Sulfuric acid. Formula, Properties, shiri da kuma yin amfani da

Sulfuric acid ne tarihi sunan: mai na vitriol. A binciken da na acid fara a zamanin da, a cikin rubuce-rubucen, shi ne aka bayyana: Helenanci likita Dioscorides, Roman halittu Pliniy Starshy, Musulunci alchemists Geber, Razi da Ibn Sina da sauransu. A Sumer akwai jerin vitriol, wanda ake classified da launi na abu. A zamaninmu, da kalmar "vitriol" unites crystalline hydrates sulfates na divalent karafa.

A 17th karni, Dutch, Jamus sunadarai Johann Glauber sulfuric acid samu ta hanyar kona sulfur da potassium nitrate (KNO3) a gaban ruwa tururi. A 1736, Dzhoshua Uord (a harhaɗa magunguna daga London), wannan hanya da ake amfani da a samar. Wannan lokaci za a iya daukarsa a matsayin wani batu na reference, a lokacin da riga mai manyan sikelin fara da za a samar da sulfuric acid. Yana Formula (H2SO4), kullum zaci za a shigar Swedish sunadarai Berzelius (1779-1848) shiru daga baya.

Berzelius amfani alphabetic haruffa (kaddamarda sinadaran abubuwa) da kuma ƙananan dijital Lambobin (nuna ta lambar a cikin DNA, sunadaran da ba irin) gano cewa, a cikin daya kwayoyin ƙunshi 1 sulfur zarra (S), biyu hydrogen atoms (H) da kuma 4 oxygen zarra (Ya ). Tun wannan lokacin, shi ya zama sananne ingantaccen da kuma gwada yawa abun da ke ciki na DNA, da cewa shi ne, a cikin harshen da sunadarai bayyana sulfuric acid.

A tsarin dabara, nuna graphically da juna tsari na kwayoyin halitta a cikin kwayoyin da sinadaran shaidu tsakanin su (sun yawanci denoted da Lines) ta sanar da cewa cibiyar da kwayoyin ne a sulfur zarra wanda shi ne na biyu bonded zuwa biyu oxygen kwayoyin halitta. Tare da sauran biyu oxygen atoms to kowanne daga wanda aka a haɗe a hydrogen zarra, da sulfur zarra ma da alaka da guda shaidu.

Properties

Sulfuric acid - colorless ko dan kadan rawaya, danko sosai ruwa, mai narkewa a cikin ruwa a duk yawa. Yana da wani karfi ma'adinai acid. Acid ne sosai lalatattu zuwa karafa (mayar da hankali interacts da baƙin ƙarfe ba tare da dumama, kuma shi passivates) kankara, dabba kyallen takarda ko wasu kayan. Yana yana high hygroscopicity kuma a furta da karfi oxidant Properties. A zazzabi na 10.4 ° C acid solidifies. Lokacin da ya kona zuwa 300 ° C kusan 99% acid hasarar sulfur trioxide (SO3).

Da kaddarorin canja dangane da taro na wani ruwa-ruwa bayani. Akwai kowa sunaye suna acid mafita. Tsarma acid da aka dauke su 10%. Sauya - daga 29 zuwa 32%. A yawa kasa da 75% (as bayyana a ISO 2184) shi ne ake kira da hasumiya. Idan taro na 98%, to, shi zai zama sulfuric acid mai karfi. dabara (Chemical ko tsarin) a duk lokuta zauna canzawa.

Lokacin da narkar da a mayar da hankali sulfuric acid, sulfur trioxide ko oleum aka kafa fuming sulfuric acid, ta dabara iya rubuta kamar: H2S2O7. Net acid (H2S2O7) ne mai ɗamfarar ciwon narkewa zafin jiki na 36 ° C. sulfuric acid hydration dauki halin da a saki zafi a cikin manyan yawa.

Diluted acid da aka mayar da martani tare da wani karfe da martani tare da wanda farfado da karfi oxidant Properties. Wannan ya mayar da sulfuric acid, kafa dabara abubuwa kunshe da rage (zuwa 4, 0 ko -2) a sulfur zarra, na iya zama: SO2, S ko H2S.

Yana reacts tare da wadanda ba karafa, msl, carbon ko sulfur:

2 H2SO4 + C → 2 SO2 + CO2 + 2 H2O

2 H2SO4 + S → 3 SO2 + 2 H2O

Reacts tare da sodium chloride:

H2SO4 + NaCl → NaHSO4 + HCI

An halin wani electrophilic canzawa dauki na wani hydrogen zarra a haɗe zuwa benzene zobe na aromatic fili ga -SO3H kungiyar.

liyafar

A 1831, da fil aka jadadda mallaka Hanyar samun H2SO4, wanda shi ne a halin yanzu babban. Yau mafi yawan sulfuric acid da aka samar ta amfani da wannan hanya. A raw kayan amfani sulphide tama (yawanci baƙin ƙarfe pyrite FeS2), wanda aka ƙone a musamman Tanderu, game da shi, kafa calcined gas. Tun da gas zafin jiki ne daidai to 900 ° C, to, shi da aka sanyaya sulfuric acid tare da wani taro na 70%. A gas a cikin cyclone da electrostatic precipitator an tsabtace daga turɓãya a wankin hasumiyoyin da wani acid taro na 40 da kuma 10% na kara kuzari poisons (As2O5 da sunadarin flourine), rigar electrostatic precipitators na acid aerosol. Next, da calcined gas dauke 9% sulfur dioxide (SO2), bushe da kuma ciyar da zuwa lamba na'ura. Wucewa ta hanyar 3 yadudduka na vanadium kara kuzari, SO2 da aka oxidized zuwa SO3. Don soke da kafa sulfur trioxide, mayar da hankali sulfuric acid da aka yi amfani da. Formula bayani da sulfur trioxide (SO3) a anhydrous sulfuric acid ne H2S2O7. A wannan nau'i oleum a karfe tankuna da aka hukunta zuwa ga mabukaci inda aka diluted zuwa da ake so taro.

aikace-aikace

Saboda daban-daban sinadaran Properties, H2SO4 yana da fadi da kewayon aikace-aikace. A samar da acid da kanta, kamar yadda wani electrolyte a wani gubar acid batura zuwa tsirar da daban-daban masu shara, shi ne kuma wani muhimmin reactant a cikin sinadaran masana'antu. Haka kuma an yi amfani da a samar da: alcohols, robobi, dyes, roba, ester, adhesives, nakiyoyi, soaps da ƙuna, magunguna, da ɓangaren litattafan almara da kuma takarda, man fetur.