Polymerization na propylene: zane lissafi dabara

Mene ne propylene Polymerization? Mene ne fasali na shakka wannan sinadaran dauki? Bari mu yi kokarin samun cikakken amsoshin wadannan tambayoyi.

Faye hali na mahadi

Students Polymerization halayen ethylene da propylene nuna hankula sinadaran Properties mallaki by duk mambobi ne na aji na olefins. Wannan sabon abu da sunan da wannan ajin yana cikin tsohon sunan amfani a cikin sinadaran masana'antu man fetur. A 18th karni ethylene chloride shi da aka samu, wanda ya da wani m ruwa abu.

Daga cikin siffofin da duk 'yan wata aji na unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons lura da kasancewar a cikin su na da wani biyu bond.

M Polymerization na propylene aka bayyana ta wurin a cikin tsarin da abu biyu bond.

A general dabara

All wakilan da homologue jerin daga alkenes janar dabara yana da siffar C _n H _2n. Ƙarancin adadin hydrogen a cikin tsarin fasalin bayyana sinadaran Properties na wadannan hydrocarbons.

A lissafi na dauki na Polymerization na propylene ne kai tsaye tabbatarwa irin wannan yiwuwar discontinuity sadarwa ta amfani high zafin jiki da kuma kara kuzari.

Unsaturated m kira allyl ko 2-propenyl. Me Polymerization na propylene ne da za'ayi? A samfurin wannan hulda ne m ga kira na roba roba, wanda, bi da bi, shi ne a bukatar a zamani sinadaran masana'antu.

jiki Properties

Propylene Polymerization The lissafi ya tabbatar da ba kawai da sinadaran, amma kuma da jiki Properties na abu. Propylene ne gaseous abu da low tafasar da maki kuma narkewa. A wakilin aji na alkenes yana negligible solubility na ruwa.

sinadaran Properties

Lissafai propylene Polymerization dauki na isobutylene da kuma nuna cewa aiwatar da biyu bond. Dace monomers ne alkenes, da kuma karshen kayayyakin na wannan hulda ne propylene da polyisobutylene. Wannan wani carbon-carbon bond da irin wannan hulda za ta durkushe, da kuma kyakkyawan za su samar da ya dace Tsarin.

The biyu bond na samuwar sabuwar guda shaidu. Kamar yadda propylene Polymerization daukan wuri? Ginshikai na wannan tsari ne kama da aiwatar da ke faruwa a duk sauran membobin wannan aji na unsaturated hydrocarbons.

A Polymerization dauki na propylene ya shafi dama embodiments yayyo. A cikin farko idan aiwatar ne da za'ayi a cikin gas lokaci. Kamar yadda na biyu embodiment, da dauki fitowa a cikin ruwa lokaci.

Bugu da ƙari, propylene da Polymerization Saide wasu rabu amfani aiwatar shafe da amfani kamar yadda dauki matsakaici na wani cikakken ruwa hydrocarbon.

zamani da fasaha

Propylene Polymerization a girma a kan Spheripol fasahar ne mai hade da wani slurry reactor domin samar da homopolymers. A tsari ya shafi yin amfani da wani gas-lokaci reactor psevdozhidkostnym Layer don ƙirƙirar block copolymers. A wannan yanayin, da propylene Polymerization dauki shafi Bugu da kari na karin na'ura mai jituwa catalysts, da kuma gudanar da prepolymerization.

aiwatar Features

Da dabara ya shafi hadawa da aka gyara a cikin ta musamman na'urar tsara don pre-canji. Next, wannan cakuda da aka kara a Polymerization madauki reactor, akwai ake kawota, kuma hydrogen, da kuma shaye propylene.

Aiki reactors ne da za'ayi a yanayin zafi jere daga 65 zuwa 80 digiri Celsius. A matsa lamba a cikin tsarin bai wuce 40 mashaya. Reactors cewa ana shirya a jerin, ana amfani da masana'antu tsara don tsirar babban kundin na polymer kayayyakin.

Daga na biyu reactor, da polymer bayani da aka cire. Polymerization na propylene a cikin bayani ya shafi canja wuri na matsa degasser. Akwai kwashe cire particulate homopolymer daga cikin ruwa monomer.

samar da block copolymers

Propylene Polymerization lissafi CH2 = CH - CH3 a cikin wannan halin da ake ciki yana da misali percolation inji, akwai bambance-bambance ne kawai a cikin yanayin da tsari. Tare da propylene da ethene foda daga degasser ne a wani gas lokaci reactor aiki a zazzabi na game da 70 digiri Celsius, kuma a matsa lamba na ba fiye da 15 mashaya.

Block copolymers bayan kau daga reactor an ciyar da musamman shaye particulate polymer daga monomer tsarin.

Polymerization na propylene da butadiene tasiri resistant jinsin damar yin amfani da wata biyu gas lokaci reactor. Yana da damar ya kara da matakin na propylene a cikin polymer. Bugu da kari, zai yiwu don ƙara Additives zuwa ƙãre samfurin, da yin amfani da granulation na taimaka wa ingancin sakamakon samfurin.

Bayani dalla-dalla na Polymerization na alkenes

Akwai wasu bambance-bambance tsakanin yin polyethylene kuma propylene. Propylene Polymerization The lissafi damar fahimtar cewa ana tsammanin aikace-aikace na zazzabi. Bugu da ƙari kuma, wasu bambance-bambance wanzu a karshe mataki na aiwatar sarkar, kazalika a cikin yankunan amfani da karshe kayayyakin.

A peroxide amfani ga resins, wanda da kyau kwarai rheological Properties. Sun Mun ɗaukakã matakan narke kwarara, kama jiki Properties ga waɗanda kayan wanda da low narke kwarara index.

Resins da ciwon m rheological Properties, an yi amfani da allura gyare-gyaren tsari, kuma a cikin akwati na masana'antu zaruruwa.

Don inganta nuna gaskiya da kuma ƙarfi daga cikin polymeric kayan masana'antun kokarin kara zuwa da dauki cakuda crystallizes musamman Additives. Sashe na propylene m kayan hankali maye gurbin sauran kayan a fagen buga gyare-gyaren da simintin halittar.

Polymerization Features

Polymerization na propylene a gaban kunna carbon fitowa da sauri. A halin yanzu amfani da carbon mai kara kuzari hadaddun tare da mika mulki karfe, dangane da adsorptive damar carbon. A Polymerization samfurin da aka samu da ciwon m aiki halaye.

Babban sigogi na Polymerization tsari abubuwa dauki kudi da kuma kwayoyin nauyi da kuma stereoisomeric abun da ke ciki na polymer. Darajar kuma yana da zahiri da kuma sinadaran halitta na kara kuzari, Polymerization matsakaici, da mataki na tsarki na dauki tsarin aka gyara.

Ƙirgar polymer an samu a kama da iri-irin lokaci, idan tambaya ethylene. Dalilin shi ne rashi na abu regioisomers. Don samun isotactic propylene, kokarin amfani da m titanium chloride da aluminum mahadi.

A da ake ji da hadaddun adsorbed a kan crystalline titanium chloride (3), shi ne mai yiwuwa a samu wani samfurin tare da so halaye. m raga tsari ne ba a isa factor for nemowa wani babban stereospecificity na kara kuzari. Alal misali, a cikin hali na zabi titanium iodide (3) akwai da ake samun mafi atactic polymer.

The sama mai kara kuzari da aka gyara ne Lewis hali, don haka hade tare da zabin na matsakaici. A mafi m yanayi ne da yin amfani da inert hydrocarbons. Tun titanium chloride (5) ne aiki adsorbent, zabi yafi aliphatic hydrocarbons. Kamar yadda propylene Polymerization daukan wuri? Samfurin dabara ne (-CH ₂ -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -) n. kama da dauki a ci gaba a cikin sauran mambobi na wannan homologue jerin kanta dauki algorithm.

sinadaran hulda

Nazari na asali zaɓuɓɓuka saboda hulda propylene. Ganin cewa a cikin tsarin yana da wani biyu bond, babban halayen faruwa daidai da ta hallaka.

A halogenation ne da za'ayi a na yanayi zafi. A wuri na hadaddun sadarwa rata auku unimpeded Accession halogen. Yana kafa digalogenproizvodnoe fili A sakamakon wannan hulda. A mafi wuya abu ke faruwa iodization. Bromination da chlorination Saide ba tare da wani ƙarin yanayi da kuma makamashi ta halin kaka. Fluorination na propylene fitowa explosively.

A hydrogenation dauki shafi yin amfani da wani ƙarin totur. A kara kuzari abubuwa a matsayin platinum, nickel. A sakamakon sinadaran hulda da propylene tare da hydrogen, propane aka generated - wani wakilin aji na cikakken hydrocarbons.

Hydration (ruwa connection) ne da za'ayi ta VV Markovnikov mulki. Its ainihi kunshi a shiga da biyu bond da hydrogen zarra na carbon na propylene wanda yana da matsakaicin adadin. Cikinsa halogen ne a haɗe zuwa C, wanda yana da mafi ƙarancin adadin hydrogen.

Domin propylene hankula konewa iska oxygen. A sakamakon wannan hulda za a iya samu biyu main kayayyakin: carbon dioxide, ruwa tururi.

Lokacin da mataki na sinadaran karfi oxidants kamar potassium permanganate, shi ne ya lura discoloration. Daga cikin dauki samfurin ne a dihydric barasa (glycol).

Shiri na propylene

All hanyoyin za a iya raba biyu main kungiyoyin: dakin gwaje-gwaje, masana'antu. A cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje iya samun propylene tare da kawar da hydrogen halide daga farawa haloalkyl lokacin da fallasa su da barasa bayani daga sodium hydroxide.

Propylene aka samar da catalytic hydrogenation na propyne. da abu karkashin awon yanayi za a iya samu ta hanyar dehydration na propanol-1. Wannan sunadarai dauki da ake amfani da matsayin mai kara kuzari na phosphoric ko sulfuric acid, aluminum oxide.

Yadda za a samu propylene a cikin manyan yawa? Saboda gaskiya cewa, yanayin da sinadaran ne m, an raya masana'antu embodiments daga gare samu. Mafi na kowa ne selection na alkene daga man fetur kayayyakin.

Alal misali, a cikin danyen mai fatattaka a wani musamman fluidized gado. Propylene aka samu ta hanyar da pyrolysis fetur sulusi da murabba'i. A halin yanzu alkene da ya zama ruwan dare daga hade gas, gaseous kayayyakin na coking kwal.

Akwai da dama daga zabin da propylene pyrolysis:

• a tube Tanderu.
• a cikin reactor amfani ma'adini coolant.
• Yakobson tsari.
• autothermal pyrolysis na Bartlomiej Hanyar.

Daga cikin masana'antu sharar gida ya kamata a lura da fasahar da catalytic dehydrogenation na cikakken hydrocarbons.

aikace-aikace

Propylene yana da wani iri-iri na aikace-aikace, sabili da haka samar a kan wani babban sikelin a masana'antu. Ya bayyanar da unsaturated hydrocarbon aka daure aiki Natta. A cikin tsakiyar karni na ashirin da shi ta amfani da Ziegler, ɓullo Polymerization fasaha.

Natta isotactic kulawa don samu wani samfurin wanda aka ambace su da su isotactic, tun da tsarin da methyl kungiyoyin aka shirya a gefe daya daga cikin sarkar. Tare da wannan embodiment, "marufi" na polymer kwayoyin, sakamakon polymeric abu yana da kyau kwarai inji halaye. Propylene da ake amfani da yi na roba zaruruwa, kamar yadda da'awa a cikin roba taro.

Aƙalla goma cikin dari na man fetur da ta cinye domin samar da propylene oxide daga gare ta. Har tsakiyar karni na karshe, wannan Organic abu da aka samu ta hanyar da chlorohydrin Hanyar. A dauki fitowa ta hanyar samuwar matsakaici propilenhlorgidrina. A wannan fasahar yana da wasu drawbacks wanda ake dangantawa da yin amfani da tsada chlorine da hydrated lemun tsami.

Yau chalcone tsari ya maye gurbin fasaha. Ya dogara ne a kan sinadaran hulda da propene da hydroperoxides. Propylene oxide da ake amfani a kira propilengligolya za tsirar polyurethane foams. Su suna dauke da kyau kwarai buga mamaye kayan, sabõda haka ku je wa halittar marufi, rugs, furniture, zafi insulating kayan, taya da sorbent tace kafofin watsa labarai.

Bugu da ƙari kuma, a cikin babban aikace-aikace na propylene zama dole a ambaci kira na acetone da isopropyl barasa. Isopropyl barasa, kasancewa mai kyau da sauran ƙarfi, yana dauke da wani muhimmanci da sinadaran da samfurori. A farkon karni na ashirin, da Organic samfurin da aka samu ta hanyar sulfuric acid Hanyar.

Bugu da ƙari, fasahar na kai tsaye hydration na propene gabatarwar a cikin dauki cakuda acidic catalysts. Game da rabin dukkan samar propanol ke shiga acetone kira. Wannan dauki ya shafi kawar da hydrogen ne da za'ayi a 380 digiri Celsius. Catalysts a cikin wannan tsari ne tutiya da tagulla.

Daga cikin muhimman sassa na yin amfani da propylene hydroformylation bautar wani wuri na musamman. Kayan gidan wasan kwaikwayo ke da samar da aldehydes. Oksisintez a kasar mu fara da za a yi amfani da daga tsakiyar karni na karshe. A halin yanzu, wannan dauki taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin petrochemical masana'antu. A sinadaran dauki of propylene tare da kira gas (a cakuda carbon monoxide da hydrogen) a zazzabi na 180 digiri, da cobalt oxide kara kuzari da kuma matsa lamba na 250 atmospheres aka lura da samuwar biyu aldehydes. Daya yana da wata al'ada tsarin, na biyu - mai lankwasa carbon sarkar.

Nan da nan bayan da aka gano na da wannan tsari, shi ne wannan dauki da ya zama mayar da hankali da bincike domin masana kimiyya da dama. Suka duba ga hanyoyin magance yanayin da ya faru, kokarin rage yawan sakamakon cakuda branched aldehyde tsarin.

A saboda wannan dalili shi aka ƙaga da tattali matakai cewa unsa da amfani da sauran catalysts. Ya yiwu don rage yawan zafin jiki, matsa lamba, kara yawan amfanin ƙasa na mikakke aldehyde tsarin.

Esters na acrylic acid wanda ake ma hade da Polymerization na propylene aka yi amfani a matsayin copolymers. Game 15 bisa dari na petrochemical propene aka yi amfani a matsayin fara abu don ƙirƙirar akrionitrila. A kwayoyin bangaren da ake bukata domin samar da muhimmanci da sinadaran fiber - nitrone, halittar robobi, roba samar.

ƙarshe

Propylene aka dauke a yanzu mafi girma petrochemical samar. Bukatar da high quality, kuma low-cost polymer ƙaruwa, don haka shi ne a hankali maye gurbin polyethylene. Shi ne ba makawa don ƙirƙirar m marufi, faranti, fina-finai, na mota sassa, roba takarda, igiya, kafet guda, kazalika don ƙirƙirar wani iri-iri na iyali kayan. A farkon karni propylene samar mukamansu na biyu a cikin polymer masana'antu. Shan la'akari da bukatun daban-daban da masana'antu, za mu iya cewa a nan gaba cikin hali na manyan-sikelin samar na propylene da ethylene.