Milestones na binciken kimiyya - da Pauli manufa

A mafi muhimmanci nasarori na baya lissafin kimiyya aiki a fagen tsarin kwayoyin halitta a matakin electron-nukiliya ra'ayoyi, koma zuwa farkon karni na karshe. Daya daga cikin wadannan cimma gaci, a cikin binciken na microworld da aka sani a cikin tarihi na kimiyya da ake kira "Pauli manufa." By lokacin da ya bayyana cewa jimla yanayi na mamaki da ke faruwa a cikin zarra, da cika fuska canza yawa Concepts game da hakikar da takaice. Kuma abin da yake da shi - da jimla? Wannan irin wani jiki yawa aunawa naúrar a cikin nau'i na mafi ƙasƙanci "rabo" a kasa wanda ba zai iya zama. Alal misali, radius na farko electron madawwama biyu ba zai iya zama ƙasa da 5,29 · 10-11 m nisa kasa da wannan darajar ne ba daidai ba to ka ce -. Su zai wanzu ba.

Jimla kasance saba jiki Concepts, waxanda suke da taro, karfi, da makamashi, yana faɗaɗa da fahimtar yanayi da na electrons da sauran barbashi cewa yin up da zarra. Kuma, ba shakka, batun magana game da 'gini tubalan na Universe ", an halitta kayayyakin aiki, don bayyana su. Tun daga nan, jihar na electron ne halin da hudu lambobin, da ake kira jimla. Daban-daban haduwa da wadannan lambobin da aka ƙayyade ne kawai cike da kuma musamman bayyanar wani electron. Da zarar shi ya zama mai yiwuwa a bayyana da makamashi, da kuma sarari ciki jihohin da electron, a kan ajanda samu da wadannan tambaya - da kuma yadda electrons da kowane zarra na iya zama da yawa, suna located a kusa da tsakiya? Ta yaya suke "cushe"? A binciken da wannan batu ya haddasa cikin halitta da shari'a, yanzu da aka sani da Pauli wariya manufa. Mene ne ta ainihi?

A little kai-da ilimi

1. zarra a cikin sauki fom yana da babban aka gyara - core da electrons ana zubar da bi a cikin cibiyar kuma a sarari suKe a kusa da tsakiya. A radii na falakinsu (denoted n) kai a kan dabi'u na integers fara da daya jimla - m yiwu "rabo" nesa. Domin haka al'amarin a lokacin da n = 1, dole mu magangara mafi ƙasƙanci "low" madawwama biyu, a da electron spins da magangara mafi ƙasƙanci makamashi. A samar da makamashi matakin na da electron ne m da jimla yawan n, wanda kuma ake kira da babba. Ka lura da cewa ga wani ba radius na n iya lissafta yawan electrons a cikin wannan sarari suKe da dabara N = 2 (n • n). Wannan sauƙi lasafta iyaka yawan electrons a sarari suKe tare da wani yawan n: na farko - biyu, a karo na biyu - takwas a cikin na uku - goma sha takwas, da dai sauransu Wannan cikar cika da bawo a wani adadin electrons ba wucewa N, - shi ne wani muhimmin batu da cewa yana dauke da Pauli wariya manufa.

2. Electronic makamashi da kuma iya samun sublayers kowane manyan matakin. Suna denoted da l, kira gefe (ko orbital) jimla yawan da za a iya samun darajar daga l 0 to 4. The darajar l kayyade sarari siffar na'urar girgije: siffar zobe, dumbbell, da dai sauransu

3. The motsi na electron, a cikin wasu kalmomi, yanzu kwarara take kaiwa zuwa halittar wani madauwari Magnetic filin. Amma a cikin wannan harka, da electron orbital ne Magnetic lokacin, wanda aka halin juna, da uku, da jimla yawan ml. Shi ne ake kira Magnetic jimla lambar da wani aikin na orbital lokacinta na wani electron a cikin Magnetic filin shugabanci. A dabi'u da za su iya dauka da yawan ml, ƙarya a cikin kewayon daga -L zuwa + l, tare da sifilin darajar, kuma dukansu na iya zama (2l + 1).

4. A karshe, na karshe halayyar jimla electron - juya. Yana hada biyu kawai fasalin ms = + 1/2 kuma ms = -1 / 2. The jiki jigon juya - a inji lokacin da lokacinta na electron, wanda yana da wani dangane da da motsi a cikin sarari.

Sadarwa na Pauli manufa da kuma lokaci-lokaci tsarin DI Mendeleev

A shekara ta 1925 aka gano a cikin kimiyyar lissafi daga cikin muhimman hakkokin kaddarorin da microworld aka sanya m, a muhimmancin kawai ga Mendeleev tebur. Yana samu sunan "godfather" kuma ya tun da aka sani da Pauli wariya manufa. Chemistry matsayin kimiyya da kayan da su interactions a cikin tsarin na lokaci-lokaci tsarin ba zai iya bayyana da yawa daga cikin sunadaran da matakai dake faruwa a jam'iyya na kwayoyin halitta, kwayoyin, da kuma ilimi, da dai sauransu Babban dalilin shi ne cewa matakin daki-daki, daga cikin zarra, cikin sharuddan sunadarai, ya fara zarra Concepts electron core. Wadannan atomic-kwayoyin Concepts sun fito da kafa kansu game da 150 da suka wuce - a cikin karni na sha tara. A kadan daga baya, AM Butlerof ɓullo da wani ka'idar sinadaran mahadi, sa'an nan aka gano da lokaci-lokaci dokar. Wannan yarda mu mu gabatar da haihuwa na kwayoyin daga kwayoyin zarra da ba wani fahimtar da atomic "tattalin arziki" da na'urar.

Fahimtar jigon da jimla halaye na electron model ya zama zai yiwu a bãyan an tsara ta wurin Pauli manufa. Tare da shi samu wani bayani na hoto harsashi tsari da oda ciko electrons. Jigon da manufa shi ne cewa electrons iya samun wani hade na sama hudu jimla siffofin zarra amma ba za a iya hada biyu electrons, m, a duk jimla halaye.

Babban sakamakon gano na atomic tsarin dokokin, wanda yana dauke da Pauli wariya manufa - kimiyyar lissafi, watau, yanayin da sabon abu, wanda ya kunshi a ciko da harsashi electrons. Kuma wannan, bi da bi, ya ba da baya, don tallafa wa na lokaci-lokaci dokar. Saboda haka, "sinadaran" da abinda ke ciki na general tsarin kwayoyin zarra da kwayoyin dokokin samu ta muhimman hakkokin affirmation a kimiyyar lissafi ta hanyar gina ciki "architecture" da zarra.