Shekara 1770: Battle of Chesma. hanyar yaki

Ka sani, a lokacin da akwai wani sojan ruwa yakin Chesma? 1770 kuma a yanzu bikin a Rasha. The Battle ya faru a Bay na Cesme a 1770, a kan Yuli 24-26 (5-7 Yuli), yankin tsakanin tsibirin na Chios da yammacinta iyakar Anatoliya. An sani cewa a yankin kasance a baya da yawa sojan ruwa yaƙi tsakanin Venetian Jamhuriyar kuma Ottoman Empire tsakanin Turkiya da kuma Rasha fleets. Battle ne wani ɓangare na biyu Peloponnesian haddin shari'a cikin 1769 da kuma share fagen da zuwan na Greek War daga mulki, (1821-1829 shekaru).

Yau ranar soja daukakar Rasha bikin ranar 7 ga watan Yuli - shi ne ranar da nasarar da Rasha rundunar motoci a kan Turks a yakin Chesma.

prehistory

Mutane da yawa saba adadi Chesme 1770. The yaƙi ya faru a wannan shekara. Da zarar a 1768-m Rasha yaki ya barke da Turkey, Rasha aika 'yan squadrons zuwa Bahar Rum daga Baltic. Ta so domin kawar da hankalin kasar Ottoman daga farko tarin tsiburai Fe (Black Sea jiragen ruwa), wanda ya kunshi sa'an nan na kawai shida battleships.

Biyu Rasha rundujar soja masu dawaki umarta ta Admiral Gregory Spiridov da kuma Turanci shawara Rear Admiral Elfinston Dzhon, kuma aka kai ta Count Orlov Aleksey. A sakamakon haka, gogaggen matuƙan sami Ottoman rundunar anchored a cikin bay na Cesme (Turkey West Coast).

A karkashin matsin lamba daga Faransa, da kuma rinjayar da Polish matsala a 1768 Ottoman Empire ayyana yaki kan Rasha. A wannan lokaci, a kan kudancin dabarun shugabanci zauna guda halin da ake ciki, wanda ya a cikin XVII karni. A cikin Rasha Empire ba su da wata rundunar motoci a Black kuma Azov Tekuna, wanda ya ci sarauta sojan ruwa sojojin mashigai. A gaskiya ma, cikin Black Sea wani "Turkish lake." Sea na Azov, Black Sea da kuma Arewa Crimea sarrafawa Ottoman Empire - waɗannan ƙasashe sun da springboard for sojojin kasar da Rasha.

mamayewa

Shekara 1770 ... Chesma yaƙi ... Me ya faru? A 1768-th a cikin kaka, Crimean sojan doki mamaye Rasha, yaki ya fara. Makiya aka ci da kuma ja da baya, amma barazana zauna. Northern Black Sea ya zama wani asali wasan kwaikwayo na yaki, inda Rasha sojojin fiye da shekaru biyar na yaƙi da sojojin na Ottoman Ƙofar da Crimean Khanate.

ayyuka

Ka tuna lambar 1770. Chesma yaƙi da ake nufi. A kan Black Sea rundunar motoci babu bukatar a cika. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa a St. Petersburg yanke shawarar aika zuwa Bahar rundujar soja masu dawaki na Baltic Sea kuma daga can to barazana Turkey. Ainihin dalilin da balaguro ya taimaka wa wani zai yiwu yunkuri na Kirista mazaunan Balkan Larabawa (musamman da Aegean tsibiran da Greek Peloponnese) da kuma barazana da Turks daga raya.

Abin da ayyuka da aka yi a Rasha rundujar soja masu dawaki? Ta ya ya karya makiya teku Lines sadarwa a Bahar Rum, cire wasu daga ikonsa (musamman jiragen ruwa) daga Black Sea yanki na tashin. Lokacin da nasarar da rundujar soja masu dawaki da aka kama mafi muhimmanci dake gabar teku da maki a Turkey da kuma toshe Dardanelles. Babban scene aka located a cikin Aegean Sea, ko, kamar yadda ya kafa daga cikin "tarin tsiburai na kasar Girka." Saboda haka sunan "Greek balaguro."

ra'ayin

Long tafi shekara 1770. A yakin Chesma mutane har yanzu tuna. Suka qirqiro don aika Rasha jiragen ruwa zuwa cikin Aegean Coast, tada da kuma goyi bayan wannan yunkuri na Kirista yawan zauna a can da Ottoman? Domin da farko lokacin da wannan ra'ayin zayyana sa'an nan fi so daga cikin empress Catherine II Orlov Grigory. Kila, wannan ra'ayin da aka farko ruwaito da nan gaba shugaban na balaguro da Count Orlov Aleksey, ɗan'uwan Gregory, wanda kawai amince da shi da kuma donos zuwa Catherine.

An sani cewa Orlov Aleksey rubuta wa ɗan'uwansa, game da matsalolin wannan yakin da yakin a general: "Bukatar mu je Konstantinoful da a saki dukkan taƙawa kuma Orthodox Kiristoci daga karkiyar mai raɗaɗi. Kuma zan ce wannan, wato Sarkin Bitrus I a wani daftarin aiki ce, da su, Mohammedan kãfirai, kõre yashi matakan a ga tsohon gida. Ga taƙawa bayyana sake, kuma yabi Allahnmu, Mai girma. " A lokacin biyayya da daftarin ga MDD da yaƙin neman zaɓe a Empress Orlov Grigory tsara tsari kamar haka: "Aika a cikin wani nau'i na cruise a Bahar Rum, da kuma daga can kamar wata jiragen ruwa sa maƙiyi ɓarna da gangan."

Wasu masana sun ce yakin Chesma a 1770 ne saboda da bege na Rasha zuwa da wani zaman kanta mafita daga Black Sea ga expanses na duniya tekuna. Kuma a sa'an nan ban bukatar wani uzuri.

flotilla

Kuma yanzu kadan kusa look at cikin shekara 1770, yakin Chesma (Rasha-Turkish yãƙi). Rasha flotilla kunshi tara mikakke jiragen ruwa, jirgin ruwa mai filafilai uku (daya-gun 36 da kuma biyu daga 32-gun), 17-19 karin jiragen ruwa da kuma jirgin ruwa bombardirskogo "Thunder" (igwa 10).

Noticing Yuni 23 makiya jiragen ruwa, wanda ya tsaya ga tsibirin Chios a anga, mu armada alfijir a kan Yuni 24 (Yuli 5th) a 1770 shiga Chios tashar, da ake kira na ware tsibirin daga Riviera, Anatoliya, daga arewa da Associated taushi iska. Tare da wannan gabar, daga Gulf zuwa arewa Chesmensky, suka tsaya a biyu Lines anchored Ottoman armada.

A da shi akwai 16 motocin (na wanda shida sun 90- ko 80-gun, yayin da wasu, kamar Rasha, sanye take da kayayyakin aiki, 66), 60 kananan tasoshin da kuma 6 jirgin ruwa mai filafilai. Turkish rundunar umarta ta Hassan al-Din - Captain Pasha. Ya kasance a lokacin da yake a sansanin a kan tudu, da kuma mataimakinsa Hassan-Bey (da jarumi Algeria), wanda ya bayar da hujjar cewa tun da makiya jirãge bukatar tafiyar da dauki kashe tare da su a cikin iska. Duk da haka, ya Corvettes iya ba ka bi wannan doka, kamar yadda aka anchored. A sakamakon haka, Rasha da su filafili dauki himma a cikin yaƙin da kanta.

Orlova dabara

A cikin shekara ta 1770 yakin Chesma (Rasha-Turkish yaki) ƙwarai rinjayi cikin shakka daga m tarihi. An sani cewa m ƙarfin abokan gaba a farko ya buge Count Orlov. Amma, tabbatattun dogaro da ƙarfin hali da rundunoninsa, da kuma gāba da Allah, ya yi shawara da shugabannin sojoji, da shugabannin, da kuma yanke shawarar kai farmaki da jiragen ruwa Turkish. Orlov da umarnin a Springe (igiyoyi, da alaka da anka cewa ci gaba da jirgi a matsayin) idan kana da su anga a kan maƙiyansa. Count gina wani layin na yaƙi, da kuma tafiya a kan Turks a cikin wannan tsari:

• Rearguard: jirãge "Svyatoslav" (Admiral Elphinstone, kyaftin Roxburgh), "Kada ku taɓa ni" (kyaftin Beshentsev), "Saratov" (Captain Polivanov).
• Vanguard, "Eustace" (Admiral Spiridonov, Captain Cruz), "Turai" (kyaftin Klokachev), "Uku Saints" (kyaftin Hmetevsky).
• Kordebataliya "Three Hierarchs" (Count Orlov Aleksey, da foreman Greig), "Januarius" (kyaftin Borisov), "Rostislav" (Captain Lupandin).

Battle a Chios mashigar

Chesma yaƙi (1770, Yuli 7) ya juya tarihin baya. Don fara, la'akari da yaƙi, a Chios mashigar, wanda ya faru a kan Yuni 24 (Yuli 5). Rasha sojojin ruwa ya amince da wani shirin da ya tafi zuwa ga iyakar kudancin na Turkish line. Bayan haka, sai ya juya, ya fara da za a sanya a kan maƙiyansa jiragen ruwa. Turkey jiragen ruwa suka fara harbe-harben nesa da uku igiyoyi (560 m) a 11: 30-11: 45. Rasha jiragen ruwa bai fire baya dai kusa da abokan gaba a nesa na 80 fadace-fadace (170 m) na kusa fama a 12:00.

A uku Rasha jiragen ruwa rawar daji ya m: "St. Januarius "a kan tilas ya juya, kafin ya zama cikin jeri," Turai "ya rasa wuri, ya ji rauni a matsayin sakamako, ya juya ya bar tsarin, kasancewa a baya da" Rostislav "da" Three Hierarchs "a mayar da filin taso keya na biyu jirgin da makiya kafin ya iya tsaya a wani layin, tare da sakamakon cewa da shi kuskure farmaki da Corvette "Three matsayi".

Lalacewar da "Turai" ya nufi da cewa "St. Eustace "ya gubar jirgin Rasha armada. A wannan jirgin da aka aiko zuwa ga wuta na uku mikakke Turkish jiragen ruwa (ciki har da flagship na Ottoman rundunar motoci, "Burj u Zafer", umarta ta Hassan Pasha). "St. Eustace "fara shiga cikin flagship na Ottoman armada, kafin ya gani a kan wuta. Bayan kona mainmast "Burj u Zafer" Na fadi kashe bene na Corvette "St. Eustace, "ya fashe. Bayan 10-15 minti kuma cikin ƙaho up "Burj Zafer y". Elphinstone da'awar cewa Rasha zahiri banza da Spiridov da Count Orlovym Fodorom (shugaban, ɗan'uwan) bar "St. Eustace, "ko da a gaban melee. Haka kuma ina tsere wa mutuwa, da kuma kyaftin "St. Eustache "Cruz. Spiridov koma jagoranci na yaki da Corvette "Three Hierarchs".

14:00 Turks yanka da igiyoyi anka da kuma ja da baya a karkashin Cover of gaci batura a cikin Chesma Harbor.

Yãƙi a cikin bay

Mutane da yawa da sojoji suka rasu a 1770 Chesma yaƙin ya daya daga cikin mafi m. Yuni 25-26 (Yuli 6-7), akwai wani yaki a Chesma Bay. Wannan a shi Turkish wuta-jirgin halitta biyu jerin 7- da kuma 8-mikakke corvettes da kuma sauran jiragen ruwa suna located tsakanin layuka da kuma Coast.

All rana Yuni 25 (Yuli 6) Rasha jiragen ruwa kora a kan wani Baturke flotilla da kuma bakin teku matsayi. Hudu karin tasoshin da aka kerarre wuta-jirãge. A 17:00 da bam-jirgin "Thunder" da aka anchored a gaban Chesma Bay da kuma fara harbe-harben a Turkish jiragen ruwa. A 00:30 ya aka shiga da mikakke jirgin "Turai" da kuma ta 1:00 - "Rostislav", wadda ta zo a cikin farkawa daga wuta jiragen ruwa.

"Rostislav", "Turai" da kuma koka, "Kada ku taɓa ni," kafa wani line daga arewa zuwa kudu, tun fara wani yaki tare da Baturke armada. A wannan lokaci, "Saratov" ya kan jiran aiki, da jirgin ruwa mai filafilai "Afirka" da "Thunder" farmaki baturi a gabar yammacin kasar na Gulf.

A 01:30, ko kadan baya (bisa ga Elphinstone, a tsakar dare) saboda harbe-harben, "Kada ku taɓa ni" da "Thunder", daya daga cikin mikakke Turks jiragen ruwa fashe wuta baza su jiki tare da kona filafili. A harshen wuta da sauri switched zuwa wasu jiragen ruwa a tashar jiragen ruwa.

Saboda haka, za mu ci gaba da labarin da taron ya faru Yuli 7, 1770 Chesma yaƙi dole ne bincika kowane. Da zarar fashe a 02:00 na biyu Turkish jirgin, da Rasha tasoshin daina harbe-harben, da kuma wuta-jirãge shiga Gulf. Biyu daga cikinsu wanda ya kasance a karkashin umurnin Captain Dugdale da Gagarin, da Turks harbe. Af, Elphinstone ikirarin cewa, wuta kawai-kashe Kyaftin Dugdale, kuma Gagarin ta jirgin cikin yãƙi, ki tafi. Next daya jirgin, umarta ta MacKenzie, ya grappled tare da kona jirgin ruwa, da kuma daya (karkashin iko da Lieutenant D. Ilina) - hašawa zuwa 84-gun Corvette line.

An sani cewa Ilyin wuta-lit, da kuma ya bar shi a kan jirgin ruwan tare da tawagar. The jirgin fashe a kuma kone mafi yawan sauran Ottoman corvettes. By 2:30 fashe uku mafi battleships.

Aƙalla a 04:00 Rasha jiragen ruwa aika zuwa ga jirgin ruwa, so ajiye ba tukuna kona tare da biyu manyan tasoshin. Duk da haka, sun kasance iya dauka kawai daya daga cikinsu - "Rhodes '60-gun. Daga 04:00 zuwa 05:30 ƙaho up shida mafi warships, kuma a karfe 7 - hudu synchronously. By 8:00 a yakin Chesma Bay aka kammala.

sakamakon fadace-fadace

Mene ne mai kyau ga tarihin kasar a 1770 shekara? Chesma yaƙi abin da amfanin kawo Rasha? Bayan wannan yaki Rasha rundunar iya fundamentally rushe Turkish sadarwa a cikin Aegean Sea da kuma ware da Dardanelles. Duk wadannan nuances sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin sanya hannu na yarjejeniya da Kucuk Kaynarca Yarjejeniyar.

A cikin shugabanci na Catherine II, to yabi nasara a Great Peterhof Palace aka sanya tunawa Chesmensky Hall (1774-1777 shekaru), aka gina biyu Monuments ga wannan taron: Chesme pilaster a Tsarskoye Selo (1778) da kuma Chesmensky abin tunawa a Gatchina (1775) da kuma gina Chesme Palace (1774-1777 shekaru) kuma Chesma coci na St. Ioanna Predtechi (1777-1780 shekaru) a St. Petersburg.

Chesma yaƙi immortalized a 1770 simintin zinariya da azurfa lambar yabo, wadda aka kerarre da oda na Empress Catherine I. Count Orlovu Alekseyu aka yarda to hašawa zuwa proimenovanie sunayen, kamar yadda suka ce, "Chesma".

sunan

An sani cewa da sunan "Chesma" sa ironclad armada na Rasha soja rundunar motoci. By domin na Nicholas II ya to suna Cesme Locality, wanda shi ne yanzu a kauyen na Chelyabinsk yankin.

Kuma a cikin Gulf of Anadyr akwai Scesma kabido - ta haka ake kira balaguro zuwa clipper "Rider" a 1876.

Shugaban kasar Rasha Vladimir Putin a shekarar 2012, a watan Yuli, shãfe haske ta gyara ga dokar "A cikin anniversaries na Rasha da kuma Days na Soja Tsarki ya tabbata." A sakamakon haka, akwai Nasara na Rasha rundunar motoci a kan Turkish a yakin Chesma, wanda aka yi bikin ranar 7 ga watan Yuli.

rahotanni

Masana tarihi har yanzu nazarin shekara 1770: Chesma yaƙi, a cikin hanyar wanda an riga an sani, ta Rasha ta ɗaukaka ga duniya duka. An sani cewa Spiridov ruwaito shugaban kasar na College na Admiralty a St. Petersburg Count Chernyshov: "Godiya ta tabbata ga Allah da kuma girmamawa ga All-Russian flotilla! Daga 25 ga watan zuwa 26 ga watan maƙiyi rundunar farmaki, fasa, fasa, ya ƙone, nutsar da su, kuma aka shigar da shi zuwa sama ya juya a cikin toka, da kuma bar wurin wani mummunan zargi, kuma kansu suka fara mamaye ko'ina mu tarin tsiburai na Our Sarauniya ".

A. G. Orlov brilliantly bayyana juyayinsu wahayi zuwa da nasarar Cesme, a cikin wata wasika wa ɗan'uwansa: "Hello, sir, wa! Zan gaya muku kadan game da tafiyarmu: a lõkacin da ya auku a wuta ko ina, su aka tilasta barin Yadav. Domin vorogov tare da rundunar jiragen tafi, matso kusa da shi kuma suka yi yãƙi, kãmã, halaka ta, suka sha kaye, suka hallakar da kuma aika zuwa kasa da kuma incinerated. "