Rasha masana kimiyyar da su binciken

Rasha ilmin halitta sun yi babban taimako ga duniya kimiyya. A wannan labarin, za mu yi magana game da manyan sunayen, ya kamata ka san kowane mutum wanda shi ne sha'awar a Flora da fauna. Rasha masana kimiyyar, tare da tarihin rayuwa da kuma nasarorin da wanda za ka koyi, wahayi zuwa gare ƙaramin tsara don nazarin wannan ban sha'awa kimiyya.

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov

Wannan mutumin a cikin Soviet sau, ba ya bukatar gabatarwa. Duk da haka, yanzu ba kowa da kowa zai iya cewa Pavlov Ivan Petrovich (shekaru na rayuwa - 1849-1936) halitta da ka'idar mafi girma m aiki. Bugu da kari, ya rubuta jerin takardun a kan Physiology na narkewa da jini wurare dabam dabam. Shi ne na farko Rasha masana kimiyya karbi Nobel Prize for nasarori a filin narkewa kamar sunadaran.

Gwaje-gwajen a kan karnuka

Mutane da yawa tuna da gwaje-gwajen a karnuka. A kan wannan batu, halitta m majigin yara da kuma barkwanci a cikin kasar, da kuma kasashen waje. Duk lokacin da magana game da gabbai, ka tuna da Pavlov ta kare.

Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich riga a 1890 ya fara tafiyar da gwaje-gwajen a wadannan dabbobi. Ya yi amfani da m dabaru cire duk karnuka daga cikin esophagus. Lokacin da wata dabba farawa cin abinci, ciki ba su samun abinci, amma na ciki da ruwan 'ya'yan itace daga halitta fitsari har yanzu tsaya.

A tsawon lokaci, Pavlov ta gwaje-gwajen ya zama mafi nagartaccen. Ya horar da karnuka don saduwa da wasu hanya zuwa waje samuwar kasashe, kamar wata kararrawa Ringer cewa fadakar da game da sananne ciyar. Godiya ga wannan, dabba da aka bada haske a sharadi reflex: da abinci bayyana nan da nan bayan kira. Ko ba tare da gani da abinci, da kare fara tsaya daga fitsari na ciki da ruwan 'ya'yan itace.

Feature Pavlova dabaru

Feature Pavlova hanya kunshi a gaskiyar cewa ya hade da shafi tunanin mutum da tafiyar matakai na physiological aiki. A sakamakon yawa karatu sun tabbatar da wanzuwar wannan sadarwa. Pavlov ta aiki, ta kwatanta inji ta wanda akwai narkewa, sun ba impetus zuwa fitowan da wani sabon shugabanci a kimiyya - Physiology na mafi girma m aiki. Ivan Petrovich fiye da shekaru 35 na rayuwarsa a wannan yanki.

Origin, da horo

A nan gaba masanin kimiyyar da aka haife shi a Ryazan, Satumba 14, 1849 kakanninsa a kan masu juna biyu da kuma na uba Lines su ne firistoci, sun sadaukar da rayuwarsu ga Rasha Orthodox Church. Pavlov sauke karatu daga Ryazan ruhaniya makaranta a 1864, sa'an nan ya shiga seminary na wannan birni, wanda daga baya ya yi magana da mai girma zafi. Lokacin da ya kasance a shekara ta ƙarshe, na karanta aikin Sechenov "numfashinsa na Brain." Ya juya kan gaba rayuwa.

nasarori Pavlova

Da farko aikin ya buga a 1923, da kuma a 1926 da Soviet gwamnatin gina kusa da Birnin Leningrad, Halittu Station. Ga Pavlov ya fara gudanar da bincike a fagen na tsarin jijiya aiki da kuma hali itatuwa aure birai (anthropoids). Bugu da kari, ya yi aiki a tabin hankali asibitoci.

Ya kamata a lura cewa Pavlov a fagen ilimi na kwakwalwa nasa ne kusan babbar gudunmawar abada. Amfani da hanyoyin kimiyya na wannan masanin kimiyya kunna kimiyya fahimtar mafi game da shafi tunanin mutum da rashin lafiya, kazalika da aka fayyace hanyoyin da za a bi da su. Academician, da ciwon da goyon bayan da gwamnatin da Tarayyar Soviet, da damar yin amfani da albarkatun da ake bukata domin binciken. Wannan yarda da shi don yin sauyi binciken.

Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov

Great Rasha masana kimiyyar daga ko'ina cikin duniya - yana da Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, kuma Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov. A farko daga cikin wadannan da muka riga gaya. Sanad da mai karatu tare da na biyu.

Mechnikov Ilya Ilyich (shekaru na rayuwa - 1845-1916) - sanannen Rasha microbiologist da sani akan cututtuka. A 1908 ya aka bayar da Nobel Prize for Medicine da kuma Physiology Prize (a hade tare da Paul Ehrlich). Wannan babbar kyauta Mechnikov samu for nasarori a filin na halitta rigakafi.

A nan gaba masanin kimiyyar da aka haife shi a kauyen, dake kusa da Kharkov, May 3, 1845. A 1864, Mechnikov Ilya Ilich ya sauke karatu daga Kharkov University sa'an nan horar a cikin sassan na jami'o'i na Munich, Göttingen da Giessen. Mechnikov kuma yi tattaki zuwa Italiya, inda ya yi karatu embryology. Ya kare doctoral dissertation a 1868. Daga 1870 zuwa 1882 ya yi aiki a matsayin masanin kimiyya a Odessa. A nan, a Novorossiysk University, shi ya kasance wani farfesa ilmin dabbobi. Scientist nasarar hade tare da kimiyya aikin koyarwa. A 1886, tare da NF Gamaleia ya shirya wani bacteriological tashar, na farko a Rasha. The masanin kimiyya koma Paris a 1887, da kuma wani shekara daga baya a bisa gayyatar da Louis Pasteur ya fara aiki a cikin institute, inda ya gangarawa dakin gwaje-gwaje. Tun 1905 Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov ya mataimakin darektan ma'aikata.

A farko yana aiki Ili Ilicha rubuta a kan Invertebrate ilmin dabbobi (coelenterates da Sponges), kazalika da juyin embryology. Ya rike fagotsitelly ka'idar (asalin kwayar kwayoyin). The masanin kimiyya ya gano sabon abu na phagocytosis, wanda shine sha na rai Kwayoyin da unicellular kwayoyin ko barbashi da phagocytes - musamman Kwayoyin, wanda sun hada da, misali, wasu iri farin jini Kwayoyin. Bisa wannan ka'idar, Metchnikoff ɓullo da kuma wani - kamanta Pathology na kumburi.

Akwai su da yawa ayyukan da aka rubuta ta hanyar Iley Ilichom a bacteriology. Ya gudanar da wani gwaji kan kansa, a sakamakon wanda ya nuna cewa Vibrio cholerae ne causative wakili na Asiatic kwalara. Ilya Ilyich mutu Yuli 2, 1916 a birnin Paris.

Abin da sauran Rasha masana kimiyyar cancanta da hankali? Mun bayar da saduwa ko da daya daga cikin su.

Aleksandr Onufrievich Kovalevsky

Wannan shi ne wani babban Rasha masanin kimiyya, sunansa ba za mu iya ambaci. Kovalevsky wani dabbobi, ya yi aiki a mallaka Academy of Sciences, Academician na talakawa.

Haife Kovalevskiy Aleksandr Onufrievich a 1840, a ranar 19 ga watan Nuwamba. Ya samu ya firamarensa a gida, sa'an nan ya ci gaba da karatu a cikin hali na Railway Engineers. Aleksandr Onufrievich fito a 1859 da kuma sa suna a St. Petersburg University (Department of Natural Kimiyya). A lokacin daga 1860 zuwa 1862 ya yi karatu tare da makamai Kovalevsky, Carius da Bunsen a Heidelberg, sa'an nan a cikin Leydig Kvenshteta, Luschka da mole a Tübingen.

A 1862, Kovalevskiy Aleksandr Onufrievich sauke karatu daga horo a St. Petersburg University, wanda aka bishi da kariya daga ubangijinsa da doctoral theses. A 1868 Kovalevsky zama farfesa ilmin dabbobi. A wannan lokaci ya yi aiki a Jami'ar Kazan.

Domin lokacin daga 1870 zuwa 1873 sun hada da wata tafiya zuwa birnin Algiers da Red Sea da kimiyya nufi. A 1890, bayan wani tafiya kasashen waje, ya kuma an zabe memba na mallaka Academy of Sciences, kuma aka bayar da lakabi na Academician daga cikin talakawa. A 1891 ya dauki kujera na histology a garinsu na St. Petersburg University.

Mafi yawa daga cikin aikin da masanin kimiyyar kishin embryology, musamman kwaro. Ciyar a cikin 1860s, da binciken gano jam yadudduka a cikin wadannan kwayoyin. Kovalevsky bincike a cikin 'yan shekarun nan ya mayar da hankali a kan definition of phagocytic da secretory gabobin a kwaro.

Nikolay Ivanovich Vavilov

Wannan mutumin nasa ne da rukunan rigakafi na shuke-shuke, kazalika da asalin duniya cibiyoyin. Vavilov Nikolay Ivanovich gano dokar hereditary canje-canje a cikin kwayoyin da homologue jerin. Wannan mutumin ya sanya mai girma taimako ga nazarin nazarin halittu jinsunan. Ya halitta mafi ban sha'awa tarin tsaba daban-daban amfanin gona a duniya. Wannan shi ne wani masanin kimiyya ne da ikona da sunan kasar mu.

Origin Vavilov

Vavilov Nikolay Ivanovich aka haife shi a Moscow a kan Nuwamba 25, 1887 a wani iyalin biyu guild m da kuma jama'a adadi Vavilov Ivan Ilyich. Wannan mutumin nan da 'yan qasar na manoma. Kafin juyin juya halin na 1917, ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan kamfanin "cire da kuma Vavilov", tsunduma a Textiles. Postnikova Aleksandra Mihaylovna, uwa na masanin kimiyya, ya kasance wani iyali-abun yanka artist. A total na Ivana Ilicha iyali yana 7 yara, amma uku daga cikinsu ya mutu a cikin shimfiɗar jariri.

Nazarin da koyarwa

Firamarensa Nikolai samu a kasuwanci makaranta sa'an nan ya fara karatu a Moscow aikin gona Cibiyar. Ya kammala karatunsa a 1911, sa'an nan ya ci gaba da aiki a institute a sashen kamfanoni masu zaman noma. Vavilov a 1917 ya fara lacca a Jami'ar Saratov, kuma tun 1921 ya yi aiki a Petrograd. All-Union Cibiyar Shuka Nikolai gangarawa har 1940. Goyon baya da shekaru ciyar a cikin 1919-20 binciken, ya bayyana duk horar da shuke-shuke na Volga yankin da kuma gabas na Volga.

Vavilov da balaguro

Nikolai Vavilov shekaru 20 (daga 1920 zuwa 1940) ya jagoranci balaguro zuwa nazarin ciyayi na Asiya ta tsakiya, da Rum, da sauransu. A daya daga cikinsu ya ziyarci a 1924 a Afghanistan. A sakamakon kayan zai ba da damar masana kimiyya domin sanin asalin da kuma yaduwar horar da shuke-shuke. Wannan zai ƙwarai sauƙaƙe kara aiki na botanists da kuma shayarwa. Collection of shuke-shuke tattara Explorer hada da fiye da 300 da dubu. Samfurori. An adana a cikin VIR.

A karshe shekaru ransa

Vavilov a 1926 lashe Lenin na ayyukan kishin kebantattun na asalin horar da shuke-shuke, kazalika da dokokin homologue jerin, bude su. Ya samu wani yawan lambobin yabo da dama, lambar yabo. Duk da haka, da koyarwar wani gangamin kaddamar da ya almajiri da dai sauransu Lysenko da kuma goyan bayan da jam'iyyar akidojin. Yana da aka directed a kan gudanar da bincike a cikin halittar jini. A 1940, da ilimi da ayyukan Vavilov aka kare a sakamakon. An zargi na ɓarna da gangan da kuma aka kama. Babban masanin kimiyyar da aka shirya don mai wuya rayuwa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Ya mutu a kurkuku a Saratov daga yunwa, a cikin 1943.

fi masanin kimiyya

11 watanni na ci gaba da bincike da shi. A wannan lokaci fiye da 400 sau Vavilov kira a ga tambayar. Nikolai Ivanovich, bayan mutuwa, hana ko guda kabari. Aka binne shi tare da sauran fursunoni. Vavilov a shekarar 1955 aka gyara, duk zargin da ayyukan da juyin juya hali, an cire. Sunansa karshe an mayar a cikin Tarayyar Soviet Academy of Sciences.

Alexander Leonidovich Vereshchaka

Modern Rasha masana kimiyyar ya nuna babban alkawari. A musamman, AL Vereshchaka, wanda ke da mallakar yawa nasarori. An haife shi a Khimki, Yuli 16, 1965. Vereshchaka - Rasha oceanographer, farfesa, likita na nazarin halittu kimiyyar, kazalika da m memba na Rasha Academy of Sciences.

A shekarar 1987 ya sauke karatu daga Moscow Jami'ar Jihar, Faculty of Biology. A shekarar 1990, wani masanin kimiyyar ya zama wani likita a 1999 - wani farfesa MIIGAiK kuma gangarawa wani dakin gwaje-gwaje na zuwa Cibiyar Oceanology na Rasha Academy of Sciences, tushen a Moscow tun a shekarar 2007.

Vereshchaka Alexander Leonidovich ne wani gwani a fagen Oceanology da Geo. Ya rike game da 100 kimiyya takardunku. Its main nasarori hade da yin amfani da fasaha ta zamani a oceanography da geoecology kamar deepwater manned motocin "Mir" (fiye da 20 nutse balaguro 11).

Vereshchaka ne mahaliccin da model na hydrothermal tsarin (uku-girma). Ya ɓullo da manufar iyakar kunsa (bentopeligiali), sanaki wani takamaiman fauna da kuma dangantaka da kasa Layer. A tare da haɗin gwiwar abokan aiki daga wasu kasashe, da ya halitta a hanya don fassara da muhimmancin da marine nano- da microbiota (prokaryotes, archaea da eukaryotes) ta amfani da latest ci gaba a kwayoyin halittar jini. Ya nasa ne da samu da kuma faye hali na biyu iyalan jatan lande, kazalika da fiye da 50 jinsin crustaceans da haihuwa.

Rosenberg Gennady Samuilovich

The masanin kimiyyar da aka haife shi a Ufa a shekarar 1949. Ya fara aiki a matsayin m, amma nan da nan ya fara gudanar da gwaje-gwaje, located a Cibiyar Biology na Bashkir Branch na Academy of Sciences. Gennady Samuilovich Rosenberg koma a Togliatti a shekarar 1987, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin babban jami'in bincike a Cibiyar Lafiyar Qasa na Volga Basin. A shekarar 1991, wani masani ya jagoranci wannan ma'aikata.

Ya rike ci gaba kuzarin kawo cikas analysis dabaru da kuma tsarin da al'amarin. Ya kuma halicci wani tsarin domin bincike na muhalli manyan yankuna.

Ilyin Yury Viktorovich

Wannan masanin kimiyyar da aka haife shi a Asbest 21 ga Disamba, 1941 Shi ne mai kwayoyin halitta da kuma 1992 da kuma wani Academician na Rasha Academy of Sciences. A nasara na da manyan, don haka masanin kimiyya cancanci more cikakken labarin game da shi.

Yuriy Viktorovich Ilin ƙware a kwayoyin halittar jini da kuma ilmin sanin kwayoyin halittu. A shekarar 1976, masana kimiyya za'ayi cloning dispersirovannyh mobile genes da suke eukaryotic genes na wani sabon nau'in. Muhimmancin wannan samu ya manya-manyan. Ya na farko mobile genes a dabbobi, wanda suke iya gane. Bayan haka, masana kimiyya ya fara karatu eukaryotic transposable abubuwa. Ya halitta ka'idar rawar da genes a dispersirovannyh mobile juyin halitta, mutagenesis da carcinogenesis.

Zinaida Sergeevna Donets

Great Rasha masana kimiyyar - yana da ba kawai maza. Wajibi ne a gaya game da irin wannan malamansu kamar Zinaida Sergeevna Donets. Ta wani Doctor of Sciences, farfesa ilmin dabbobi da lafiyar qasa na Yaroslavl Jami'ar Jihar.

A 1953, Donets Zinaida Sergeevna gama horo a Kiev State University, bayan wani lokaci ta kare ta ubangijinsa kuma digiri na uku. Tun shekarar 1978 da ta ke aiki a cikin Yaroslavl Jami'ar Jihar. Zinaida S. an aiki a kan nazarin lafiyar qasa da fauna da kifi parasites a cikin Volga tasa. Yana rike da fiye da 100 wallafe a daban-daban mujallar kimiyya.

Hakika, akwai sauran masana kimiyyar kasar mu, ya cancanci da hankali. Mun yi magana ne kawai game da manyan nasarorin da masu bincike da kuma abin da yake da amfani a tuna.