Styles na harshe da kuma jawabin styles. Aikin harshe styles

Manhajan na'ura - shi ne iri-iri, wanda bauta wa da daya ko wasu gefe na rayuwar zamantakewa. Dukan su da wasu na kowa saituna: manufar ko amfani da halin da ake ciki, da tsari a cikin abin da suka wanzu, da kuma wani sa na albarkatun ilimin harshe.

The sosai ra'ayi da aka samu daga kalmar Helenanci "stilos", wanda nufi mai sanda ga wasika. A matsayin kimiyya horo ya dauka siffar a cikin style na twenties karni na ashirin da. Daga cikin wadanda suka yi cikakken bincike kan matsalolin da stylistics, ya M. V. Lomonosov, F. Buslaev, G. O. Vinokur, E. D. Polivanov. Tsanani hankali ne ya biya zuwa mutum aikin styles D. E. Rosenthal, VV Vinogradov, M. N. Kozhina da sauransu.

Biyar styles na magana a Rasha harshen

Aikin harshe styles - ne wasu siffofin na magana da kanta, ko ta zamantakewa jinsunan, musamman ƙamus da kuma nahawu, wanda dace da ikon yinsa, da kuma hanyar tunani.

A Rasha, suna al'ada kasu kashi biyar iri:

• Elementary.
• na aikin kasuwanci.
• bincike.
• publicist.
• Art.

Standards da Concepts na kowane dogara a kan tarihi da kuma zamanin da canji na tsawon lokaci. Har XVII karni salon magana da bookish ƙamus sãɓã wa jũna ƙwarai. Rasha harshen zama da wallafe-wallafen kawai a cikin XVIII karni, godiya sun fi mayar da} o} arin na M. V. Lomonosova. Modern harshen style fara dauki siffar a lokaci guda.

Haihuwa na styles

A zamanin d lokaci akwai coci adabi, kasuwanci takardun da tarihin. Magana yau da kullum da harshen sãɓã wa jũna daga gare su karfi da isa. A daidai wannan lokaci, cikin gida da kuma kasuwanci takardun da yawa a cikin na kowa. M. V. Lomonosov ya sanya don canja halin da ake ciki mai yawa kokarin.

Ya ya ba da dalilin da tsoho ka'idar, nuna rubutu da high, low kuma tsakiyar styles. A cewar ta, Rasha wallafe-wallafen harshen da aka kafa a sakamakon da hadin gwiwa na kungiyar na littafin da kuma salon magana bambance-bambancen karatu. Ta dauki matsayin tushen stylistically tsaka tsaki siffofin da maganganu na daya da kuma sauran, a yarda da yin amfani da mutane ta maganganu, kuma Yanã ƙuntatãwa da yin amfani da kadan-sani da kuma takamaiman Slavonicisms. Godiya ga M. V. Lomonosovu sa'an nan data kasance kimiyya harshen styles bayansa.

Daga bisani, A. S. Pushkin ba impetus ga kara raya style. Aikinsa aza harsashin ga art style.

Moscow ta umarni da kuma ta Peter ya gyara aikinsa, sun asalin da hukuma-kasuwanci harshe. A zamanin d tarihi, wa'azin da kuma koyarwar kafa tushen aikin jaridar style. A cikin wallafe-wallafen version, shi ya fara daukar siffar ne kawai a cikin XVIII karni. Don kwanan wata, duk 5 harshen styles ake yi wa ado quite a fili da kuma samun nasu subspecies.

conversational iyali

Kamar yadda sunan ya nuna, wannan style of jawabin amfani a yau da kullum sadarwa. A bambanci ga jargon da yaruka, shi dogara ne a kan wallafe-wallafen lexicon. Da ikon yinsa - a halin da ake ciki, inda babu wani sarari na aikin dangantakar dake tsakanin jam'iyyun. A rayuwar yau da kullum, yi amfani da yafi tsaka tsaki kalmomi da phrases (misali, "blue", "doki", "hagu"). Amma ba za ka iya amfani da kalmomi magana da canza launi ( "cloakroom", "rashin lokaci").

Tu magana ne uku subspecies: obihodno-mabukaci, kasuwanci-obihodno da epistolary. A karshen sun hada da masu zaman kansu da rubutu. Colloquially, kasuwanci - zaɓi don sadarwa a wani m saitin. Firamare da na aikin kasuwanci harshen styles (darasi ko lacca iya zama a matsayin wani misali) a cikin wani hankali, wannan subspecies da aka raba tsakanin su, kamar yadda za a iya dangana, kuma akwai kuma akwai.

Na wasa sadarwa damar saba, m da kuma rage magana, kazalika da kalmomi tare da evaluative suffixes (misali "domische", "zomo", "alfahari"). Conversational style gida na iya zama sosai mai haske da kuma wuyansa saboda da amfani da phraseology da kalmomi tare da haushi ma'ana inuwa ( "slack", "blizehonko", "yan'uwa", "taƙawa", "yubchonka").

Yadu amfani daban-daban cuts - "unsatisfactory", "motar asibiti", "takaice madara". Magana da harshen da sauki fiye da a littafin - da bai dace ba yin amfani da participles da gerunds, multipartite hadaddun sentences. A general, wannan style daidai da wallafe-wallafen, amma a lokaci guda na da peculiarities.

kimiyya style

Ya, kazalika da hukuma kasuwanci, shi ne sosai m a zabin da kalmomi da maganganu da cewa sharply Narrows da ikon yinsa, daga cikin halatta. Kimiyya style na Rasha harshen ba da damar yare, jargon, salon magana maganganu, kalmomi tare da wani tunanin overtones. Yana hidima da fanni na kimiyya da masana'antu.

Tun da manufar kimiyya texts - su gabatar da bincike binciken, haƙiƙa facts, shi ya sa bukatar to abun da ke ciki da kuma kalmomin da amfani. Yawanci, da jerin gabatar ne kamar haka:

• gabatarwar - sanarwa na matsalar, manufofin, batun.
• babban part - bincike da kasawa daga zabin, da jawo jarrabawa, hujja.
• A karshe - da amsa ga tambayar da manufa.

A samfurin a cikin wannan salo da aka gina da kwakwalensu, shi bauta iri biyu bayanai: facts, sa'an nan, kamar yadda marubucin su shirya.

Kimiyya da harshen style sa m amfani da sharuddan, da prefix} in, bi-, quasi-, hannun aljannu a ciki -skeleton kari na baya baki, ism, -No-e (antibodies, bipolar, supernova, masu zama a gida rayuwa, symbolism, cloning). Bugu da ƙari, cikin sharuddan ba su zama game da kansu - sai suka samar da wani hadadden cibiyar sadarwa na dangantaka da tsarin: daga general da musamman, daga dukan zuwa sassa, da HALITTAR / nau'in ainihi / hamayya da juna, da sauransu.

Essential sharudda kamar rubutu - objectivity da kuma daidaito. Objectivity ware haushi cajin harshe, motsin rai, art Figures na magana, shi ne bai dace ba nan don kai da labarin a cikin ta farko mutum. Daidaito ne sau da yawa hade da sharuddan. Kamar yadda wani hoto, wani sharhin, an ɗauko daga littafin Anatoliya Fomenko, "Hanyar da Ilmin Lissafi bincike na tarihi texts."

A mataki na "rikitaccen" na kimiyya rubutu dogara da farko a kan manufa masu sauraro da kuma manufar - wanda shi ne aka yi nufi da samfurin, nawa ilimi mai yiwuwa da wadannan mutane, ko za su iya gane abin da yake a kan gungumen azaba. A fili yake cewa a irin wannan taron, kamar makaranta darasi na Rasha harshen, magana, kuma magana styles bukatar sauki, da kuma wata lacca ga m high school darussa za su dace da hadaddun kimiyya terminology.

Hakika, mai girma wasan kwaikwayo da kuma sauran dalilai - taken (a cikin fasaha harshen kimiyya stricter kuma mafi kayyade fiye da a cikin al'adu) salo.

A cikin wannan salon akwai tsananin bukatun ga rajista na rubuta aiki: ubangijinsa da doctoral theses, monographs, makala.

Substyles nuances da kuma kimiyya magana

Bugu da kari ga ainihin gudanar da bincike, ware karin kimiyya-ilimi da kimiyya-m subgenres. Kowane aka yi amfani domin wani qayyadadden dalili kuma don wani takamaiman masu sauraro. Wadannan harshen styles - misalai daban-daban, amma a lokaci guda, kama a bayyanar sadarwa gudana.

Bincike da Horar da sub-nau'o'i - wani irin haske version na asali style, a cikin abin da adabi aka rubuta waɗanda suka yi kawai fara gano wani sabon yanki. Wakilai - litattafan ga manyan makarantu, kolejoji, makaranta (high school), wani ɓangare na kai-taimako, wasu wallafe-wallafe, don tsara sabon shiga (nan - wani sharhin, an ɗauko daga cikin tunani littafi domin high makarantu: marubuta Slastenin V. Isayev AI da kuma sauran, "Pedagogy littafi .. ").

Kimiyya-m sub-nau'o'i - sauqin fahimta fiye da sauran biyu. Its manufa - bayyana ga sauraronsa hadaddun facts da kuma matakai da sauki kuma m harshe. Daban-daban kundayen "101 al'amari game da ..." da aka rubuta da shi.

Official kasuwanci

mafi dai da na 5 Rasha harshen styles. Ana amfani da shi don sadarwa tsakanin Amurka da cibiyoyin da juna da kuma tare da 'yan ƙasa. Shin wata hanyar sadarwa a tsakanin mutane, a wuraren aiki, a} ungiyoyi, a cikin sabis na kansu, a cikin jiki na aikin hukuma wajibai.

Official kasuwanci style yana nufin littafi-rubuce-rubuce, shi da ake amfani a cikin matani na dokokin, umarni, kwangila, ayyukansu, ikon lauya da kuma irin wannan takardun. The baka form aka yi amfani da jawabai, rahotanni, sadarwa a tsarin na wani aiki dangantaka.

Aka gyara na aikin hukuma style

A general category gano wani yawan sub-nau'o'i:

• Dokoki. Ana amfani da baki da kuma a rubuce, a cikin dokokin, da dokoki, da hukunce hukuncen, umarnin, Bayani haruffa, shawarwari, da kuma umarnin, itemized da kuma na sarrafawa comments. Wasiyyarsu ne da baki sauti a lokacin da majalisar muhawara da Rokon.
• Yanke hukunci - wanzu a baka da kuma rubuta siffofin, amfani da kuma wanda aka, da fatawar, kama su bisa, farillai, Rokon, procedural ayyukan. Bugu da kari, shi za a iya ji a lokacin shari'a muhawara, tattaunawa a kan jama'a 'liyafar da sauransu. D.
• Gudanarwa - a rubuce aka gane a cikin umarni, da dokoki, yanke shawara, kwangila, aiki da inshora kwangila, hukuma haruffa, daban-daban ro, telegrams, so, Yarjejeniyar, tarihin, rahotanni, receipts, shipping takardun. The baka nau'i na administrative sub-nau'o'i - umarni, auctions, kasuwanci tattaunawar, jawabai a receptions, auctions, tarurruka, da dai sauransu ...
• Diplomatic. Wannan Genre a rubuce za a iya samu a cikin nau'i na yarjejeniyarsu, gunduma, yarjejeniyar, alkawarinsu, ladabi, na sirri bayanin kula. The baka form - wata sanarwar, memorandums, hadin gwiwa kalamai.

The hukuma-kasuwanci style sa phrases amfani rayayye kalubalantar kungiyoyi kuma fi'ili sunaye:

• bisa ...
• bisa ga ...
• a kan tushen da ...
• saboda ...
• saboda ...
• saboda ...

Kawai kimiyya da na aikin kasuwanci harshen styles da hujjõji tsari da kuma tsarin. A wannan yanayin, da aikace-aikace, CV, memo, katin shaida aure takardar shaidar da sauransu.

Domin style ne halin tsaka tsaki sautin na labari, da kai tsaye kalma domin, hadaddun sentences, brevity, conciseness, rashin individuality. Yadu amfani musamman terminology, abbreviations, musamman ƙamus da kuma phraseology. Wani shahararren alama - mai cliché.

publicistic

Aikin harshe styles ne sosai peculiar. Aikin jaridar - shi ne ba togiya. Ana amfani da a kafofin watsa labarai, jama'a da kuma ambata adabi, a lokacin na siyasa, shari'a wasanni. Mafi sau da yawa shi za a iya samu a cikin samfurori na rediyo da talabijin shirye-shirye, jaridar articles, mujallu, leaflets, rallies.

Karatun ne aka yi nufi ga mai fadi masu sauraro, don haka akwai wuya samu takamaiman sharuddan, kuma idan akwai, suka nemi su bayyana a cikin wannan rubutu. Yana wanzu ba kawai a cikin jawabin da rubuce-rubuce - kuma an samu a cikin daukar hoto, film, mai hoto da kuma pictorial, Theatrical, ban mamaki da kuma fi'ili-m form.

Aikin jaridar style of harshen biyu main ayyuka: bayanai da kuma tasiri. A farko aiki - to kai ga mutane da hujjoji. Na biyu - ƙirƙiri dama ra'ayi, zuwa tasiri da ra'ayi daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru. Bayani aiki na bukatar da rahotonka sahihanci a idanun da m data ne ban sha'awa ba kawai ga marubucin, amma kuma karatu. Mukaddashin kamar yadda ya gane ta cikin sirri ra'ayi na marubucin, ya kira zuwa mataki, da kuma Hanyar gabatar.

Bayan musamman domin wannan musamman style, akwai da na kowa harshe a general siffofin: sadarwa, ma'ana da kuma na ado.

sadarwa aiki

Communication - babban da janar matsala na harshe, wanda bayyana kanta a dukan siffofin da styles. Babu shakka duk styles na harshe da kuma jawabin styles ne sadarwa aiki. A aikin jarida guda matani da kuma wasanni ake nufi don wani m masu sauraro, da bayani da aka gane ta hanyar haruffa da kuma wayar da kira na masu karatu, panel tattaunawa, tambayoyi. Wannan na bukatar cewa rubutu ya bayyana da kuma sauki ga masu karatu don fahimtar.

ma'ana aiki

A jarida da rubutu a bayyane ga ainihi na marubucin, wanda zai iya bayyana su hali zuwa events, a raba su da ra'ayi. A daban-daban nau'o'i na marubucin a daban-daban mataki na 'yanci - emotionality hali na wani karamin littafi ko wani talk show rundunar, amma ba a maraba a bayanai rubutu ko labarai release.

Zancen kamata ba je bayan m iyaka - wajibi ne a girmama dokokin magana al'adu da kuma magana da motsin zuciyarmu ba zai iya zama cikin tafin kafa haƙiƙa.

Da na ado aiki

Dukkan 5 styles na jawabin na Rasha harshen, wannan aiki ne ba kawai a cikin biyu. A wallafe-wallafen texts ilmi taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin aikin jarida ta rawa ne da yawa kasa. Duk da haka, karanta ko sauraron tsararren, da tunanin fitar, daidaita rubutu yawa nicer. Saboda haka, yana da kyawawa don kula da ado ingancin in wani daga cikin nau'o'i.

Nau'o'i na aikin jarida

Ciki da babban style asirce da yawa dauke da amfani da nau'o'i:

• oratorical magana.
• ƙasida.
• muqala.
• rahoton.
• lampoon.
• tambayoyi.
• takarda da sauransu.

Kowane daga cikinsu yana amfani da wasu yanayi: ƙasida matsayin wani nau'i na m da aikin jaridar ayyukan da aka yawanci directed da wata jam'iyyar siyasa, a zaman sabon abu, ko da tsarin siyasa a general, da rahoto - mai sauri da kuma m sako daga scene, art - mai salo tare da wanda marubucin Yana nazarin wasu abubuwan da suka faru, facts, kuma yana ba su nasu kima da kuma fassarar.

art style

All styles na harshe da kuma jawabin styles an bayyana ta hanyar art. Shi ake bayyana ji da kuma tunani na marubucin, rinjayar da karatu ta kwatanci. Yana yana amfani da duk kayan aikin da na sauran styles, da bambancin da richness na harshe, halin da hasashe, da tausaya, mayar da hankali magana. Ana amfani da wallafe-wallafe.

An muhimmanci alama wannan salon ne ilmi - a nan shi ne, kamar yadda sun yi tsayayya da aikin jarida, a bukata kashi.

Akwai nau'I hudu na m styles:

• almara.
• lyrical.
• Drama.
• a hade.

Kowace daga cikin wadannan danginsu na da tsarin kula da taron nuni. Idan muka magana game da almara, zai zama akwai yafi cikakken labarin game da batun ko taron a lokacin da marubucin da kansa, ko wani daga cikin haruffa zai yi aiki a cikin rawar da ya riwaito.

A lyrical labari mayar da hankali a kan ra'ayi cewa taron bar marubucin. A nan ne babban abubuwan, abin da ke faruwa a ciki da duniya.

Ban mamaki m wakiltar wani batu a mataki, da nuna shi kewaye da sauran abubuwa da kuma abubuwan da suka faru. A ka'idar wadannan uku danginsu ciki V. G. Belinskomu. A "m" nau'i, kowanne daga cikin wadannan shi ne rare. Kwanan nan, wasu mawallafa gane wani irin - a hade.

Bi da bi, almara, lyric, ban mamaki hanyoyin da bayanin abubuwan da suka faru da kuma batutuwa kasu kashi nau'o'i: tatsuniyoyi, da labaru, short labarin, labari, Ode, wasan kwaikwayo, waka, comedy, kuma mafi.

The m style of harshen yana da halaye:

• Yana amfani a hade da albarkatun ilimin harshe na sauran styles.
• form, tsari da harshe, da kayayyakin aiki da ake zaba daidai da ra'ayi da kuma ra'ayin marubucin;
• amfani da takamaiman adadin magana, abin da ya ba da rubutu M da m;
• babban muhimmanci ne na ado aiki.

Akwai suna yadu amfani hanya (Misalin misãli kwatanta synecdoche) da kuma stylistic Figures (default epithet, epiphora, hyperbola, metonymy).

M image - style - harshe

Marubucin na da wani aiki, ba wai kawai da wallafe-wallafen, yana bukatar wani wajen domin lamba tare da viewer ko karatu. Kowane art nau'i na da hanyar sadarwa. Ga kuma akwai wani trilogy - wani m image, style da kuma harshe.

Hoton - a Generic tsarin kula da duniya, kuma rai, ya bayyana ta artist yin amfani da su zaba harshe. Shi ne wani janar category na art, wani nau'i na fassarar duniya da samar da aesthetically data kasance da wurin.

M hanya kuma ana kiranta da wani sabon abu, sake ƙirƙirarsu by marubucin a cikin aikin. Its ma'anar an saukar da shi kawai a cikin hulda da karatu ko kallo: cewa shi zai yi wani mutumin da yake ganin ya dogara da ya raga, hali, wani tunanin jihar, al'adu da dabi'u, a cikin abin da ya tãyar da su.

Na biyu kashi na triad "image - style - harshe" tana nufin wani musamman rubutun hannu peculiar da marubucin ko cikin zamanin hade da hanyoyin da dabarun. A art, akwai uku daban-daban Concepts - style na zamanin (maida hankali ne akan tarihi lokaci, wanda aka halin sun kowa fasali, kamar Victoria ta lokaci), na kasa (a karkashin shi fahimtar siffofin da suke da na kowa zuwa takamaiman mutane, da al'umma, misali, Japan style) da kuma mutum ( muna magana ne game da artist, waɗanda ayyukansu da siffofin da suke ba muhimmi a cikin sauran quality, misali, Picasso).

Harshe da duk wani nau'i na art - da tsarin na gani kayan aikin tsara don bauta wa manufar marubucin don ƙirƙirar ayyukan ƙwarai, wani kayan aiki domin samar da m image. Yana damar sadarwa a tsakanin mahalicci da kuma masu sauraro, ba ka damar "fenti" surar da mafi musamman style fasali.

Kowane irin m amfani ga wannan wajen: zanen - launi, sassaka - ƙarfi music - irin murya, sauti. Tare da suke samar da wata Trinity Categories - m image, style, harshe, taimako don samun kusa da marubucin da kuma fahimtar su halitta.

Ya kamata a fahimci cewa, duk da bambance-bambance tsakanin su, styles ba samar da raba, sosai rufaffiyar tsarin. Sun iya kullum interpenetrate juna: ba kawai m amfani da harshe yana nufin wasu styles, amma na aikin kasuwanci yana da yawa da maki juna kimiyya (yanke hukunci game da 'yan majalisu subspecies ta sharuddan kusa ga waɗanda kimiyya tarbiyya).

Business ƙamus ratsa cikin magana da harshen, da kuma mataimakin versa. Aikin jaridar view of magana ne a hankali lauye da baki da kuma a rubuce tare da ikon yinsa, daga cikin magana da kuma rare kimiyya style.

Haka kuma, halin da harshe ba yana nufin wani abu barga. Ã'a a ce shi ne a tsauri ma'auni. Kullum akwai sabon Concepts, Rasha Dictionary supplemented da maganganu da ya zo daga sauran harsuna.

Samar da sabon siffofin kalmomi da taimakon data kasance mãsu girmansu. A m ci gaba na kimiyya da fasaha kuma rayayye taimaka wa enrichment na kimiyya style of magana. Mutane da yawa matsalolin daga cikin filin daga almarar kimiyya art koma cikin category na sosai m sharuddan, su ne wadanda ko wasu matakai da kuma mamaki. A kimiyya Concepts kunshe a talakawa magana.