Sakharov Prize. A kyautar "Ga 'yancin tunani' Andrei Sakharov

Sakharov Andrei Dmitrievich (haife 05.21.1921, ya rasu 14.12.1989) - an yi fice likita, daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa na hydrogen bam, da farko Soviet hakkin yan Adam, siyasa, Academician na Tarayyar Soviet, ya lashe da Nobel Peace Prize. Kimiyya da siyasa Sakharov ta rubuce-rubucen da aka fassara a cikin da yawa waje harsuna, da kuma ta abi'a da, imani da kuma binciken gane da masana kimiyya da kuma jami'an gwamnati a duniya.

"Domin 'yancin tunani" a shekara ta 1988 da majalisar Turai ta kafa wani shekara-shekara lambar yabo na Sakharov.

Saharov Andrey. biography

haife AD Sakharov a Moscow, inda ya shafe yana karami, kuma farkon matasa. A 'yan makaranta, ya ba su tafi ba, kuma aka yi karatu a gida, yin tare da mahaifinsa, wani malamin lissafi. Sakharov ta uwar shi da uwargida. School of nan gaba masanin kimiyya ya fara halarta tare da kawai 7th sa, da kuma bayan ta kammala sai ya shiga Moscow University a cikin Faculty of Physics.

Lokacin da yaki ya barke, Andrei Sakharov kokarin shiga makarantar sojoji, amma ya ba a karɓa saboda matalauta kiwon lafiya. Tare da Moscow Jami'ar Jihar Andrew aka kwashe zuwa Ashgabat, inda ya kammala tare da karrama daga koyarwa a 1942.

A farkon kimiyya aiki

Bayan samun digiri, Sakharov zo zuwa ga rarraba da Ulyanovsk harsasai shuka. Ga shi nan da nan ya sami hanyoyin da za a inganta samfurin ingancin iko, da kuma gabatar da cikin samar farko da sabuwar dabara.

A 1943-44 Andrey Dmitrievich Saharov da kansa a kan da dama kimiyya takardunku da kuma aika su zuwa ga shugaban da msar tambayar division na Physics Cibiyar. Lebedeva IE Tamm Kuma a farkon shekarar 1945, Sakharov aka kirã su zuwa ga Moscow for Nazarin kuma m kammala karatu makaranta. A shekarar 1947 ya kare rubutun, da kuma a 1948 ya koma secretive kungiyar masana kimiyya da hannu a cikin halittar thermonuclear makamai a cikin rufaffiyar birnin Arzamas-16. A wannan umarni, Saharov Andrey Dmitrievich zama memba na zane da halittar farko hydrogen bam, da bincike har sai 1968. Sa'an nan, ya tare da Tamm gudanar da wani gwaji management thermonuclear dauki.

A 1953, Sakharov zama likita na jiki da kuma ilmin lissafi sciences kuma an zabe memba na Academy of Sciences da Tarayyar Soviet.

Siyasa imani Andreya Saharova

A ƙarshen 1950s, Sakharov fara rayayye hamayya da gwaji na makaman nukiliya. A sakamakon ayyukanta da aka rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniyar hana gwaje-gwaje a cikin uku muhallin (yanayi, teku, da sarari) da kuma a shekarar 1966 tare da haɗin gwiwar wasu masana kimiyya, ya wallafa wani gama wasika da gyaran Stalin.

A shekarar 1968, Sakharov ta ra'ayin siyasa, sun gano hanyar a duniya a ciki da kuma siyasa muhimmancin da labarin, inda masana kimiyya da aka yi tunani game da m ci gaban ilimi da 'yanci da kuma yiwuwar zaman lafiya tsakanin daban-daban na siyasa da tsarin. A aikinsa, ya yi magana game da bukatar juna rapprochement da tsarin jari hujja da gurguzu don ƙirƙirar kafuwar ga kara ci gaba da kuma zaman lafiya a ko'ina cikin duniya. Wannan labarin da aka fassara a cikin harsuna da dama, da kuma ta wurare dabam dabam a kasar waje amounted zuwa fiye da miliyan 20. Kofe. A Soviet gwamnati ba yaba da Sakharov aiki tare da iri dabam-dabam yaduwa, akidar. Ya aka cire daga m aiki a kan makaman nukiliya a Arzamas-16, da kuma masanin kimiyya koma aiki a cikin jiki ta Confucius.

Andrei Sakharov ƙara m na da ra'ayin fafutukar, sakamakon a 1970 ya zama memba na kungiyar kafa kwamitin kare hakkin dan adam. Ya zama rayayye kare muhimman hakkokin yan-adam: da hakkin ya sami da kuma goya bayanai, su bar kasar da kuma komawa zuwa gare shi, 'yancin tunani.

A littafin "A cikin kasar da kuma duniya"

Kamar yadda wani gwani a fagen makaman nukiliya, sugars sukan yi tare da kira ga kwance damarar yaki, da kuma a shekarar 1975 aka buga littafin "A cikin kasar da kuma duniya." A wannan aikin, mai ilimin kimiyya, da kuma yanzu siyasa, mummunan soki data kasance a lokacin da siyasa gwamnatin, wanda-ƙungiya akida, hani a kan 'yancinsu da walwalarsu. Sakharov kira Tarayyar Soviet "hatsari ga duniya rufe totalitarian 'yan sanda a jihar, dauke da makamai high-powered makamai, kuma yana da babban albarkatun." Academician yayi wani yawan sake fasalin game da biyu siyasa da tattalin arziki bangaren gwamnati aiki, manyan, a cikin ra'ayi, to "inganta zamantakewa halin da ake ciki a kasar."

Game da kasashen turai Sakharov yi magana da su "wani rauni da disorganization," da ake kira US shugaban da ya kira ga hadin kai, sake jaddada bukatar wani hadin gwiwa kwance damarar yaki.

A raba abu masanin kimiyya ya jaddada muhimmancin da kare hakkin yan duniya, musamman da hakkin ya zabi kasar su na zama da kuma kafin su sami bayani, kazalika da bukatar m kula da "na uku a duniya" ƙasashe.

A awarding na Nobel Prize

Bayan da littafin da littafin "A cikin kasar da kuma duniya", wanda aka fassara da kuma buga a kira a ta kasa, babu siyasa, ko kuma masanin kimiyya na Tarayyar Soviet ba fariya irin wannan duniya da aka sani da sugars. The Peace Prize ya same ta gwarzo 9 ga watan Oktoba, shekarar 1975. A cikin wata sanarwa da Nobel kwamitin Sakharov aiki da shi da aka kira "m support daga cikin muhimman hakkokin ka'idojin zaman lafiya," kuma masanin kimiyya "m jirgin saman soja tare da zagi da ikon da siffofin daban-daban na danniya na adam a cikin mutuncinsa."

A Soviet jagoranci yanke shawarar cewa kasashen waje ba zai iya barin mai hatsari mutum kamar Andrei Sakharov. The Nobel Prize aka bayar wa matarsa, Elena Bonner, wanda ya karanta daga mijinta da kuma gabatar da lacca a kan "Aminci, ci gaba da kuma kare hakkin dan adam." Sake Sakharov bakin matar tone duk imperfections na siyasa ikon da halin da ake ciki a general, duka a cikin Tarayyar Soviet da kuma a cikin dukan duniya.

Rashi na lambobin yabo da kuma mahada

A karshe rauno cewa karya haƙuri na Soviet jagoranci, ya mai tauri magana Sakharov a 1979 da mamayewa na Afghanistan. Presidium Koli Soviet da Tarayyar Soviet Academy aka kwace duk awards, ciki har da take sau uku Hero of Socialist Labor a Janairu 1980.

Sakharov aka kama a kan titi da kuma dauka zuwa birnin Gorky, inda masana kimiyya ya rayu raba masa abin rekõdinsa da matarsa shekaru 7 a karkashin gidan kama.

Duk da yake a cikin zaman talala, da masanin kimiyyar gan kadai hanya zuwa yãƙi zãlunci m yajin cin abinci. Amma ya aka dauka zuwa asibiti da kuma karfi-Fed.

Komawa kuma fi

Perestroika ya da iko, Mikhail Gorbachev yarda Sakharov komawa da kuma ci gaba da kimiyya aiki. Sugars koma magana da wani kira zuwa kwance ɗamarar yaƙi da zama memba na Majalisar Koli na Academy of Sciences. Kuma malamai ya sake neman na da hakkin ya yi magana game da matsalolin tashin hankali.

A m gwagwarmaya tare da gazawar gudanar da harkokin siyasa gwamnatin Syria da kuma m shekaru na gudun hijira karfi gurgunta da kiwon lafiya na Sakharov. Bayan na yau da kullum da rigingimu da kuma banza yunkurin tabbatar da daidaitar wani ciwon zuciya a gida mutu babban masanin kimiyya da kuma hakkin yan Adam Saharov Andrey. A biography wannan mutumin cike yake da muhimmanci kwanakin da banrazana events. Ya bayar da gudunmawar da kare hakkin yan da kuma ci gaban nukiliya kimiyyar lissafi.

Sakharov Prize "ga 'yancin tunani"

Harkokin waje na kimiyya al'umma, da siyasa Elite, kamar yadda da yawan kasashen turai, ya yaba da muhimmancin da Sakharov imani da kuma zurfin da ya bayar da gudunmawar duniya-fadi da kare hakkin yan. A Jamus, Lithuania, Amurka da kuma wasu kasashen da tituna, murabba'ai da kuma wuraren shakatawa suna bayan wannan mutum mai girma.

Majalisar Turai har yanzu a karkashin kimiyya rayuwa, a 1988, da kyauta ga " 'yancin tunani" Sakharov aka amince. Wannan lambar yabo da aka gabatar a shekara a Disamba, kuma shi ne dubu 50. Yuro. A Sakharov Prize iya bayar da ga nasarori a wani daga cikin wadannan yankunan da bayar da shawarwari:

• kariya daga hakkokin da bambanci;
• kariya daga 'yan tsirarun hakkokin;
• girmama dokokin kasa da kasa;
• ci gaban mulkin demokra matakai da kuma tabbatar da primacy na wasiƙa na shari'a.

Nasara na "Domin na 'yancin tunani' kyauta

A farko nasara, wanda aka bayar da Sakharov Prize, wani Afrika ta Kudu jirgin saman soja da mulkin wariyar launin fata, Nelson Mandela da kuma Soviet siyasa fursuna Marchenko.

A m shekaru, Andreya Saharova Prize aka bayar ga Argentine kungiyar "Iyaye mata na Plaza de Mayo" (1992), jaridar na Bosnia da Herzegovina (1993), United Nations (2003), da Belarus Association of Manema Labarai (2004), da Cuban motsi "Ladies in White" (2005) da kuma da dama sauran kungiyoyi da mutane da aiki kunshi a kare hakkin dan adam da abubuwan da yanci.

The kungiyar kare hakki "Memorial"

A shekara ta 2009, da shekara ta ashirin da ranar tunawa da mutuwar Andrei Sakharov, majalisar Turai bayar da kyautar zaman lafiya da kungiyar kare hakki "Memorial". Abin lura shi ne cewa daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa kungiyar da kuma na farko da shugaban yayin da wani sosai kananan al'umma ya Academician Sakharov. "Memorial" cikakken tunawa duk Sakharov ideas game da primacy na kare hakkin dan adam da kuma musamman ilimi da 'yanci don su iya da m cin gaban dukan duniya.

A lokacin, da "Memorial" - shi ne mai babbar wadanda ba gwamnati kungiyar da ofisoshin a Jamus da kuma kasashe na tsohon Tarayyar kungiyar. Babban ayyuka na wannan al'umma ne bayar da shawarwari, bincike da kuma ilimi.

Yau lambar yabo nasara "saboda 'yancin tunani"

A shekarar 2013, don lashe kyautar da suka kasance sunã zabi tsohon CIA wakili E. Snowden da Belarushiyanci fursunonin siyasa, kuma aka bayar da Sakharov Prize goma sha biyar Pakistan yar makaranta Malala Yousafzai, wanda kulla wani unequal gwagwarmaya tare da 'yan Taliban da kuma da duk halin yanzu tsarin da hakkin a da takwarorinsu domin halartar makaranta. Tare da shekara goma sha ɗaya Malala kiyaye wani blog ga BBC, abin da ya bayyana a cikin daki-daki, ga matsaloli na rayuwa da kuma hali na Taliban don ilmantar da budurwowi.

A 2014, Sakharov Prize baiwa Denis Mukvege, wani likitan mata daga Congo. A hankali na majalisar Turai wannan mutumin janyo hankalin da cewa shirya a kasar cibiyar, wanda ya samar da m da kuma kiwon lafiya da taimako ga wadanda ke fama da jima'i tashin hankali.

Wani Sakharov Prize

A 2001, kasuwa da kuma hakkin yan Adam Petrom Vinsom, wanda aka haifa a Kiev a 1956, aka kafa ta Rasha Andrei Sakharov Prize "Domin Aikin Jarida a matsayin Aiki". Shugaban juri na wannan lambar yabo ne mai marubuci, filmmaker da kuma hakkin yan Adam A. Simonov, da kuma sauran panel mahukunta dokoki da shahararren Rasha sociologists, 'yan jarida da kuma' yancin ɗan adam kare. Halarci a zabin da cin nasara, kuma da dama daga 'yan jarida daga Spain, Amurka da kuma Austria.

Sakharov Prize "Domin Aikin Jarida a matsayin Aiki" da aka bayar da su Rasha mawallafa suna nunawa a cikin aikin da dabi'u da kuma akida na bin wanda suka yi jihãdi Sakharov, Mun sanya shi abin da rai da wuri.

A shekarar 2012, kyautar da aka bayar da Viktoru Shostko, musamman Wakilin na Rostov jaridar "The baƙauye". Ya kusantar da hankalin jama'a da kuma juri ya jarida bincike na sa mamaki lokuta da taro kashe-kashe a kauyen Kushchevskaya, Rostov yankin.

A wasu shekaru yabon zama sananne Rasha da 'yan jarida Tatyana Sedykh, Elvira Gorukhino Galina Kowalska, Anna Politkovskaya da sauransu.

Sakharov - an yi fice mutum wanda ya shekara talatin da suka wuce ya yi gargadin game da matsaloli na duniya, ya lura a yau. Ya yi kokari tirelessly nuna hukuncin sojojin na dama hanyoyi daga na tattalin arziki da rikicin siyasa. A cikin photo Sakharov Andrei Dmitrievich sau da yawa za gani tare da kona idanu ciki ra'ayin. Wannan mashirya na Rasha tunani bar su zurriyar a cikin rubuce-rubucen fount na siyasa hikima.