa - Markland. Watakila almara da kuma romance, amma a cikin ƙasa na tsibirin na Newfoundland, ragowar na Norman karkara kiyaye su, wanda shi ne mai gida gaisawa da suke karkashin kariyar UNESCO a matsayin na farko Turai shiri a cikin Hemisphere ta Yamma.

Tuni a cikin waɗannan kwanaki da wuri shi ya ba yashe: a nan ya rayu cikin magabatan na Indiyawan Daji da Eskimos, wanda Vikings da ciniki tare da kadan tunani game da Gwargwadon binciken. Wannan zazzabi ta fara daga baya.

Age mai girma na tafiyar

Shi ba zai zama daidai ba ne a ce tsibirin Newfoundland da tekun na Labrador bude iya karawa ruhun kai-hidima Turai son sani. A cikin rabi na biyu na karni XV zo da fashion zuwa tafiya zuwa India via iko tsakanin iko na yanzu EU Western Hemisphere. Farko da na tafi a search na sanannun Columbus, kuma ya zo a fadin wani sabon nahiyar - Spaniards tsiwirwirinsu arziki mallaka.

Gano game da irin wannan unprecedented nasara, Bristol fatake yanke shawarar ba nasa balaguro - fatan isa albarka ƙasar, cike da zinariya, da kayan yaji masu daraja, har yanzu sha mai yawa a raga. Tun da babu wani goyon baya daga jihar, Henry VII na, ba za a iya samu a Bugu da kari ga Turanci sarki albarka, da sha'anin ba fariya na fadi da ikon yinsa.

A samu na Newfoundland

A May 1497 daga marina Bristol jefa kashe jirgin umarta ta da wani English Explorer na Italian asalin John ingancin (Dzhovanni Kaboto), wanda, da kuma manyan, da kuma gano tsibirin Newfoundland ga Turawa. A jirgin da aka kira "Matiyu", da kuma a kan jirgin akwai kawai mutane 18 tawagar - a fili a kan ganima shirya bai ƙidaya, da kuma manufar da balaguro da aka sani kawai ƙasa bincike. Bayan jawabin da teku kawai a kan wata, ingancin isa arewacin tekun na tsibirin Newfoundland a watan Yuni 1497. Da fatar a ƙasa, kuma furta shi cikin dũkiyarku da Turanci kambi, matafiyin ya cigaba tare da bakin tekun, ya gano arzikin kifi da Grand Banks, "yawo" a kusa da tsibirin ga wata, ya juya baya, da kuma riga Agusta 6 zo a Ingila.

Ingancin kawo da hankali kawai a matsayin ƙarfafa: frowning, sanyi, kome amma kifi. Dole ne in ce cewa rahotanni daga matafiya da cewa lokaci tana tattare a cikin asiri asiri - ba wanda ya so ya raba bayanai, tsoron da mãkirci na fafatawa a gasa. Saboda haka, sauran shaida ne musamman wanda bai isa ba. Na isa Dzhon Kabot Labrador ko ba, ba su sani ba bisa ga yaƙĩni.

yankin rigingimu

A wannan batun, Birtaniya outdid Portuguese: sashin samu da sunan daga Hoeyo Fernandes Lavrador ( «lavradore» - da Portuguese mallaki gidaje.). A 1501, Newfoundland zo ya countrymen jagorancin Gaspar Korterealem. Monument ga navigator har yanzu tsaye a kan daya daga St. John ta yanki, da administrative cibiyar lardin (a 1965, da mutum-mutumi gabatar da Portuguese, nostalgic domin babbar Maritime da).

Na dogon lokaci a kan ƙasa na tsibirin Newfoundland tsanani babu daya da'awa, shi aka sanaki 'yan asalin kabilar Indiyawan Daji da Inuit, kazalika da ziyartar Portuguese, da Faransa, Ailan da kuma Birtaniya. Sun sayi kayan cinikinki da gida, musayar su m pelts da dabbar beaver, otters, da kuma sauran Jawo-qazanta dabbobi, tsunduma a kama kifi da farauta.

A ƙarshen XVI karni a kudu maso yammacin Whales farauta da kuma fished Faransa, kuma a Arewa maso Gabas da aka tsunduma a harkokin ciniki ta Birtaniya. Na tsibirin kasãla takaran daban-daban Turai jihohi.

Mallaka na Birtaniya kambi

A 1701 da Spanish Sarki Ahab ya mutu - karshe na Hapsburg daular. A Turai, da yaki ya barke da Spanish mayẽwa, wanda ya jan 13 tsawon shekaru. A 1713, a karkashin sharuddan da zaman lafiya na Utrecht, Newfoundland tafi zuwa ga UK.

Duk da haka, wannan ya ba da karshen: a lokacin da shekaru bakwai 'War (1756-1763), France, Spain da kuma kasar Birtaniya sake fara kalubalanci juna ta ƙasa, kuma a 1762 a St. John ta dauki Anglo-Faransa yaki, wanda aka lashe ta Birtaniya fiye da karshe m hakkokinsu.

Buƙatun Canadian Confederation

Kokarin tafarkin tsibirin a cikin ta fanni na siyasa da tattalin arziki da tasiri gudanar Canada, Newfoundland amma ya dauki shi ba tare da yawa babbar sha'awa. A 1869, wani tsari don shigar da Canada Confederation da aka ƙi outright. Da zarar, a kan umarni na London, da Labrador Larabawa da aka annexed zuwa Newfoundland, Canada miƙa don taimakawa a ci gaban gida da baƙin ƙarfe adibas, kuma sake aka hana: tsibirin gaskiya sun gaskata cewa, kasancewa tattalin arziki dogara a kan Confederation, zai babu makawa rasa su da ikon mallaka. Duk da haka, abin da shi ne ya zama, zai kasance.

A 30s fashewa da duniya rikicin, wanda ya jawo faduwar tattalin arziki na tsibirin na Newfoundland. London ya gabatar da "external gwamnati", musamman hukumar domin sanin makomar tsibirin da aka halitta. Bayan karshen yakin duniya na II da shawarar da aka dauka da kuma saka a cikin yi. A shekarar 1948, bisa ga sakamakon zaben raba gardama, tsibirin na Newfoundland ya daya daga cikin lardunan Canada, wanda yake shi ne ga wannan rana.

Yawan jama'a da kuma sauyin yanayi

Don kwanan wata, yawan mutanen da wannan yanki na da game da dubu 500, mutane. Ganin cewa yankin na tsibirin ne game da 111,39 dubu sq. Km, da yawan fiye da fadin. A matsugunai, yafi a bakin tekun, tun lokaci mai tsawo kamun kifi ne babban arziki na gida mazauna.

Cool damp na dogon lokaci ya sanar da hakkin zuwa tsibirin Newfoundland, da sauyin yanayi da aka dauke "m" ko da Birtaniya.

Summer a kudu maso gabas da zazzabi ba ya wuce 15 ° C, amma da kusanci na Atlantic sa a gwada m winters - ne da wuya colder fiye da -4 ° C. A arewa maso yamma sharper zafin jiki yanayin a cikin rani da kuma 25 ° C, da kuma a cikin hunturu frosts faruwa desyatigradusny.

The taimako na sassa daban daban na Newfoundland ne ma daban-daban. A cikin West, da duwatsu ƙasa, da na gida kunya Long Range Mountains an dauki wani ɓangare na Appalachia (sau daya a tsibirin tsaga daga cikin prehistoric nahiyar a sakamakon wannan mummunan ma'aunan kasa bala'i). A wani wuri inda tsibirin Newfoundland, da dumi ruwan Gulf Stream hadu da sanyi Labrador Yanzu. Wannan take kaiwa zuwa gagarumin hazo na tsibirin (75-1500 mm). Saboda da karo na ruwa da kuma iska gudana daga daban-daban yanayin zafi da kusan wata uku, da farin Fluffy girgije zauna tsibirin Newfoundland. Photo swirling hazo, ta hanyar abin da duba a cikin rufi daga St. Johns, abin mamaki reminiscent na al'amuran daga "hazo" by Stephen Sarki.

mazauna yankin

Kingovskie dodo, sa'a, a tsibirin ba su samu. Amma rayuwa da cikakken nazarin sasannin dabbobi suna habaka saboda gaskiyar cewa wannan lardi a Canada zuwa ranar, da kalla shafi da masana'antu. Mafi yawa daga cikin tsibirin Newfoundland aka rufe da primeval taiga, manyan yankunan da ake swamped. Ga elks, beyar, bobcats, raccoons, Foxes da yawa wasu dabbobi. Indented da yawa fjords da kuma m coves Coast - aljanna domin tsuntsaye da marine dabbobi masu shayarwa.

yawon shakatawa

Damar tafiya ta hanyar da untouched wuraren jawo hankalin mutane da yawa Fans of aiyukan-yawon shakatawa. The National Park Gros Morne National Park, suka sãmi wani yawa na daji dake gabar teku cliffs, da kyau na da hujjõji dutsen da tabkuna da kuma m sashen kogin na gudãna. Tare da m bankuna iya ji dadin rugujewa icebergs da migrating blue Whales.

Domin yawon bude ido da tsoho Viking shiri, birnin mafi tsufa titi, a Arewacin Amirka (Voter Street), gidajen tarihi, gidajen cin abinci da kuma kyauta shagunan.

Ga zo da masoya na wasanni kama kifi: da na gida ruwan har yanzu teem da kifi, duk da cewa shi ne rayayye girbe a kan wani m sikelin kusan tun gano tsibirin Newfoundland da Labrador. M hali ga halitta taskõkin kusan hasãra ƙasar.

"Ya tafi Fishing"

Grand Banks - wani m yanki na 282,5 dubu sq. M. km, wanda har yanzu ne arziki "ajiya" kifi a duniya. Uncontrolled kamawa tsawon karnoni: a cikin XIX karni da yawan jama'a na tsibirin Newfoundland ya karu daga 19 zuwa 220 dubu saboda da natsuwa, wanda mafarkin yin kama kifi da kuma whaling.

Muhalli sun fara da sautin ƙararrawa matsayin farko a matsayin 1970s, amma cikin matsananci matakan da Gwamnatin Canada ya dauka kawai a shekarar 1992, da kuma gabatar da wani moratorium a kan kama kifi. A wannan lokaci, kama kifi masunta kusan duk kasashen Turai farauta wuya cod. A moratorium ya buga da tattalin arziki da kuma kyautata zaman rayuwar al'ummar jihar. A wani gajeren lokaci tsibirin ya bar fiye da mutane 60,000.

Dole na yi duba ga sauran hanyar sunã tsirfatãwa. Tsananta hakar ma'adinai ayyukan: a tsibirin akwai wani baƙin ƙarfe, jan kuma tutiya tama. A cikin teku samar da mai, da ɓangaren litattafan almara Mills ya buɗe, mai kyau taki yana bunkasa harkokin yawon shakatawa. Tun 2006, yawan al'ummar fara girma sake, na nuna da farfado da tattalin arzikin gida.

Newfoundland - tare da soyayya

Da farko, ga ambatar Newfoundland zo hankali ne wani tsibirin da dukan da kyakkyawa, da kuma babban mai kyau-natured kare wanda gida ne dauke su inhospitable ƙasar. Daga ina suka fito daga nan, shi ne ba a sani. A cewar daya daga version, da irin ne sakamakon crossbreeding na karnuka da Indians Norman karnuka. A cewar wani - dabbobi kawo Turawa, da kuma akwai wani falalen dũtse, wakilan wanda a wani lokaci ana kira su da iri iri a cikin ruwan dare yanayi na tsibirin. A cewar gida labari, black shaggy kare - sakamakon wani soyayya al'amarinsu tsakanin wani kare da kuma wani Otter. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa mai girma Newfoundland iyo, nutse, da ruwa-m ulu, da kuma sanannen "wutsiya Otter."

Wasu kare masana, duk da haka, jayayya da cewa asali guda biyu da duwatsu a kan tsibirin. A farko - mai iko baki karnuka, ba su bambanta ba daga zamani Newfoundland. Suna harnessed zuwa kananan biyu wheeled kuraye, kuma suka yi aiki a matsayin mai irin abin hawa. Wani irin, St. John ta - almara "ruwa karnuka", wanda swam for hours, ba da sanin wata'yar wahala, ya taimaka masunta ja raga da bear dayansu wani rauni ganima. An yi imani da cewa wadannan karnuka ne magabatan yau rare retrievers.

Ko ta wani hanya, amma mai kyauta ga bil'adama na tsibirin na Newfoundland ne mafi muhimmanci fiye Diamonds na Afirka ta Kudu, ko da Klondike zinariya. Shin yana yiwuwa a kwatanta soulless dutse ko karfe tare da wata gaisuwa da kuma saliha aboki, wanda yana da shekaru masu yawa na aminci da hidima mutum?