Radar - shi ... Definition, iri, aiki manufa. radar

Radar - wani tarin hanyoyin kimiyya da nufin wanda bauta ga kayyade asalin da kuma halaye na abu ta hanyar igiyoyin rediyo. A gwajin makaman ne sau da yawa ake magana a kai a matsayin radar manufa (ko da wani manufa).

radar manufa

Radio kayan aiki da nufin yi nufin yi radar ayyuka suna kira radar tsarin, ko na'urorin (radar ko RLN). Muhimmai na radar dangane da wadannan jiki mamaki da kuma Properties:

• A rediyo kalaman yaduwa yanayi, da fuskantar da abubuwa daban-daban tare da lantarki Properties, suna a warwatse a kan su. Kalaman nuna daga cikin manufa (ko da kansa haske), na barin a radar tsarin ganowa da kuma gane manufa.
• A manyan nisa Farfagandar dauka a mike a akai gudun a san yanayi. Wannan zato ya sa ya yiwu don auna nesa da manufa da kuma ta mai kusurwa tsarawa (tare da wasu kuskure).
• A kan tushen da Doppler sakamako, da mita na samu nuna alama an lasafta radial gudu daga radiation batu mun gwada RLN.

tarihi bayanai

A cikin igiyoyin rediyo ikon tare nuna da babban likita H. Hertz da kuma Rasha lantarki injiniya AS Popov a cikin marigayi XIX karni. Bisa ga lamban kira daga 1904, da farko radar kafa a Jamus m Karl Hyulmayer. The na'urar, wanda ya kira telemobiloskopom, a yi amfani da jiragen ruwa, plied Rhine. A dangane da ci gaban da jirgin sama injiniya amfani radar dubi sosai alamar rahama kamar yadda mai tsaron gida kashi. Bincike a cikin wannan yanki sun manyan kwararru a kasashen da dama.

A 1932, da asali manufa na radar aka bayyana a cikin rubuce-rubucen bincike Birnin Leningrad, Institute of Electrophysics (Leningrad Electrophysical Institute) Pavel Kondratevich Oschepkov. Б.К. Ya na da ma, tare da haɗin gwiwar abokan aiki BK Shembel da VV Tsimbalinym bazara na 1934 da aka nuna a samfur radar, da manufa aka located a tsawon 150 m da nisa na 600 m. Bugu da ari aiki a kan inganta radar ne ƙara da kewayon da ayyukan da inganta daidaiton kayyade manufa location.

iri radar

Yanayin electromagnetic radiation hari da shawara da dama iri radar:

• A m radar bincika muhimmi radiation (thermal, electromagnetic da kamar), wanda ya haifar da wani manufa (makamai masu linzami, jirgin sama, sarari abubuwa).
• Rayayye da za'ayi tare da aiki martani a cikin al'amarin, idan abu sanye take tare da kansa watsawa da kuma hulda da su daukan wuri a kan algorithm "request - martani".
• Active m amsa ya shafi nazarin sakandare (tunãni) rediyo. Radar a cikin wannan harka ta ƙunshi wani watsawa da wani mai karɓar.
• Semi-aiki radar - shi ne na musamman harka aiki, a wani akwati inda nuna radiation injimin gano illa an located radars (msl, wani tsarin kashi abin da ya ƙunsa da makamai masu linzami).

Kowane irin na muhimmi amfani ko rashin amfani.

Hanyar da kayan aiki

All radar wurare a cikin hanyar amfani da su raba wani radar m da pulsed radiation.

A farko ƙunshi a cikin abun da ke ciki a watsawa da wani radiation mai karɓar aiki lokaci guda da kuma ci gaba. Bisa wannan ka'ida, da farko radar na'urorin da aka halitta. Wani misali na irin wannan tsarin zai iya bauta wa radioaltimetr (jirgin sama na'urar Kayyade cire jirgin daga ƙasa surface) ko sananne ga dukan masu motoci radar ga kayyade gudun iyaka na abin hawa.

Lokacin bugun jini Hanyar electromagnetic makamashi ne jefarwa a takaice hatsaisai na 'yan microseconds. Bayan da samar da wani alama tashar tana aiki ne kawai a kan liyafar. Bayan tattara da kuma rijista da nuna radar radiowaves watsa wani sabon bugun jini da kuma hawan keke aka maimaita.

radar halaye

Akwai biyu na asali halaye na aiki na radar tashoshin da na'urorin. Origin - Ana dubawa sarari. Yana yana da za'ayi tsananin bisa ga qaddara tsarin. A bi da bi review motsi radar katako iya zama na madauwari, helical, conical, sectored hali. Alal misali, eriya tsararru iya juya sannu a hankali a cikin da'irar (a azimuth) yayin da scanning a tadawa (karkatar sama da kasa). A cikin layi daya scanning katako radar Charts kwashe haskoki. Kowane ya da kansa mai karɓar ana sarrafa mahara bayanai qarqashinsu.

Tracking yanayin yana nufin m directivity na eriya da aka zaba abu. Domin ta nuna, daidai da yanayin da wani motsi manufa, ta amfani da musamman sarrafa kansa tracking tsarin.

A algorithm domin kayyade da iyaka da kuma shugabanci

A yaduwa gudun electromagnetic taguwar ruwa a cikin yanayi ne 300 dubu. Km / s. Saboda haka, sanin lokaci ciyar watsa labarai siginar zuwa rufe da nisa daga tashar zuwa ga manufa da kuma baya, shi ne mai sauki yin lissafi da nesa da abu. Don yin wannan dole ne ka daidai rikodin lokacin aika da bugun jini da kuma lokaci na tallafi na nuna alama.

Domin bayanai a kan location da manufa amfani, mãsu haske ne radar. Tabbatar da dalilin da azimuth kuma tadawa (da tadawa ko tadawa) daga cikin abu samar da wani kunkuntar eriya masaƙa. Modern radar amfani da wannan phased tsararru antennas (PAR) m don saita mai narrower katako, da kuma halin da high juyawa gudu. Yawanci, da sarari scanning tsari da aka yi da akalla biyu bim.

Babban sigogi na tsarin

Daga dabara da kuma fasaha halaye na kayan aiki ya dogara sun fi mayar a kan yadda ya dace da kuma ingancin ayyuka.

Domin dabara radar Manuniya matsayi:

• filin ra'ayi, iyakance mafi kankanta da kuma iyakar kewayo na manufa ganewa, mai aiki azimuth kwana da kuma tadawa kwana.
• Resolution a zangon, azimuth, tadawa da kuma gudun (da ikon ƙayyade da sigogi na dab hari).
• Ji daidaito, wanda aka auna gaban babban,-din-din ko bazuwar kurakurai.
• Surutu rigakafi da kuma aminci.
• A mataki na aiki da na gyara da kuma sarrafa da shigowa data rafi na bayanai.

A kayyade dabara halaye aza a zayyana na'urorin da wasu fasaha sigogi, daga cikinsu:

• m mita, da kuma daidaitowa na generated oscillations.
• eriya alamu;
• ikon watsarwa da kuma samun na'urorin.
• girma da kuma nauyi na tsarin.

Layin wajibi

Radar - ne m kayan aiki da aka yi amfani da ko'ina a cikin soja Sphere, kimiyya da kuma tattalin arziki. A amfani ne steadily fadada godiya ga ci gaba da kuma kyautata na fasaha kayan aiki da kuma ji da fasahar.

A amfani da radar a cikin soja kansu iya warware matsalar muhimmanci na nazari da kuma saka idanu na sarari, ganewa na iska, ƙasar da ruwa mobile hari. Ba tare da radar ne ba zai yiwu ba su yi tunanin da kayan aiki da hidima don sanar da kewayawa tsarin da na bindigogi kula da tsarin.

Soja radar tushe ne wani ɓangare na dabarun gargadi na makami mai linzami hari da makami mai linzami Hadakar tsaron gida.

radioastronomy

Aika da igiyoyin rediyo daga ƙasa surface kuma an nuna daga abubuwa a cikin kusa da m sarari, kazalika a kan Duniya ƙare. Mutane da yawa sarari abubuwa ya gagara cikakken bincike kawai tare da yin amfani da Tantancewar kida, da kuma kawai amfani da radar dabaru a ilmin taurari bada wani arziki daga bayani game da yanayi da tsari. A karo na farko a m radar ga Lunar bincike da aka yi amfani da American kuma Hungarian ilmin Taurari a shekarar 1946. Kusan lokaci guda, shi aka da ka dauka da sigina na rediyo daga m sarari.

Modern nesa samun eriya yana cikin siffar wani babban concave siffar zobe tasa (kamar madubi na na gani reflector). The fi girma da diamita, da weaker da sigina eriya iya dauka. rediyo nesa aiki sau da yawa hadaddun, hada ba kawai da na'urorin dake kusa da juna, amma su ne a kan daban-daban nahiyoyi. Daga cikin mafiya muhimmanci ayyuka na zamani ilmin taurari - nazarin pulsars da kuma taurari da aiki nuclei, da binciken na interstellar matsakaici.

} ungiyoyin aikace-aikace

A bangaren noma da kuma da gandunan daji, radar na'urorin ne ba makawa domin samun bayanai a kan rarraba da yawa na iri-iri shuka, nazarin tsarin, sigogi da kuma iri na gona, dace ganewa na gobara. A labarin kasa da kuma ilmin duwatsu radar da ake amfani da su na yin topographic da geomorphological ayyukansu, ƙayyade cikin tsari da kuma abun da ke ciki na kankara, sami ma'adinai adibas. A hydrology da oceanography radar hanyoyin da aka sanya idanu babban waterway na kasar, snow da kankara, da linzaman taswira da bakinta.

Radar - shi ne mai ba makawa mataimakin zuwa samaniya. Radar saukin gano jihar na yanayi a nesa na dubun kilomita, da kuma a kan bincike na bayanai, a forecast canje-canje a cikin yanayi a wasu yankunan.

inganta harkokin ci gaban

Domin zamani radar babban kimantawa rarrabẽwa ne rabo na iya aiki da kuma inganci. Yadda ya dace nufin da kowa yana da dabara da kuma fasaha halaye na kayan aiki. Samar da cikakken radar - wani hadadden aikin injiniya da kuma kimiyya-fasaha matsalar, da aiwatar da abin da mai yiwuwa ne kawai tare da yin amfani da sabbin nasarori da Electromechanics da kuma lantarki, informatics da sarrafa kwamfuta ikon.

Masana sun yi hasashen cewa, a nan gaba, babban aikin raka'a tashoshin na daban-daban matakan mawuyaci da manufar ne m-jihar aiki phased tsararru (phased iri-iri), wanda maida analog sakonni zuwa dijital. A ci gaba da kwamfuta tsarin zai cikakken sanya aiki da kai da management da kuma asali ayyuka na radar, samar da karshen abokin ciniki a da cikakken bincike na bayanai samu.