Pollination na shuke-shuke: description, fasali, saukarwa da iri

A matsayin karshe aiki ya yi aikin da hankula flower samuwar 'ya'yan itatuwa da tsaba. Wannan na bukatar biyu matakai. . Na farko shi ne pollination na furanni. Bayan shi akwai dace hadi - akwai 'ya'yan itãcen marmari da tsaba. . Ka yi la'akari da kara, abin ne daban na pollination.

Overview

, на котором осуществляется перенос мелких зерен с тычинок на рыльце. Pollination shuke-shuke - da mataki na samun da canja wurin da lafiya hatsi da rakers a kan stigma. An haɗa dangi zuwa wani mataki na amfanin gona ci gaba - da samuwar da haihuwa gabobin. Masana kimiyya suna iri biyu pollination da aka samu: allogamy da autogamy. A wannan yanayin, da farko za a iya yi hanyoyi biyu: geytonogamiey da xenogamy.

halaye na

путем переноса зерен с тычинок на рыльце одного органа размножения. Autogamy - shuke-shuke pollinated ta canja da hatsi da stigma na stamens haifuwa dalĩli. A wasu kalmomin, daya tsarin da kansa ya aikata wani zama dole tsari. Allogamy - giciye canja wurin hatsi daga daya sashin jiki rakers a kan stigma na wani. Geytonogamiya ya shafi pollination tsakanin furanni na daya, da kuma xenogamy - daban-daban mutane. A farko genetically kama autogamy. A wannan yanayin, akwai kawai recombination na gametes a cikin wannan mutum. Matsayin mai mulkin, wannan shi ne hali da yawa-pollinated inflorescences.

A mafi m domin ta kayyade sakamako ne dauke xenogamy. способствует увеличению возможностей перекомбинации генетических данных. Irin wannan pollination na flowering shuke-shuke na taimaka wa recombination kayyade data damar. Wannan, bi da bi, kara habaka da intraspecific bambancin, bi da Na'urar juyin halitta. A halin yanzu, autogamy yana da muhimmanci darajar dattako musamman haruffa.

nufin

pollination Hanyar dogara a kan hatsi canja wuri da kuma jamiái flower alamu. Allogamy autogamy da za a iya za'ayi da wannan dalilai. Su, musamman, suna iska, da dabbobi, da mutane, da ruwa. A mafi girma iri-iri daban-daban hanyoyi da allogamy. Ware wadannan su rukuni:

1. осуществляется с помощью живых организмов. Halittu - pollination ne da za'ayi tare da taimakon rayayyun kwayoyin halitta. Wannan kungiyar gano wani yawan subgroups. A rarrabuwa da aka sanya dangane da wani m. (энтомофилия), птицами (орнитофилия), летучими мышами (хироптерофилия). Alal misali, a aiwatar pollination da kwari (entomophily), da tsuntsaye (ornithophily), jemagu (hiropterofiliya). Akwai wasu hanyoyi -. Da taimakon mollusks, dabbobi masu shayarwa, da dai sauransu Duk da haka, suna yi wahayi a cikin yanayi ne rare.
2. связано с влиянием небиологических факторов. Abiotic - pollination saboda rinjayar abiotic dalilai. A wannan kungiyar, fitaccen canja wurin hatsi daga iska (anemofiliyu), ruwa (hydrophilic).

, считаются адаптациями к конкретным окружающим условиям. Fashion a cikin abin da pollination na shuke-shuke suna dauke adaptations zuwa takamaiman muhalli da yanayi. A kayyade sharuddan, su ne kasa muhimmanci fiye da nau'in.

Shuka karbuwa ga pollination

La'akari na farko rukuni na hanyoyin. A yanayi, kamar yadda mai mulkin, shi hadu entomophily. Juyin Halitta daga shuke-shuke da kuma pollen vectors gudu a layi daya. Entomophilous mutane sauƙi tsaya fitar da sauransu. A shuke-shuke da vectors da juna karbuwa. A wasu lokuta su ne don haka kunkuntar cewa al'adu ne ba iya zama ba tare da wani wakili (ko mataimakin versa). Kwari suna janyo hankalin:

1. Color.
2. Abinci.
3. Wari.

Bugu da kari, wasu kwari amfani da furanni a matsayin tsari. Alal misali, da suke boye a can da dare. A zafin jiki a cikin flower fi da cewa da waje yanayi, 'yan digiri. Akwai kwari da cewa haifa kansu a cikin al'adu. Alal misali, wasps Chalcid furanni amfani da wannan.

ornithophily

Pollination da tsuntsaye na faruwa yafi a wurare masu zafi da yankuna. A rare lokuta ornithophily da shi ya auku a cikin subtropics. Ãyõyin furanni da cewa jawo tsuntsaye sun hada da:

1. Babu wari. A tsuntsaye m rauni ji na wari.
2. Corolla yana da wani kullum orange ko ja. A rare lokuta, akwai wani blue ko Violet launi. An ce cewa tsuntsu ne sauƙi bambanta da launi.
3. A manyan yawan low-mai karfi Nectar.

Birds sau da yawa ba zauna a flower da kuma pollinate, shawagi kusa da shi.

Hiropterofiliya

Bats pollinating advantageously wurare masu zafi da itatuwa da kuma sarƙaƙƙiya. A rare lokuta, suna da hannu a cikin kai na hatsi a ɗanyar ciyawa. Bats pollinate furanni da dare. Ãyõyin al'adu cewa jawo hankalin wadannan dabbobi sun hada da wadannan:

1. A gaban fari ko mai kyalli rawaya-koren launi. Yana kuma iya zama brownish, a rare lokuta m.
2. A gaban wani takamaiman wari. Ya tuna asirin da saki da linzamin kwamfuta.
3. Furanni Bloom da dare ko da yamma.
4. Manyan sassa rataya daga rassan a kan dogon stalks (BAOBAB) ci gaba ko dai kai tsaye a cikin kututturan itatuwa (koko).

Anemofiliya

Pollination game da 20% na shuke-shuke matsakaici tsiri ɗauke da iska. A bude wuraren (steppes, Hamada, iyakacin duniya yankunan), wannan adadi ne yafi hakan. Anemophilous al'adu da wadannan siffofin:

1. Kananan inconspicuous furanni da suke yellowish ko greenish, sau da yawa ba tare da perianth. Idan shi ne ba, shi ne a cikin nau'i na fina-finai da ɓamɓaroki.
2. A gaban multiflorous inflorescences. Irin wannan "bouquet" za a iya wakilta povisloj axis - kunne.
3. A gaban a kan stamen anther bakin ciki filaments.
4. Ã'a manyan kuma sau da yawa feathery stigmas protruding bayan flower.
5. guda ko iri guda ba al'ada.
6. A babban adadin pollen. Shi ne bushe, lafiya, santsi. A hatsi iya samun ƙarin na'urorin (iska bags, misali).

Anemophilous al'ada sau da yawa samar da manyan clumps. Wannan ƙwarai qara chances na pollination. Kamar yadda misalai bauta birchwoods, itatuwan oak, bamboo thickets.

hydrophilic

Wannan pollination yana da wuya a samu a yanayi. Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa ruwa ba wata al'ada mazauninsu ga shuke-shuke. A da yawa shuke-shuke da furanni ne sama da surface kuma suna pollinated mafi yawa da kwari ko da iska. ÃyõyinSa hydrophilic amfanin gona sun hada da:

1. A furanni ne kananan da kuma inconspicuous. Da suka ci gaba singly ko taru a kananan "hõre nunannun".
2. Matsayin mai mulkin, gay furanni. Kamar yadda misalai bauta vallisneria, Elodea.
3. A anthers na bakin ciki bango. Sun rasa endothecium. anthers sau da yawa da filamentary form. A wasu al'adu, da suka entwine stigma. Wannan na taimaka wa m shigar azzakari cikin farji da kuma germination na pollen.
4. A wake ne babu exine. Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa pollen ne a cikin ruwa da kuma shi ba ya bukatar kariya daga bushewa fita.

autogamy

A halin yanzu 75% na tsire-tsire ne bisexual furanni. Wannan na samar m canja wuri hatsi ba tare da waje goyon bayan. Autogamy ne sau da yawa bazuwar. Wannan shi ne yanayin musamman a karkashin m yanayi na dako.

Autogamy dogara ne a kan manufa da "mafi kai-pollination, fiye da m at all." Wannan irin canja wuri ne da aka sani, da yawa hatsi da amfanin gona. Su yakan ci gaba a cikin m yanayi a yankunan inda karfi sanyi (tundra, duwãtsu) ko zafi sosai (bari), kuma babu dako.

A yanayi, A halin yanzu, ya gana da na yau da kullum autogamy. Shi ne m, kuma yana da muhimmanci ga amfanin gona. Alal misali, kai pollinating shuke-shuke kamar Peas, gujiya, alkama, flax, auduga da sauransu.

subtypes

Autogamy iya zama:

1. Contact. Lokacin da motsi filaments anthers kai tsaye da lãbãri stigmas. Wannan autogamy halayyar ungulates, starflower.
2. Nauyi. A wannan yanayin, hirtsinta kai stigma daga anthers, wanda aka located a sama. Lokacin da gravitational autogamy haka, nauyi abubuwa. Wannan shi ne halayyar Heather, pyroloideae al'adu.
3. Cleistogamous. A wannan yanayin da za'ayi a cikin toho pollination ko rufaffiyar flower. Cleistogamy dauke da wani matsananci digiri autogamy. Yana iya zama saboda ya fi karfinsu dalilai (high zafi ko fari). Cleistogamy iya zama na yau da kullum, genetically gyarawa. Alal misali, wani abin mamaki violets a cikin bazara lokaci furanni farko bayyana al'ada, amma pollination ba ya faruwa a su, bi da bi, ba ya bayyana 'ya'yan itatuwa da tsaba. Daga bisani akwai cleistogamous haihuwa gabobin. Suna ba bayyana da kuma gabatar a cikin nau'i na buds. Germination na hirtsinta a anthers faruwa kai tsaye. A tube wuce ta wurin garun, kuma ya kai cikin spout. A sakamakon haka ne a kwantena da tsaba.

Cleistogamy gano a cikin al'adu na daban-daban taxonomic kungiyoyin (a wasu hatsi, misali).