Tarihi na jagoran kungiyar: shekara na ilimi, sifa, take, awards. Vladimir Lenin All-Union Majagaba Organization

Yau, mafi kuma mafi ban sha'awa fara sa da tarihi da Tarayyar Soviet. Wani yana kokarin samun mummunan maki, wasu kyau a cikinsa. A wannan labarin, za mu magana game da tarihin jagoran kungiyar, wanda a yau ya haddasa muhawarar. Musamman idan akwai tambayoyi, abin da ya yi tare da yara, ko me ya sa yanzu tsara ya girma sai m. Har zuwa abin da kungiyar ta yi taimako, ko cutarwa, da jawabin za ka tafi ba, wadannan da wasu binciken yi wa kansu.

Asalin da jagoran harkar

Abin mamaki, da tushen da wannan alama zalla kwaminisanci motsi koma scouting. 'Yan mutane san cewa a 1917 da yawa yara Scout jam'iyya da aka kafa a Rasha. A general, kungiyar da kewaye 50,000 mahalarta taron. A kan Hauwa'u na da yakin basasa scouts samar da wani iri-iri na zamantakewa taimako, sun shirya na yara masu dauke da makamai, da kuma shirya da search for titi yara.

Lokacin da ya zo iko da Soviet gwamnati, da Scout motsi ya fara rarrabu a kwatance dangane da yankin wuri. Alal misali, a Kazan kuma Petrograd bayyana jam'iyya "Forest 'yan'uwa", da kuma Moscow jama'a gina a kan ka'idodin Baden-Powell. Har ila yau, ya haifar a lokacin "yukizm" t. E. "Sun gurguzun". Sun yi kokarin hada kan akidar gurguzu da ka'idodinta scouting. Yukistov kafa na motsi ƙungiyoyi functionary Vera Bonch-Bruevich. Amma a shekara ta 1919 yanke shawarar soke duk Scout kungiyoyin a cikin Congress na Komsomol.

bayar da Krupskaya

Daga wannan lokacin zai fara labarin da majagaba kungiyar a cikin nau'i cikin abin da aka tuna. Saboda haka, bayan da ban na Scout sojojin fara da za a ji keenly da rashin kungiyoyin aiki tare da yara. Da farko tsara da ra'ayin N. K. Krupskaya, magana a cikin Nuwamba 1921 a rahoton, wanda aka kira "A yaron-scoutisme". Ba da da ewa bayan wannan jawabin da aka buga a karamin ɗan littafin, wanda ya bayyana cewa, wajibi ne maza maza don ƙirƙirar yara kungiyar, wanda zai zama "scouting a tsari da kuma kwaminisanci a ciki."

Da farko Komsomol shugabanni, barnatar gane scouting, ya mayar da martani hankali ga shawara. Bayan duk, ya shiga cikin sahu na kungiyar, da yara, a gaskiya, kiyaye hadisi, ma'aikata ne har yanzu a karkashin tsars, wanda zai iya ba amma sa damuwa. Duk da haka, cewa duk lokacin da ya canja wani kwamiti na musamman da aka kafa bayan wani jawabin Krupskaya. Yana I. Zhukov ya gabatar da rahoton, wanda aka yi marhabin da mambobi na Ofishin. Nan da nan bayan haka shi ya fara tattauna kafa kungiya gefen abubuwa.

A farkon 1922, Hukumar sanya wani tsari na hada a cikin Scout kungiyoyin na yara, maimakon 'yan Komsomol, kamar yadda da shawarar da farko. A lokaci guda, I. Zhukov shawarar ambata sunayen da sabon shiri, "Majagaba". A sosai sunan da ya ara daga Seton-Thompson. Bugu da kari, da jagoran kungiyar yawa dauki scouting. Alal misali, wasan nau'i na horo, kungiyar umarni, management na yara da taimakon majalisa, da abubuwa na symbolism, kudade campfire. Ko da taken "a shirya!" Shin ba na ainihi.

Na farko da kungiyar

Fabrairu 2, 1922 mataki na gaba a cikin ci gaban da tarihi na jagoran kungiyar da aka yi. Cewa wannan rana, a yankin da cibiyoyin da aka aika da wasika daga kwamitin tsakiya na ofishin a kan kafa wani yara kungiyar a Komsomol cell. A Fabrairu 4, an halitta na musamman ofishin, wanda ya hada da Valery Zorin, tsohon Scoutmaster. Shi ya shirya Fabrairu 12 na farko yara kungiyar a daya daga cikin takardar makarantu Zamoskvorechye. A detachment aka kira "Young scouts", amma ya dade ba. Kuma nan da nan Zorin dauki up kungiyar na yara a shuka "Rubber".

A layi daya tare da Zorin na fara aiki a cikin shugabanci Mikhail Stremyakov, wani Scoutmaster. Ya shirya wani rukuni na makaranta factory horo a wani tsohon bugu Mashistova. Yawancin lokaci shi ne yara kungiyar da ake kira na farko Majagaba detachment. Har ila yau, a watan Afrilu, an fara fito fili, "Drum", na farko majagaba mujallar, sa'an nan "Majagaba gaskiya".

Maris 2 da aka halitta Ofishin yara kungiyoyin, tare da aiki na aiki fita da doka. Dauke da soma, ya kasance a cikin II All-Russian taron na Komsomol 19 May. Rãnar da jagoran kungiyar - cewa shi ne daga baya fiye da wannan rana za a sanar. A taron ba kawai amince a kan shatan, amma kuma yanke shawara in fara ubiquitous Majagaba kungiyoyi. Bayan da aka kafa musamman hukumar aiki tare da yara, da suka hada da mutane bakwai. Daga cikinsu akwai Ivan Zhukov da Krupskaya, kamar yadda wani mai tsaro daga jam'iyyar, da kuma Lunacharsky kamar yadda wani mai tsaro daga gwamnatin.

Yadada da kuma zabi na sunan

Daga wannan lokacin farko ta samar da farko da kungiyoyin a ko'ina cikin kasar. A daidai wannan lokaci da ta shimfida, kuma Halicci farko da alamomin. Shi ne a cikin shekara ta 1922, da aka rubuta da rubutu na daya daga cikin shahararrun majagaba songs - "soar bonfires Blue Nights". A Petrograd, na farko yara kungiyar ya bayyana ne kawai a kan Disamba 3. Sai ya zama Komsomolets Oganeza Sergei Margot. A farko hudu majagaba hari da aka halitta daga cikin Rasha ƙungiyar matasa scouts.

A watan Oktoba, a gaba Congress na Komsomol aka yanke shawarar ci duk da majagaba hari a cikin wata guda kungiyar, wadda aka bayar da sunan "Sun Pioneers mai suna Spartacus." A ranar da Lenin ta mutuwa, da kungiyar da aka bai wa sunan shugaba. musamman ƙuduri da aka bayar a 1926, wanda ya nuna wani sabon sunan yara jam'iyya da ta tsira har kwanaki na arshe na ta zama. Yana kara kamar "All-Union Majagaba Organization su. V. I. Lenina ".

Majagaba a lokacin barkewar

Shekara na Ilimi jagoran kungiyar shi ne shekara na farkon sabon zamanin a cikin rãyuwar da yawa yara. Bayan shekara ta 1922 shi ne ya zama majagaba a matsayin m kamar yadda kasancewa a Komsomol memba. Kuma ya shiga cikin Komsomol, ba su kasance wani majagaba, kuma daga baya ya zama kusan ba zai yiwu ba.

A hankali, da farko da kungiyar ta zama rabuwa daga cikin rayuwar zamantakewa a kasar. Ba mamaki, a lokacin tsanani masĩfa da ta same dukan Tarayyar Soviet, shi ba ya zama a bayan fage.

Tun da sanarwa na farkon majagaba na yaki a kusa da kokarin ci gaba da sama da manya da kuma taimakawa wajen yaki da abokan gaba, ba kawai a baya, amma kuma a gaban. Mutane da yawa yara shiga cikin karkashin kasa da kuma masõyansa. Majagaba ya zama jirgin ta boys a kan soja jirãge, scouts, taimaka wajen boye daga sojojin abokan gaba sun ji rauni, ya kawo kayan abinci da guerrillas, ya kange a cikin dazuzzuka. Yara suna da wuya dauka tsanani, don haka shi ya fi sauƙi ga samu ta hanyar barrage hari ko don gano sirrin bayanai.

Duk da haka, ba ko da yaushe wani fama manufa ƙare tare da yara a amince. Saboda haka, ya aka posthumously bayar da muƙamin Hero na Tarayyar Soviet yara hudu - Zaina Portnov, Lenya Golikov, Valya like da Marat Kasei.

Bayan da yaki, duk sunayen da matattu yara da aka shigar a cikin aikin hukuma jerin waɗanda aka bai wa lakabi na farko heroes.

A post-yaki mataki

A tarihin na farko kungiyar a postwar lokaci kamar wuya, kamar yadda tarihin da dukan ƙasar. Yana da ya wajaba mu mayar da halaka, kuma akwai gagarumin ko da jariri kula. Urban yara tara ya da karfe, kuma sharar gida takarda, aka tsunduma a dasa greenery. A yankunan karkara majagaba hari sa mafi wuya aiki - da suka yi girma kananan dabbobi, kamar tsuntsaye da zomaye. A mafi kyau daga cikin matasa da ma'aikata da aka bayar da tare da daban-daban umarni. Yara ma shiga a cikin girbi, ya tafi aiki a shuka. A general, duk inda bai isa ba hannuwa, ya dauki a kan aikin na majagaba. A babbar yawan lafiya maza da aka kashe a cikin yaki, don haka shi ne ba zai yiwu ya ki daga duk wani taimako. Musamman yara, sane da bukatar, aiki tare da manya, kokarin da wani abu da suka ba yarda.

Yanzu ga alama kamar tausayi, amma a lokacin da majagaba kansu zai taimaka. Babu wanda ya tilasta wa yara su yi aiki. Mutane da yawa da kansu dauki sama da aiki.

nan gaba shekaru

A 1953, majagaba na Tarayyar Soviet kusan an sake masa suna. Bayan Stalin ta mutuwa, da yawa miƙa zuwa gaba da sunan kungiyar suna. Kuma idan kafin All-Union Majagaba Organization ne kawai Lenin, amma yanzu an sanya bada shawarwari don ƙara nan kwanan nan matacce shugaban. Duk da haka, bayan da daukan hotuna na Stalin ta hali sadaukarwa, wannan batun da aka cikakken tsautsayi, da kuma kungiyar da ba a sake masa suna ba.

Tun shekarar 1955, akwai wani hadisin yin sunayen fitattun yara a wani musamman littafin na girmamawa. A shekarar 1958 ya yi mashi wani kadan canji a cikin kungiyar tsarin. An fara wannan shekara, uku matakan na ci gaba, kowane yaro sami wani musamman lamba da aka gabatar. To isa gaba mataki, majagaba ya magance at musamman mutum shirin. A duka ya soma aiki da aka hadedde cikin shirin har zuwa shekaru biyu, wanda aka nufin wani babban jami'in kula da wasan kwaikwayon na su bakwai-shekara shirin.

A 1962, da image na jagoran lamba da aka canza - shi kara Lenin ta profile. Shi ne wata ãyã cewa gwamnatin gane da irin girman taimako na jagoran kungiyar. A taron da aka kira da Order of Lenin All-Union Majagaba Organization for nasarori a cikin gurguzu ilimi na matasa. Juya shekaru goma da haihuwa, a 1972, da yara, kungiyar ta sake bayar da wannan high kyautar.

By wannan lokaci da majagaba kunshi fiye da 23 yara miliyan cikin tarayyar Soviet.

Ƙarshe na zama

A farko canje-canje a cikin Majagaba kungiyar ya halartar wani lokaci na sake fasalin takardun kudin kuma farkon m sake fasalin. A wannan lokaci I. N. Nikitin, shugaban Jamhuriyar tarayyar Majagaba Organization, samarwa canje-canje ga farko da tsarin da ta dimokuradiyya. Kuma Oktoba 1, 1990 by 10 Union Majagaba Jamboree, wadda aka gudanar a Artek, yara, kungiyar ta sake masa suna cikin ACT-SDF (Union of majagaba kungiyoyin - Tarayya na Yara Organizations). Shugaban sabuwar ma'aikata da aka nada E. E. Chepurnyh. Duk da haka, yin canje-canje da kuma sake tsara STR-SDF iya ba. The cewa ya kasance har yanzu a kwamitin tsakiya na Komsomol. Saboda haka, babu muhimman canje-canje da aka za'ayi.

Bayan da ban na CPSU yi kira a cikin Satumba 1991, aka gudanar da wani m majalisa na Sun kwaminis League, inda aka ayyana cewa tarihi rawar da Komsomol aka ƙãre, da Komsomol kungiyar da aka narkar da kuma daina wanzuwa da kuma All-Union Majagaba Organization. Daga wannan rana a kan May 19, da ranar da jagoran kungiyar, an daina dauke da wani hutu. A kasar ta samu muhimman canje-canje da suka sa a rushewar yawa jihar cibiyoyin.

Bayan da karshe rushewar Tarayyar Soviet, da dukiya da jagoran kungiyar da aka kama. Duk da Palace na Pioneers a cikin yankin da aka tuba kuma ya zama da "Houses of yara da kuma matasa." Mafi yawa daga cikin majagaba sansanonin da ke a cikin hannun masu zaman kansu masu, suka juya su a cikin guesthouses da hostels. Kawai karamin sashi na su ya bar matsayi na yara kiwon lafiya sansanin.

Menene majagaba?

Cikin ayyukan da jagoran kungiyar ta ko da yaushe kasance a taimaka wa Komsomol da kuma manya. Amma shi bai kasance kullum m mataki. A farkon 30-ies majagaba yanke shawarar kawo yaki da makiyan Soviet iko. Yana tana wurinta a matsayin jama'a Aikin kowane mutum dama shawara, ciki har da yara. A koyi ga duk majagaba an zabe Pavlik Morozov. Bisa ga hukuma version, ya sanar da hukumomin da a kan kansa mahaifinsa, wanda yake taimakawa kulaks, sa'an nan suka fito da shi a kotu. A lokacin da Pavlik da ubansa da aka kashe.

Bayan wannan zafin lokacin gwagwarmaya da anti-Soviet soma da akida da propagandistic.

Duk da haka, da majagaba ba kawai akida da ilimi. Har ila yau a cikin aikinsu a lokuta daban-daban hada da:

• Ya da karfe, kuma sharar gida takarda.
• Saka hannu cikin review tsarin da kuma lyrics.
• Saka hannu cikin Timur motsi.
• Saka hannu cikin All-Union wasanni gasa "Fata Ball", "Golden puck".
• Gudanar da wasanni da kuma soja "Stozhatry".
• Team wasanni da ball "throwball" da "maharbi".
• Suka shiga cikin sahu na matasa mataimakansa na zirga-zirga da sufetocin, kazalika da matasa sa kai wuta brigades.
• Suke matasa naturalists.
• Shirya "Green yan sintiri" (tsunduma a gandun daji kariya), "Blue yan sintiri" (tsunduma a cikin kariya da albarkatun ruwa).
• Azuzuwan a wasanni kulake da kuma da'irori.
• Girma sabis karnuka da kuma dawakai.

A hanya ga m

Majagaba dauki yara daga 9 zuwa 14 shekaru. Hukumance, shi ya faru a kan wani son rai-akai. Yanayin aiki ne da za'ayi akayi daban-daban, kada kuri'a a wani janar majalisa Majagaba detachment. Ya koma kungiyar a kan layi don yin rantsuwa majagaba, sa'an nan ya daura a ja kunnen doki da wofi majagaba icon. Yawancin lokaci, bikin da aka gudanar a wurare na tarihi da kuma neman sauyi memory a lokacin da kwaminisanci jam'iyyun. Alal misali, wani mutum-mutumi na Lenin a ranar 22 ga watan Afrilu.

Alkawari ko rantsuwar majagaba, ya kayyade da rubutu cewa ilmantuwa shigar da zuciya. A lokacin da wanzuwar kungiyar alaka da wannan rantsuwar da aka gabatar kawai 'yan sau da yaushe daidai da Party. A lokacin rantsuwar majagaba ta kira sunana, kuma ya rantse wa shiga cikin sahu na farko kungiyar, "kafin ta yan'uwansu," to son da mahaifarsa, ya zauna bisa ga dokoki na Lenin, da kuma cika tare da dokokin da jagoran kungiyar.

shatan

The Yarjejeniya na jagoran kungiyar, kuma aka sani da dokar majagaba, yana zuwa da za a bi ba tare da tambaya. Ya ba musamman tsawo, kuma yana da sauki haddace. Bisa ga doka, da majagaba da zuwa:

• Duqufa zuwa gurguzu, jam'iyyar da motherland.
• Shirya don shigar da Komsomol.
• Daidaita da heroes of aiki da kuma gwagwarmaya.
• Girmama auku sojoji da kuma shirye ka zama wakĩli a kansu da wani daga cikin motherland.
• Da yake mafi kyau a aikin, wasanni da kuma karatu.
• Kasance da aminci da kuma gaskiya aboki, wanda ko da yaushe Kare gaskiya.
• Da yake mai ba da shawara da kuma aboki ne a watan Oktoba.

take

A take da majagaba kungiyar yi aiki a matsayin "Maris na Sun Pioneers." Wannan Soviet song aka rubuta musamman don Pioneers a 1922. Maris ne marubuta mawãƙi Alexander Zharov da pianist Sergei Kaidan-Deshkin. Wasu Lines daga cikin song kasance saba har zuwa wadanda suka taba yi da Pioneers. Alal misali, "soar bonfires, blue dare. Mu ne majagaba - da yara na ma'aikata "!

A May 1922, bayan wani jawabin Krupskaya a wani taro na kwamitin tsakiya, da aka bai wa aikin Zharov: fito da wani song for makonni biyu, wanda zai iya zama da take da sabon yara kungiyar. Zharov nemi shawara daga D. Furmanov, wanda shawarci masa ya gina a kan wani data kasance abun da ke ciki. A lokaci guda a cikin "Grand wasan kwaikwayo" ya da wasan opera "Faust". A cikin play Zharov ji "Maris na sojoji," wanda ya zama tushen da juyin juya halin Musulunci rubuce-rubucen.

symbolism

Kamar kowane bangare na akidar, wannan ma yana da halaye na kansa. An kira alamu na kungiyar majalisa don nuna girmamawa, da wadanda suke ciki. Wadannan sun hada da:

• Majagaba taye - aiwatuwa da majagaba na banner wani m ɓangare na form. Ƙarshe uku na ƙugiya yana nufin haɗuwa mai karfi na ƙarnin 3, wato, 'yan Kwaminisanci, sa'an nan kuma mambobin Komsomol, sannan kuma magoya. An danganta wannan batu tare da ƙulli na musamman. Masu wakiltar tawagar a kan tayakken ja suna da alama ta launin rawaya. A lokacin yaki, sau da yawa saurin iyakokin da aka sanya tare da ƙila na musamman. An kashe shi a cikin hanyar wuta, wa] ansu cibiyoyi guda biyar ne suka bayyana su, da kuma harsuna uku na harshen wuta - na uku na duniya. Bacewar da aka yi a cikin rukuni ya kasance, na farko, zuwa rushewar Ƙungiyar, kuma na biyu, ga cewa ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin kwamitin tsakiya na ganin irin wannan kama da alamomin Nazi.
• Icon - shi ne ma da muhimmanci alama ce da farko da kungiyoyi a makaranta. An bayyana nau'i da nau'i na lamba a cikin Dokokin Dokoki na Ƙungiyoyin Yara. Ga dukan tarihin ma'aikata, sun sauya sau da yawa.
• Majagaba banner - wani ja zane da image na farko lamba da taken. Bannar ba kawai daga cikin ƙauyuka na farko ba, amma har ma a cikin makarantun makaranta.
• Company jami'in flag - yake a cikin girmamawa da kuma hadin kai na yara, da hidima ga nuna akidar zuwa wasu majagaba tawagar. Tare da wannan banner yara ya fita a kan parades, shugabannin, kudade, tafiye-tafiye, hikes har ma da aikin aiki. Nauyin zane na Nes, wanda shine jagora a gaban maiyi da bugler.
• Kakakin - ba tare da wannan ba shi yiwuwa a siffantãwa da ya soma rayuwa. Wannan kayan yaɗa na kayan aiki ya samar da sakonni daban-daban. Matsayin mai bugler ya kasance mai daraja sosai, an sanya mata mafi yawan alhakin da aka amince da shi. Nan da nan ya bi flag.
• A drum - na biyu mafi muhimmanci majagaba na m kayan aiki. Ya zama dole a lokacin tafiya, tafiya da hanyoyi. Kwararren ya taka rabi kuma ya yi tafiya, kuma ya taimaka wajen gudanar da fasaha na musamman.

Ƙididdigar kungiyar bidiyon

Za a iya ba wa dattawa lambar yabo mai suna:

• "Miliyoyin Uba" - an ba shi kyauta don samun nasara a cikin tarin miki.
• "Matasan Farfesa" - ya ba wa waɗanda za su iya kewaya filin.
• Bugu da ƙari, akwai lambobin yabo da yawa na wasu alamomin lambar yabo don samun nasarar abubuwan da suka faru.

Ma'aikatan Hukumar Harkokin Jakadancin {asashen Wajen {asar Amirka sun samu raguwa da alamun da aka saba wa dukan jama'ar {asar Soviet, misali, Dokar Red Banner. Abin takaici, a lokacin wasan, an ba da lambar yabo ta yawa ga 'ya'yan da suka wuce.