Abinda ke ciki na aikata laifuka da kuma cancantar laifuka tare da fasali

Ka'idar ka'idar laifuka ta fi kwanan nan ta kafa abin da ake nufi da kullun kwayoyin halitta. A aikace, an yi amfani da wannan ra'ayi na dogon lokaci, amma ainihin abun ciki da ma'anar ba.

Kalmar "laifi"

Don fahimtar abin da abun da ke ciki shine, menene dalilin da kuma yadda laifin ya cancanta, yana da muhimmanci a fahimci tunanin.

Crime wani aiki ne ko tsallakewa (aiki) wanda ke da haɗari a al'ada. A cikin kalmomi masu sauƙi - an nuna mummunan cutar daga wannan taron a cikin lalata abubuwan da suke fada a ƙarƙashin ikon shari'a.

Alal misali, sata yana cin zarafin hakkoki na haƙƙin mallaka da aka karɓa a cikin al'umma. Wannan aikin, wanda ya zama bisa ka'ida a karkashin laifi, amma ba ya ƙunshi alamu na hatsarin jama'a, ba zai zama laifi ba. Alal misali, cin zarafin jiki a kan maniac don kare yara daga gare ta. Idan muka yi la'akari da shi, aikin yana da hukunci, amma ba shi da hatsarin jama'a, don haka babu wani laifi game da laifi.

Manufar

Tsarin dabi'un dabi'u da haƙiƙa (alamu) na ayyukan (ayyuka ko ɓoye) da aka ba su duka a cikin ra'ayi da kuma samar da al'ada, da kuma nuna wani mummunan aiki kamar laifi, ana kiranta abun da ke aikata laifuka.

Ya ƙunshi nau'ikan ɓangarori guda huɗu daga cikin sassan:

• Abinda ke cikin laifin;
• Hanyar da ke cikin wannan laifi;
• Yanayin abin da ke cikin laifi;
• Batun aikata laifi.

Ma'anar abun da ke ciki shi ne cewa ya zama tushen dashi don alhakin alhakin laifi. Lokacin da babu wani bangare na abun da ke ciki, alhakin laifi bai zo ba. Alal misali, aikin ya aikata ne ta hanyar mutum wanda aka bayyana mahaukaci. A irin wannan yanayi, babu wani laifi. Saboda haka, ba za'a iya furta kalma ba, tun da ba a kawo mutumin irin wannan laifi ba.

Laifin laifi a cikin Shari'ar Laifuka

Ba a bayyana abin da ke ciki da kuma cancantar laifuka a cikin laifin laifin. Yi amfani da wannan lokacin bincike-shari'a da kuma ka'idar aikata laifuka.

Ƙungiyar ta fahimtar ƙungiya ta alamu da manufofi, wanda, bisa ga shari'ar, ya nuna wani aiki na al'ada da ke da haɗari a matsayin laifi.

Abinda ke ciki na aikata laifuka shi ne tsarin doka game da wani laifi na aikata laifi, wanda aka bayyana a wasu takamaiman sashe na Sashe na Musamman na Yankin Halin.

Daidaita laifuka

A cikin fassarar daga Latin, "cancantar" yana da inganci. Suna magana game da cancantar yin laifi a hanyoyi guda biyu:

• A matsayin wata hanya mai mahimmanci ko aiki;
• A sakamakon haka, inda aikin ya sami kima na karshe na halin halayen haɗari kuma an ƙaddamar da aikin a cikin takamaiman takardun.

Domin ya cancanci aikata laifin, sannan kuma ya yanke hukunci game da hukunci, dole ne a fahimci yadda ake raba laifukan.

Suna raira waƙa game da ilimin lissafi, falsafar ilimi, shari'a, ka'ida ta cancanta.

A cikin shari'ar doka, ana fahimtar cancanta a matsayin kafa daidaito ko daidaitattun alamu da cewa ayyukan aikata mugun abu sune, tare da alamun da doka ta tsara.

Tsayawa game da ko akwai alamomin irin wannan kuma idan sun dace da abin da aka kwatanta shi ne akan kwatanta aikin tare da ka'idoji na yanzu. An kwatanta daidaito ɗaya bisa ka'idoji na doka na doka, wasu alamun ba a la'akari da su ba.

Tashin hankali na aikata laifuka yana tasiri ne game da laifi.

Alal misali, don aikata laifuka a cikin farautar haram, ana ganin "laifi scene" ya zama dole. Yanke shawara game da batun zai dogara da shi.

Hidimar kirkirar kima ce game da irin laifuffukan da ake aikata laifuka game da irin wannan lamarin a yanayin da ya faru. Daidaitaccen cancanta ya dogara ne akan daidaitaccen yanayi.

Laifin laifuka ya cancanta a cikin binciken farko (bincike, bincike na farko), da kuma gwaji, sannan kuma - hukuncin. Har ila yau, aikin aikin cancanta ya ƙunshi aikin kulawa da ƙaddamarwa cikin laifuka. Ƙididdiga cewa akwai laifi a cikin aikin da ya dace da ka'idojin shari'ar da aka kafa ta ka'idoji a cikin takardun:

• Shari'ar da za ta gabatar da wani shari'ar ko a saba wa juna game da farawa;
• Yi umurni cewa dole ne a kawo mutum a matsayin mai zargi;
• Aiwatar da matakan tsaro;
• A yarda;
• Shari'ar.

A cikin wadannan takardun, an rubuta sunayen dukkanin sharuɗan da aka aikata laifin da aka rubuta kuma an rubuta su sosai.

Darajar cancanta

Ma'anar laifuka da kuma cancantar laifuka yana daya daga cikin muhimman lokuta a aikin ma'aikatan tsaro. Dokar doka ta ba da ikon iko mafi girma wajen yanke hukunci game da batun cancantar laifin.

Lokaci guda ya cika cikakken alhakin yanke shawarar da jami'in tsaro ya yi a cikin wannan batu.

Matsalolin laifuffukan da ake ciki ta hanyar abun ciki sun kasance, duk da ƙoƙarin ƙoƙari na yin rarrabuwa. Za a iya kafa kafa a cikin ayyukan alamu na laifi kawai ta hanyar cancantar laifi. A nan shi ne hujja daga sharuddan doka, bisa ga abin da mutum ya kawo laifin aikata laifuka, ana amfani da matakan kisa, ana kawo caji, an yanke hukunci ko hukuncin kisa.

Abinda ya kamata a sakamakon haka bai zama ba ne kawai a matsayin alamar tsaro na shari'a ba, amma kuma yana nuna masu aikata laifi da alaka da alaka da laifuka.

Dama daidai shine mabuɗin yin hukunci mai kyau.

Nau'ayi na cancanta

Abinda ke ciki na aikata laifuka da kuma cancantar laifuka a yayin fassararsa yana nufin rarraba tsarin aikin cancanta a cikin takunkumin da aka saba. Abinda ke ciki na aikata laifin shine tushen dalili na aikata laifi.

Nau'ayi na cancantar:

• Official. Irin wannan cancantar da aka ba da mai binciken, mai binciken ko kotu a duk matakai na aikata laifuka.
• Informal. Ana ba da dalibai, masana kimiyya, wasu mutane a cikin masu zaman kansu.

Tsarin aikin halayya

A lokacin da aka cancanci laifuka, an yi ayyuka masu yawa:

• An bincika ko laifin aikata laifuka ne (bin ka'idojin Shari na 14 na Hukuncin Shari'a na Rasha);
• Ya bayyana wanda yake shi ne (kuma a wasu lokuta - batun) na hare-haren laifi;
• Ana nazarin alamomi da suka shiga cikin haƙiƙa da kuma ra'ayoyin ra'ayi;
• Ƙayyade hukunce-hukuncen shari'a da aka sanya akan batun laifin.

Tambayar dacewa da aikata laifuka ya sa ya yiwu a bayyana batun batun kasancewa ko rashin laifi, kuma ya ba kotun damar ƙayyade hukuncin adalci ga aikata laifin.

Ƙididdigar ƙididdiga a cikin cancanta

Daidaitawar lalacewar laifuffuka tare da fasalin halayen aiki muhimmi ne a cikin nazarin aikin.

Ayyukan gwajin su ne masu canji. Abinda suke ciki yana dogara ne da irin ƙwarewar lauya wanda ke bin doka. Wadannan alamomi sune mafi kusanci ga halin da ke faruwa a halin yanzu, wanda hukumomi bincike, ofishin lauya da kotun zasu tantance. Kuma tare da wani nau'i na al'ada, ana kiran su "alamu".

Misali na siffar fasalin da za a iya kama shi shine batun "mummunar cutar", wanda aka yi amfani da cin zarafin iko, jama'a ko bukatu na jihar, da kuma bukatun da doka ta tanada, bukatun jama'a da kuma bukatun jama'a.

Abubuwa mai mahimmanci

Tun da cewa ba a bayyana ma'anar "mummunar cutar" ba a cikin Laifin Laifin Laifin, hukuncin da ya yanke a kan ko laifin kanta yana da muhimmanci ko a'a kawai kotu ta dauka.

Abinda ke ciki na aikata laifuka da kuma cancantar laifuka yana daya daga cikin matakai mafi muhimmanci a cikin tsarin shari'a duka. Bugu da ƙari, ƙididdigar ƙididdigar alama ce ta dangantaka tsakanin abubuwa ko abubuwan mamaki, kuma ya danganta sakamakon sakamakon gwada abu da wani samfurin (misali ko misali).

Ya kamata a lura cewa manufar daidaito a cikin aikace-aikacen da ake aikata laifuka an dauke shi sosai.

Ma'anar laifi don cancanta

A farko wuri tamanin da laifi ne ya zama dalilin da sun laifi alhaki. Wannan na nufin mutum wanda aikinsa ya kasance wani ɓangare na aikata laifuka yana da alhakin aikata laifuka ta hanyar ofishin lauya, kotu da kuma masu bincike, kuma mutumin bai dauki wannan alhaki ba.

Na biyu aikin da laifin yana da shi ne don taimakawa wajen cancanta. Ma'anar maɗaukakin kariya ga cancantar laifuka ya ƙunshi hada-hadar da ake bukata, ainihi, ganewa da abin da aka sanya ta alamun, wanda aka tsara a cikin ka'idar doka.

Shari'ar da aka ƙaddara ta ƙunshi mahimmanci na zamantakewa da kuma laifi.

Ma'anar kullun da ya dace don cancantar laifukan laifuka na zamantakewar jama'a ya ƙunshi nuna nuna rashin amincewar al'umma game da yanayin da ke haifar da wani abu na aikata laifi. Jihar na iya bayyana halinsa ga wannan batu.

Muhimmancin laifin shari'a ya bayyana ta hanyoyi daban-daban.

Kuskuren ƙira

Halin da aka yi a kan abun da ke aikata laifuka, da rashin alheri, yana da kuskure.

Kuskuren ƙwarewa suna ɓoye rashin kuskure ko nuna alamun aikata laifuka, da kuma biyan bayanansa a wasu ɓangarori na Maganar Laifin (Kuznetsova NF). Irin wadannan kurakurai suna daga yanayin shari'a, ba kamar hanyar aikata laifi ba. Babban tushe irin wannan kurakurai sune raunana a cikin doka da kuma rashin dokar.

Kuskuren ƙwarewa an taƙaita shi a cikin kungiyoyi uku:

1. Babu yiwuwar aikata laifi ba a san inda yake ba.
2. An gane cewa abun da ke aikata laifin shi ne inda ba ya nan.
3. An ƙayyade ka'idar Shari'ar Hanyoyin Shari'a don aiwatar da cancanta da ba daidai ba.

Daidaitawar laifukan da suka dace

Hanyoyin laifuffukan da suka shafi laifuffuka suna da matsala.

Ana danganta siffofin da ke kusa da yanayin haɗarin da suke kawowa ga al'umma, kuma ya bambanta a cikin ɗaya ko fiye da halaye na kowa. A cikin Laifin Laifin Laifi, akwai laifuffuka 150 da suka dace.

Don cancantar irin wannan laifuka, yana da muhimmanci a rarrabe abubuwan da zasu daddale su. Alal misali, a game da sata na dukiyar wani, irin yadda zagi wani baƙo zai zama fasalin rarraba. Idan sata na cin zarafi ne, fashi ya bude, kuma fashi ya tilasta.

Hanyoyin da suka shafi laifuffuka na al'ada sune abubuwa daban-daban - bukatun sabis a kungiyoyin daban-daban, da bukatun jama'a, adalci, aikin soja.

Hanyoyin laifuffukan da aka danganta da abubuwan da suka shafi laifuffuka a lokuta masu alaka, da kuma tabbatar da haɗin ayyukan, ya yiwu ya bayyana irin wannan ma'anar kamar komawa da laifi da aikata laifuka. Wannan yana nufin cewa akwai abubuwa da yawa. Criminologically, wannan yanke shawara cikakke ne.

Ƙarshe

Abinda ke ciki na aikata laifuka, nau'o'in nau'ikan tsari, da cancantar aikata laifuka a cikin ƙaddara shi ne kawai dalilin dalili akan alhakin laifi. Suna aiki da cikakkiyar cancantar shari'a wanda aka nuna laifin aikata laifuka, kuma su ma dalilai ne na kotu don tantance adadin hukunci, bayyanar da kullun, da kuma kafa wani ma'auni na laifi.

Sakamakon gaskiya da daidaitattun ma'anar kullun yana daya daga cikin tabbacin cewa 'yanci da' yanci na mutum, za a kiyaye kariya, dokoki da kuma doka, kuma jihar za ta ci gaba da samun alamun dimokuradiyya da shari'a.