Slavophiles - shi ... Trends a Falsafa. Slavophilism da Westernism

Aƙalla 40-50 shekaru na XIX karni a Rasha jama'a ware biyu kwatance - Slavophilism da Westernism. Slavophiles ciyar da ra'ayin "Rasha ta musamman hanya", yayin da abokan adawar su, kasashen yammaci kula ga bukatar su je a zambiyõyin da yammacin duniya, musamman a yankunan da ginin zamantakewa, al'adu da jama'a rayuwa.

Inda ya yi wadannan sharuddan?

"Slavophiles" - wani lokaci gabatar da sanannen mawãƙi Konstantin Batyushkov. Bi da bi, da kalmar "Westernization" na farko ya bayyana a Rasha al'ada a cikin 40s na karni na sha tara. A musamman, shi za a iya samu a "Memoirs" Ivana Panaeva. Sau da yawa sosai, ajalin fara yin amfani da bayan 1840, lokacin da akwai wani hutu da Belinsky Aksakov.

Tarihi bayyanar Slavophilism

Slavophilic, ba shakka, bai bayyana ne kwatsam "daga babu inda". Wannan aka riga da dukan zamanin na gudanar da bincike, rubutu da yawa kimiyya takardunku kuma wallafe, painstaking nazarin tarihi da al'adu na Rasha.

An yi imani da cewa a farkon sosai da wannan falsafa Trend ya Archimandrite Gabriel, kuma aka sani da Vasiliy Voskresensky. A 1840 ya buga a Kazan, "Rasha falsafa", wanda ya kasance a cikin hanyar wani barometer kunno kai Slavophilism.

Duk da haka, falsafar da Slavophiles fara fito fili dan lokaci daga baya, a cikin shakka daga akida da rigingimu da cewa sun taso a kan tushen da tattaunawa "da ilimin falsafa Letter" Chaadaev. Mabiya na wannan yanki sun ma'ana na mutum, da rarrabe hanyar tarihi ci gaban Rasha da kuma Rasha mutane, ta sha bamban daga yammacin Turai hanya. A cewar Slavophiles, Rasha ainihi da fari shi ne rashin aji gwagwarmaya a cikin tarihi, a cikin ƙasa, da Rasha al'umma da kuma hadin kan, kazalika a cikin Orthodox Church a kawai gaskiya Kiristanci.

Development Slavophil kwarara. Babban ideas

A 1840-ies. Slavophilic musamman na kowa a Moscow. A mafi kyau zukatan jihar taru a wallafe-wallafen na gyaran gashi Elagina, Pauline, Sverbeevyh - shi ne a nan cewa sun yi magana da juna, kuma sun kasance m tattaunawa da kasashen Yammaci.

Ya kamata a lura da cewa ayyuka da kuma ayyukan da Slavophiles aka tursasa ta katsalandan, wasu masu gwagwarmaya sun kasance a gaban 'yan sanda, da kuma wasu da aka kama ko da. Shi ne saboda wannan for quite lokaci mai tsawo ba su da wani m littafin da ya sanya ya zama bayanin kula da articles, yafi a shafukan da mujallar "Moskvityanin". Bayan wani m easing na yin katsalandan a cikin 50s Slavophils fara buga nasu mujallu ( "Karkara beautification", "Rasha tattaunawar") da kuma jaridu ( "Sail," jita-jita ").

Rasha dole ba koyi kuma dauko siffofin Yammacin siyasa - wannan tabbaci tabbata duk, ba tare da togiya, da Slavophiles. Wannan, duk da haka, bai hana su, su yi la'akari da shi wajibi ne ga aiki ci gaban masana'antu da kuma kasuwanci, banki, da ãdalci kasuwanci, da gabatarwar zamani kayan noma, da kuma gina hanyar jirgin kasa. Bugu da kari, da Slavophiles maraba da ra'ayin da yarjejeniyoyin da serfdom "daga sama" da m arziki na ƙasar mãkirci ga baƙauye al'ummomi.

Da yawa da hankali da aka biya zuwa ga addini da wanda Slavophiles ideas aka quite haɗa dangi. A cikin ra'ayi, da bangaskiya ta gaskiya, wadda ta zo a Rasha daga Gabas Church, ta tanadi na musamman, musamman tarihi manufa na Rasha mutane. Wannan orthodoxy da kuma al'ada, zamantakewa tsarin zai ba da damar samar da mafi zurfi tushe na Rasha rai.

A general, da Slavophiles mutane gane a cikin mazan jiya romanticism. Halayyar kasance a gare su idealization na da ka'idodinta traditionalism da patriarchal. A layi daya tare da cewa, da Slavophiles nemi ya jagoranci kawo dukkan don samun kusa da na kowa mutane, da nazarin rayuwar yau da kullum da kuma rayuwar yau da kullum, harshe da al'adu.

wakilan Slavophilism

A cikin XIX karni, da yawa marubuta, masana kimiyya da kuma kasida Slavophiles yi aiki a Rasha. Wakilai daga wannan shugabanci cewa cancanci na musamman da hankali - Khomyakov, Aksakov, Samarin. Shahararren Slavophiles sun Chizhov, Koshelev, Belyaev, Valuev, Lamanskii, Hilferding da Cherkassy.

Isasshe kusa ga wannan yanki a zama na gaba sun marubuta Ostrovsky, Tiutchev, Dahl, Harsuna da Grigoriev.

Tare da girmamawa da kuma sha'awa a cikin ra'ayoyin Slavophilism bi da mutunta masana ilimin harsuna da tarihi - Bodyansky, Grigorovich, Buslaev.

Tarihi na bayyanar kasashen yammaci

Slavophilism da Westernism da ciwon kamar daidai wannan lokacin, da kuma saboda haka, ka yi la'akari da wadannan falsafa igiyoyin da ake bukata a cikin hadaddun. Westernism Slavophilism matsayin m - shi ne shugabanci na Rasha mulkin gargajiya zamantakewa da tunani, kuma fito a cikin 40s na XIX karni.

Original ƙungiya tushe ga wakilan wannan Trend sun Moscow wallafe-wallafen na gyaran gashi. Asalin muhawara da ya faru a cikin su, sama-sama kuma realistically wanda aka nuna a cikin "My Past da Zamantakewa," Herzen.

Westernized ci gaba da kwarara. Babban ideas

A falsafar da Slavophiles da kuma kasashen yammaci ya bambanta da cika fuska. A musamman, da janar fasali na akidar kasashen yammaci sun hada da categorical kin amincewa da mulkin gargajiya serf tsarin siyasa, da tattalin arziki da kuma al'adu. Sun kasance a cikin ni'imar dauke da fitar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da sake fasalin a Yammacin model.

Wakilai daga kasashen yammaci yi imani da cewa ko da yaushe ya kasance da yiwuwar domin kafa wani bourgeois-demokra] iyya gwamnatin ta hanyar lumana, da hanyoyin furofaganda da ilimi. Suna nuna babban yabo da sake fasalin gudanar da Bitrus I, da kuma dauke shi da taƙawa zuwa maida kuma samar da ra'ayin jama'a a cikin irin wannan hanya da cewa daular mulkinsu da aka tilasta gudanar da bourgeois sake fasalin.

Yammaci yi imani da cewa cin nasara da tattalin arziki da zamantakewa ci baya na Rasha ya kamata ba za a kudi na 'yan asalin al'adun, amma saboda da kwarewa na Turai, da dogon-tafi a gaba. A wannan yanayin, ba su mayar da hankali a kan bambance-bambance tsakanin kasashen yamma da Rasha, amma a kan dukan, cewa ya ba da su al'adu da tarihi da makoma.

A farkon matakai na falsafa bincike kasashen yammaci musamman rinjayi da ayyukan Schiller, Schilling da Hegel.

Tsaga kasashen yammaci a tsakiyar 40s. XIX karni

A cikin tsakiyar forties na XIX karni akwai wani muhimman hakkokin tsaga a kasashen yammaci yanayi. Haka ya faru bayan wata muhawara Granovsky, da kuma na Herzen. A sakamakon da aka biyu kwatance Westernized yayi: da masu sassaucin ra'ayi da kuma neman sauyi-demokra] iyya.

A dalilin sa a cikin bambance-bambance game da addini. Idan sassaucin ra'ayi kare da rukunan da kurwa marar mutuwa, da Democrats, bi da bi, da aka dogara ne a kan matsayi na jari-hujja da kuma basu yarda.

Daban-daban da kuma ra'ayoyi game da hanyoyin da garambawul a Rasha da kuma post-gyare-gyare ci gaban jihar. Saboda haka, jam'iyyar Democrat bayar da shawarwari da ra'ayin neman sauyi gwagwarmaya domin kara gina gurguzanci.

A mafi girma da tasiri a kan da ra'ayoyi na kasashen yammaci a wannan lokaci sun ayyukan Comte, Feuerbach, kuma Saint-Simon.

A post-gyare-gyare lokaci a cikin yanayi na janar jari hujja cin Westernism daina wanzuwa a matsayin na musamman shugabanci na zamantakewa da tunani.

wakilan kasashen yammaci

The asali da'irar Moscow kasashen yammaci sun Granovskii, Hertzen, Korsch, Ketscher, Botkin, Ogarev Cavelin da t. D. hankali magana da da'irar Belinsky, wanda ya rayu a St. Petersburg. Gane kansu kamar yadda kasashen yammaci da kuma talented marubuci Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev.

Bayan abin da ya faru a cikin tsakiyar 40s. Annenkov tsaga, Korsch, Cavelin, Granovsky da kuma wasu sauran shugabannin zauna a gefen na sassaucin ra'ayi, da kuma Herzen, Belinsky da Ogarev canza sheka zuwa jam'iyyar Democrat.

Sadarwa tsakanin Slavophiles da kuma kasashen yammaci

Yana da daraja ambaton cewa wadannan falsafancin da aka haife a lokaci guda, su kafa akwai wakilai daga wannan tsara. Bugu da ƙari - da kuma kasashen yammaci da kuma Slavophiles zo daga guda zamantakewa yanayi revolved a wasu da'irori.

Fans of biyu theories suna kullum sadarwa da juna. Kuma sadarwar da aka ba ko da yaushe iyakance zuwa zargi: suka samu kansu a cikin wani taro, a cikin wannan da'irar, suna quite sau da yawa samu a cikin tunani da na akida abokan adawar wani abu kusa da nasu ra'ayi.

Kullum, mafi rigingimu ne daga cikin mafi girman al'adu matakin - da abokan adawar bi da juna tare da girmama juna da kuma saurara da kyau ga wasu gefe da kuma kokarin bayar da tabbatacce muhawara a cikin ni'imar da wuri.

Kamance tsakanin Slavophiles da kuma kasashen yammaci

Ba kirgawa rabu daga baya kasashen yammaci Democrats, da farko, na biyu da kuma gane da bukatar sake fasalin a Rasha da kuma warware matsalolin data kasance cikin salama, ba tare da juyin juya hali da zubar da jini. Slavophiles fassara shi a kansu hanya, mai danko to mafi ra'ayin mazan jiya views, amma kuma gane bukatar canji.

An yi imani da cewa irin hali to addini ya kasance daya daga cikin mafi husũma al'amurran da suka shafi a cikin akida da rigingimu tsakanin magoya bayan daban-daban theories. Duk da haka, a kan daidaita, shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa mutum factor ya taka a cikin wannan sosai muhimmiyar rawa. Saboda haka, da ra'ayoyi da Slavophiles aka fi mayar dangane da ra'ayin na ibada na Rasha mutane, da kusanci zuwa ga orthodoxy da tsananin kiyaye da dukkan addini hadisai. A daidai wannan lokaci da Slavophiles kansu, mafi yawansu ba su - ya zo daga wadanda mutane iyalansu ba ko da yaushe bi da ayyukan hajji na Church. Yammaci ma ba karfafa wuce kima taƙawa a mutumin, ko da yake wasu mambobi na yanzu (a m misali - P. Ya. Chaadaev) gaske imani da cewa ruhi da kuma, musamman, shi ne wani ɓangare daga Orthodox Rasha. Daga cikin wakilan biyu trends gabatar biyu muminai da kuma wadanda basu yarda.

Akwai kuma waɗanda suke ba su kasance a wani daga cikin wadannan trends, ranking uku yake kallon Pine. Alal misali, V. S. Solovov a cikin rubuce-rubucen, ya lura da cewa wani m bayani da babban al'amurran da suka shafi 'yan adam har yanzu ba a samu ko dai a Gabas ko a kasashen yamma. Wannan yana nufin cewa aiki a kan su tare dole ne duk, ba tare da togiya, aiki sojojin na bil'adama, sauraron juna da kuma tare kusa da wadata, da girma,. Soloviev yi imani da cewa "tsarki" da kuma kasashen yammaci "tsabta" Slavophiles - yana da iyaka, kuma mutane ba su iya haƙiƙa hukunci.

don takaita

Yammaci da kuma Slavophiles, babban ideas daga abin da muka riga muka bincika a wannan labarin, a gaskiya, sun utopians. Kasashen yamma da idealized waje hanya na ci gaba, da Turai da fasaha, su sau da yawa manta game da peculiarities na Rasha haukan da shekaru da haihuwa da bambance-bambance a cikin tunani na yammacin kuma Rasha. Slavophiles, bi da bi, ya yaba da image na Rasha mutane, sun karkata zuwa idealize jihar, da image na monarch da Orthodoxy. Kuma waɗanda kuma wasu ba su lura da barazana da juyin juya hali, da kuma har kwanan nan, ta yi fatan a warware matsalolin ta hanyar sake fasalin, a wani m hanya. Winner a cikin wannan m akida yaki ware ba zai yiwu ba, saboda jayayyar game da correctness na zaba hanyar Rasha ta ci gaba ba ya gushe ga wannan rana.