Sunayen jirgin sama. Nau'in jirgin sama, su iri da kuma siffofin

Aviation tarihi ya sani sosai manyan yawan yawo kayan aiki iri-iri da kuma iri iri. All jirgin sama sunayen masu wuya ga ma jerin. Duk da haka, da ainihin model kẽwayẽwa quite real. Bari mu koyi yadda za a yi da jirgin sama rarrabuwa, su iri, iri, sunayen ma la'akari da.

sunan

Bari mu dauki wani look at cikin jerin sunayen babban waje jirgin sama masana'antun a Tsarin Harafi Bayan Harafi. Jerin nuna yadda yanzu data kasance kamfanin da kuma soke:

• Aérospatiale (France).
• Airbus (EU).
• Boeing (US).
• Birtaniya Aerospace (UK).
• Birtaniya Aircraft (United Kingdom).
• Heinkel (Jamus).
• Junkers (Jamus).
• McDonnell Douglas (USA).
• Messerschmitt (Jamus).

Names a Tsarin Harafi Bayan da jirgin sama samar a cikin Tarayyar Soviet da kuma post-Soviet kasashe, aka jera a kasa:

• An (Antonov).
• Kuma (Polikarpov).
• Yl (Iliushin).
• La (Lavochkin).
• LaGG (Lavochkin, Gorbunov, Gudkov).
• Lee (Lisunov).
• MIG (Mikoyan da Gurevich).
• By (Polikarpov).
• KW (bushe).
• Tu (kirar Tupolev).
• Yak (Yakovlev).

Yadda za a rarraba da jirage?

Da farko, gano abin da su ne jirage. Sunayen na tashi dabaru iya magana game da abubuwa da yawa, amma da rarrabuwa za su gaya mana more. Kamar yadda jirgin sama ne classified? Shin shi a kan wadannan sigogi:

• to makõma.
• gudun;
• Daga cikin injuna.
• rubuta injuna.
• rubuta shasi.
• nauyi.
• yawan fuka-fuki.
• fuselage size.
• irin management.
• fom takeoff.

Yanzu za mu tattauna da wasu daga wadannan maki a more daki-daki.

Rarrabuwa da manufar

An dauke da ya fi na kowa. Domin wannan nuna alama, duk da jirgin sama deyalsya cikin biyu manyan iri: soja da farar hula. Bugu da kari, kowane daga cikin wadannan kungiyoyi akwai mallaki rabo a cikin karami Categories.

A daidai da takamaiman aiki na jirage kasu wadannan core Categories: m, interceptor jirgin sama, iska mayakan, hari jirage, soja kai jirgin ruwa, jirgin saman soja-kai harin da kuma scouts.

A sufurin jiragen sama ta ga jirgin na'urorin kasu kashi da wadannan Categories: fasinja, aikin gona ƙasar, kai, post, gwaji, da dai sauransu ...

kai harin

A m aiki ne su kayar da dalilai daga waxanda suke a ƙasa. Sun yi wannan ta hanyar amfani da bama-bamai da kuma makamai masu linzami.

Yanzu bari gano sunayen soja jirgin sama. Daga m iya bambanta irin model m masana'antu: Su-24, TU-160, SU-34. A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu dadin na musamman suna m m Pe-2. Amma da farko da za a kira da sanannen "Ilya Muromets" - halittar girma zanen Igorya Sikorskogo. Wannan naúrar dauki kashe karo na farko a cikin iska kamar yadda a farkon lokacin da 1913. A yakin duniya na farko zamanin da shi da aka tuba a cikin wani m. Aircraft "Ilya Muromets" aka kuma yi amfani a lokacin yakin basasa.

Daga cikin kasashen waje da motocin za a iya bambanta na zamani American kai harin Northrop B-2 Ruhu, XB-70 Valkyrie, Rockwell B-1 Lancer, B-2, B-52 Stratofortress, US-sanya jirage 30s Boeing B-17 da kuma Martin B- 10 German kai harin a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, Junkers Ju 86 da Heinkel Ya 111.

mayakan

Babban aiki na wadannan na'urori ne ya hallaka jirgin sama da kuma wasu abubuwa da suke a cikin iska.

Names of mayakan gwani a soja harkokin, ma, za su ce mai yawa. Mafi sani Soviet model na yakin duniya na II - lagg-3, I-15 bis, Mig-3, I-16, na-153, Yak-1. A wannan zamanin da lashe duniya shahararru Jamus Bf.109 jirage, Bf.110 da FW 190, kazalika da amsawa Me.262, Me.163 Komet kuma Ya 162 Volksjager.

Daga cikin Soviet mayakan daga baya lokacin da ya kamata a sanya MiG-31, Su-27 da kuma MiG-29. A halin yanzu, sama yana cike da zamani Rasha jirgin sama. Su sunayen suna da kyau a san a cikin art jirgin sama. Wannan ƙarni na mayakan 4 ++ Su-35 da kuma MiG-35.

Littafi American model an kasaftawa farko-tsara jirgin saman soja a duniya yawan biyar da Boeing F-22, kazalika da baya model F-4 da kuma F-15 Eagle.

Fighter-m

Sun hada da ayyuka na farko da biyu nau'i-nau'i daga jirgin sama mun bayyana. Wancan ne, halaka kamar yadda iska da kuma ƙasa hari.

A farko jirgin saman soja-kai harin suna dauke Jamus Me.262, modified model na Birtaniya jirgin saman soja Supermarine Spitfire, De Havilland Sauro, da kuma Soviet Yak-9.

Daga cikin zamani jet jirgin sama bukatar ware m MiG-23B da Su-17M da MiG-27 da kuma American model F-105.

interceptors

Su ne da jinsin subspecies na mayakan, tsara don ya hallaka maƙiyi kai harin. Ba kamar al'ada faɗa jirgin sama, shi ne sanye take da wani iko radar kayan aiki.

Daga cikin Soviet interceptor da aka sani da jirgin sama wadannan sunayen: SU-15, SU-9, Tu-128, Yak-28, Mig-25. American model za a iya sanya F-16 da kuma F-14 Grumman. Har ila yau, duniya shahara Japan jirgin sama Mitsubishi F-2 da kuma Birtaniya interceptor Panavia iskar hali.

stormtroopers

Su aiki ne don tallafa ƙasa sojojin da iska.

Mafi shahara yakin duniya na II-zamanin hari da jirgin sama suna dauke jirage Il-2 da kuma Il-10. A daidai wannan lokaci, kama da abokin gaba na'ura amfani hs 129 da kuma Ju 87. Daga cikin zamani hari da jirgin sama ya kamata a kasaftawa sunan SU-25 da jirgin sama, F / A-18, A-10.

Soja kai motocin

Babban ayyuka na soja kai jirgin sama ne da isar da soja kaya da kuma ma'aikata.

Aircraft wannan aji, wanda shi ne a halin yanzu a kan aiki na Rasha Federation Armed Forces ne Il-76, AN-26, AN-124 da kuma AN-12. Daga cikin American analogues kamata ware Douglas YC-15, Boeing C-17, Boeing C-97 da kuma Boeing E-8.

fasinja jirage

Review of sufurin jiragen sama ta model za a fara tare da su. Wannan irin iska da motoci, kamar yadda sunan ya nuna, tsara don kawo fasinjoji.

A farko samarwa jirgin sama da aka shari fararen hula, dauke duk wannan gida "Ilya Muromets", wanda ya tuba a nan gaba a karkashin dan kunar bakin waken. Da farko jirgin daga St. Petersburg don Kiev da goma sha shida da fasinjoji ya sanya baya a shekara ta 1914.

A mafi m jirgin sama domin rayuwa na jirgin sama ne dauke su wani American naúrar Douglas DC-3 jirgin sama sanya farko jirgin baya a shekarar 1935. Daban-daban gyare-gyare suna amfani a yau. Alal misali, Soviet embodiment na jirgin sama ya Li-2.

Sama na farko jirage da aka bayyana. Sunayen na babban gasa a kasuwa na fasinja a jirgin sama - Boeing da kuma Airbus.

"Boeing"

A Amirka, kamfanin Boeing ya dawo a cikin m 1916. Tun daga nan an Manufacturing jirgin sama, da farko don sifirin jiragen sama, ko da yake akwai kuma soja kai model. Cikin shahararrun sunayen da fasinja a jirgin sama kamfanonin - Boeing 737, Boeing 747, Boeing 747-8, Boeing 777 da kuma Boeing 787.

A farko na sama model aka saki a 1968, da kuma na zamani, shi ne mafi m dukkan fasinja a jirgin sama. Boeing 747 samar da shekara daga baya, shi ne wani majagaba tsakanin widebody jiragen. Boeing 747-8 - fasinja a jirgin sama tare da mafi girma da tsawon. Ya aka saki a 2010. Yau da kasuwar shi ne mafi girma fasinja jirgin sama samfurin Boeing 777 samo taro samar tun shekarar 1994. Da sabuwar model na kamfani a lokacin - Boeing 787 2009 shekarar da aka kafa.

"Airbus"

Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, da babban abokin adawarsa Boeing a duniya kasuwar ne Turai manufacturer Airbus, da tsakiyar ofishin aka located in Faransa. Yana da aka kafa da yawa daga baya fiye da American kishiya - a shekarar 1970. Cikin shahararrun sunayen kamfanin jirgin sama - A300, A320, A380 da kuma A350 XWB.

Saki a 1972, da A300 ne na farko da fadi-jiki jirgin sama a kan biyu injuna. A cikin A320 a 1988 da yi na farko-waya form of management an amfani a duniya. A380, wanda harbe har zuwa sararin sama a karo na farko a shekarar 2005, shi ne mafi girma a duniya. Shi ne iya kai a kan jirgin har zuwa ta 480 fasinjoji. Da sabuwar ci gaba ne A350 XWB. Ya main aiki ya yin gasa da baya sake Boeing 787. Kuma da wannan aiki cikin nasara copes da jiragen, obohodya abokin hamayyarsa cikin sharuddan yadda ya dace.

A Soviet fasinja jirage

A wani mai kyau matakin da shi aka wakilta Soviet fasinja jirgin sama masana'antu. Mafi yawa daga cikin model - ne jirgin sama "Tunisair". Sunayen manyan brands: Tu, Il, An kuma Yak.

A farko m jet jirgin sama da aka saki a 1955, da Tu-104. Tu-154, da farko Take-kashe abin da ya faru a shekara ta 1972, an dauki mafi m Soviet iska fasinja naúrar. Tu-144 1968 model shekara ya sami almara matsayi kamar yadda duniya ta farko jirgin sama, wanda ya gudanar ya karya da sauti shãmaki. Ya zai iya isa gudu daga sama zuwa 2.5 dubu. Km / h, kuma wannan rikodi don mu lokacin da aka ba dukan tsiya. A lokacin, na karshe aiki model na wani jirgin sama kirar Tupolev ci gaba da Design ofishin, a Tu-204 1990 model shekara, kazalika da canji na Tu-214.

Da sauƙi, kuma Tu akwai wasu jirage "Tunisair". The sunayen daga cikin rare: il-18, il-114, il-103, An-24, An-28, Yak-40 da kuma Yak-42.

Jiragen sauran kasashe

Bayan sama, akwai sananne model da sauran masana'antun na fasinja a jirgin sama.

Birtaniya jiragen De Havilland tauraro mai wutsiya, aka saki a 1949, shi ne na farko a cikin tarihin duniya jet jirgin sama. Fame samu Franco-Birtaniya Concorde jirgin sama, tsara a shekarar 1969. Ya gangara a tarihi godiya ga gaskiya cewa shi ne na biyu nasara yunkurin (bayan Tu-144) da samar da wani supersonic fasinja a jirgin sama. Kuma har yanzu wadannan biyu jirgin sama a wannan batun ne na musamman, muddin babu wanda kuma ya iya saki dace da taro amfani jirgin sama, iya tafiya da sauri fiye da sauti.

transporters

Babban manufar kai da jirgin sama ne sufuri na kaya a tsawon nisa.

Daga cikin inji da irin wannan zama dole to designate da Western model na fasinja a jirgin sama modified karkashin kai bukatun: Douglas MD-11F, da Airbus A330-200F, da Airbus A300-600ST kuma Boeing 747-8F.

Ã'a, mafi yawansu duk a samar da sufuri da jirgin sama ya zama sanannen Soviet, da kuma yanzu da Ukrainian Antonov Design ofishin mai suna. Yana samar da jiragen sama cewa kullum doke duniya rikodin for wajibi: AN-22, 1965 (damar - 60 m), Ru-124 1984 (iya aiki - 120 ton), AN-1988 225 g (253 daukan kan jirgin, 8 m). Bugawa model nasa ne ya ba tukuna aka karya rikodin payloads. Bugu da kari, shi ya shirya ya yi amfani da su safarar Soviet sarari jigila "Buran", amma aikin da aka ba a aiwatar, tare da rushewar Tarayyar Soviet.

A cikin Rasha Federation, duk ba haka ba ne Rosy da kai da jirgin sama. Sunayen Rasha jirgin sama ne kamar haka: il-76, il-112 da kuma Il-214. Amma matsalar shi ne cewa Il-76 samar yau aka ɓullo da a lokacin Soviet zamanin, a 1971, da kuma sauran suna shirin zuwa fara kawai a shekara ta 2017.

aikin gona da jirgin sama

Akwai jirgin sama, wanda ayyuka sun hada da karža filayen da magungunan kashe qwari, herbicides da sauran magunguna. Wannan irin jirgin sama kayan aiki kira gona.

Daga Soviet model na wadannan na'urorin da aka sani ga U-2, kuma AN-2, wanda suke saboda da takamaiman aikace-aikace da aka fi sani da "masara".

Unit Speed

Bugu da kari ga rarrabuwa na jirgin sama ga sauran dalilai, wanda muka yi karatu a cikin daki-daki, a sama, akwai wasu daban na martaba. Wannan ya hada da rarrabuwa na jirgin gudun. A kan tushen da jirgin sama ya kasu kashi da wadannan Categories: subsonic, transonic jirgin sama, supersonic da hypersonic jirgin sama.

Ba shi da wuya a gane cewa subsonic jirgin sama koma sannu a hankali sauti. Transonic jirgin sama tashi a gudun kusa Sonic, supersonic shawo kan sauti shãmaki, kuma hypersonic wuce wannan adadi fiye da sau biyar.

A lokacin, ya fi sauri a duniya shi ne wani gwaji hypersonic inji daga US X-43A a 2001. Ya iya samun up don bugun 11.200 km / h. A karo na biyu wuri, ya takwararta X-15, da aka sake dawo a cikin m 1959. The gudun 7273 km / h. Idan muka yi magana ba game da gwaji na'ura, amma daga waɗanda jiragen sama cewa yin takamaiman ayyuka, sa'an nan akwai gasar a SR-71 American, iya samar da gudu har zuwa 3530 km / h. da supersonic MiG-25 ya kamata a kasaftawa tsakanin m motocin. Its matsakaicin kudi na gudun iya isa har zuwa 3000 km / h.

A fasinja a jirgin sama tare da gudun abubuwa ne mafi sharri. Yau bayar kawai biyu supersonic jiragen: gida Tu-144 (1968) da kuma Franco-Birtaniya Concorde (1969). A farko daga cikin wadannan ne wajen samar da high-gudun yi na zuwa 2.5 dubu. Km / h, wanda shi ne mai rikodin na sifirin jiragen sama, amma na jirgin sama na duk alƙawura ne kawai goma wuri. Ya kamata kuma a lura da cewa a wannan lokacin akwai wani daya daga cikin supersonic jirgin sama, wanda ya kasance a cikin aiki tun da yin amfani da Tu-144 ƙi ko da baya a 1978, da kuma yin amfani da Concorde aka tsaya a shekarar 2003.

Hypersonic fasinja jirgin sama taba kasancewa ba. Duk da haka, yanzu akwai da dama ayyukan, duka biyu cikin gida da kuma waje zane ofisoshin domin samar da hypersonic jirgin sama. Daga gare su, mafi shahara da kasancewa Turai ZEHST. A jirgin sama ne iya gudu zuwa 5.0 dubu. Km / h, amma lokacin da na halitta m. A Rasha, akwai biyu irin ayyukan - Tu-244 da kuma Tu-444, amma a wannan lokacin sun kasance su biyu daskarewa.

Sauran iri rarrabuwa

Bisa ga yawan injuna daga jirgin sama a can a jere daga daya- to dvenadtsatidvigatelnyh.

Bisa ga irin engine jiragen sama ya kasu kashi da wadannan Categories: tare da wani lantarki mota, fistan, turboprop, jet, roka, kazalika da inji tare da hada engine.

By irin shasi rarrabuwa na jirgin sama a gaba: ƙafafun, ski, hovercraft, crawler, taso kan ruwa, amphibian. Halitta, ya fi na kowa ne jirgin sama tare da wheeled shasi.

By nauyi na jirgin sama ya kasu kashi superlogkie, haske motocin, matsakaici-nauyi jirgin sama, nauyi da kuma Super nauyi.

Bisa ga yawan fuka-fuki a cikin shugabanci na rage adadin su, a jirgin sama ya kasu kashi polyplane, triplane, biplanes, monoplanes da polutoraplany.

Akwai kuma rarrabuwa bisa ga girman da fuselage: single-hanya da kuma fadi-jiki.

Management irin rarrabuwa jirgin sama zuwa kashi manned da unmanned m motocin.

A siffar duk jirgin sama Take-kashe za a iya raba da wadannan Categories: tsaye Take-kashe, a kwance, kuma short.

bambancin

Mun san cewa shi ne mai rarrabuwa na jirgin sama iri, iri, sunayen ma yayi nazari. Kamar yadda ka gani, shi nuna manya-manyan yawan model tare da daban-daban ayyuka, wanda da sosai daban-daban bayani dalla-dalla. Duniya na jirgin sama ne da gaske m, kuma daya review ba zai bayyana kome a nasa bangaren.

Duk da haka, wani janar ra'ayin, mun samar da a kan wannan batu zai iya, bayyana da ya fi shahara da jiragen sama na kunshe a cikin labarin. Iri da kuma sunayen, duk da manyan number, har yanzu gaske shirya wani hanya, to bayyana jigon da topic.