Non-na gargajiya kimiyya: samuwar, ka'idoji, halaye

Ana zargin kimiyya a mu na zamani view - a gwada sabon tsari da bukatar m koyo. A tsakiyar zamanai babu irin wannan abu a matsayin zamantakewa yanayi na ci gaban kimiyya a wata hanya da gudummawar. The so ba dukan data kasance abubuwa da mamaki na m bayani fito a cikin XVI-XVII ƙarni., Lokacin da ilmi na duniya a hanya don raba a falsafar da kuma kimiyya. Da kuma cewa shi kawai farkon - tare da nassi na lokaci da kuma canje-canje a cikin fahimta mutane partially sauya gargajiya nonclassical kimiyya, sa'an nan kuma akwai postnonclassical.

Wadannan koyarwar suna partially maye gurbinsu da ra'ayi na gargajiya kimiyya da kuma iyakance ikon yinsa. Tare da fitowan na ba-gargajiya kimiyya akwai lokatan da yawa muhimmanci binciken na duniya, a can shi ne gabatarwar sabon gwaji data. A binciken da na halitta mamaki koma zuwa wani sabon matakin.

Definition na ba-gargajiya kimiyya

Non-gargajiya mataki na ci gaba da kimiyya zo a cikin marigayi XIX - tsakiyar XX karni. Ya zama mai ma'ana ci gaba da classic kwarara, wanda a cikin wannan lokaci underwent a rikicin na m tunani. Da shi shi ne na uku kimiyya juyin juya hali, shafi ta Global. Non-na gargajiya kimiyya kawo shawara ga fahimtar abubuwa, ba kamar yadda wani abu a barga, da kuma wuce da su ta hanyar wani irin giciye-sashe na daban-daban theories, da hanyoyin da ka'idodinta ji karatu.

Akwai wani ra'ayi da cewa crosses da dukan tsari na halitta kimiyya: to gane yanayin abubuwa da mamaki ba kamar yadda wani abu dauka domin ba, kamar yadda yake a baya. Masana kimiyya sun miƙa ya bi da su abstractly da kuma yin gaskiya na dabam-dabam bayani, saboda a kowane daga cikinsu na iya zama ba hatsi na haƙiƙa ilmi. Yanzu nazarin batun kimiyya ba a sãkẽwa form, kuma musamman da yanayi na zama. Nazarin daya batu da ya faru a hanyoyi daban-daban, kuma saboda haka ta karshe sakamakon zai bambanta.

Ka'idojin da ba na gargajiya kimiyya

ka'idojin da ba na gargajiya kimiyya da aka soma, wanda suka kamar haka:

1. Rashin wuce kima objectivity na gargajiya kimiyya, wanda ya kai batun a matsayin wani abu akai, mai zaman kanta da ilmi nãwa.
2. Fahimtar dangantakar dake tsakanin Properties na da abu na gudanar da bincike, da kuma musamman ayyuka da za'ayi da batun.
3. A fahimta daga wadannan dangantaka a matsayin dalilin kayyade wani haƙiƙa bayanin irin abu Properties, da kuma duniya a manyan.
4. A tallafi na ka'idojin dangantakar tare da bincike, mai hankali, quantized complementarity da yiwuwa.

Nazarin sun kullum koma zuwa wani sabon multifactor ra'ayi: abandonment na kadaici batu na binciken domin "tsarki na gwaji" a cikin ni'imar gudanar da wani m review a wani tsauri yanayi.

Features na aikace-aikace na kimiyya

Samuwar wadanda ba na gargajiya kimiyya ya canza gaba daya da na halitta domin na ji na real duniya:

• A mafi yawan bada, ciki har da kimiyyar yanayin halitta, wadanda ba gargajiya falsafar kimiyya ya fara taka muhimmiyar rawa.
• Nazarin yanayin da abu ne da aka fi lokaci, da bincike yana amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban da kuma ya bi sawun hulda da abubuwa a yanayi daban-daban. Object da kuma batun nazari zama mafi juna.
• Yana ƙarfafa dangantaka da hadin kai da yanayi na dukan kõme.
• Ya kafa wani juna, dangane da Sanadin sabon abu, da kuma ba kawai a kan inji ji na duniya.
• Dissonance, ana riskarsa kamar babban halayyar abubuwa a yanayi (msl, da bambance-bambance tsakanin jimla kalaman da barbashi sauki Tsarin).
• A musamman rawar da aka buga da rikicewar to tsauri da karatu.
• Tarin zahirin hanyar tunani ba hanya zuwa harshen, mafi m.

Bayan gabatarwar manufar da ba na gargajiya kimiyya a duniya sun kasance m gagarumin binciken dating daga marigayi XIX - farkon XX karni. Ba su shige zuwa cikin kafa matsayi na gargajiya kimiyya, haka gaba daya ya canza mutane ta hasashe na duniya. Daga cikin muhimman ka'idar wannan lokaci mafi Masana.

Darwin ta ka'idar juyin halitta

Daya sakamakon tallafi na wadanda ba na gargajiya kimiyya shi ne babban aikin da Charles Darwin, kayan da bincike domin wanda ya tattara daga 1809, da makamantansu to 1882. Yanzu wannan rukunan ne tushen kusan dukkanin msar tambayar ilmin halitta. Ya systematized ya lura da kuma gano cewa, babban dalilai a kan aiwatar da juyin halitta ne gadar hali da kuma zabin yanayi. Darwin samu cewa canji na ãyã daga wani nau'in a cikin tsarin juyin halitta ya dogara ne a kan wasu da kuma tabas dalilai. Wasu kafa a ƙarƙashin rinjayar da yanayi, da cewa shi ne, tare da wannan sakamako na yanayi a kan mafiya yawa daga mutane suna da canza su halaye (kauri daga cikin fata, ko gashi, pigmentation, da dai sauransu). Wadannan dalilai ne Na'urar a cikin yanayi da kuma ba su daukar kwayar cutar zuwa ƙarni na gaba.

Maras bayyani canje-canje kuma bayyana ƙarƙashin rinjayar muhalli dalilai, bazuwa amma tare da wasu mutane. Mafi sau da yawa gaji. Idan canji ya da amfani ga jinsin, shi ne gyarawa a kan aiwatar da zabin yanayi, da kuma daukar kwayar cutar zuwa nan gaba. Charles Darwin ya nuna cewa juyin halitta ya kamata a yi karatu amfani da dama akida, da kuma ra'ayoyi da gudanar da wani iri-iri na halitta nazari da kuma kallo. Its bude an busa-gefe addini game da sararin samaniya a wancan lokaci.

Einstein ta ka'idar dangantakar

A gaba gagarumin bude hanya na ba-gargajiya kimiyya ya taka muhimmiyar rawa. Muna magana ne game da aikin na Albert Einstein, wanda a 1905 da aka buga a ka'idar da dangantakar da jikinsu. Its ainihi ya yi nazarin motsi na jikinsu motsi zumunta da juna tare da akai gudun. Ya bayyana cewa, a cikin wannan yanayin kuskure gane mutum jiki a matsayin frame na reference - wajibi ne a yi la'akari da abubuwa zumunta ga juna da kuma la'akari da gudu da kuma yanayin na biyu abubuwa.

A Einstein ka'idar, akwai 2 ka'idodi:

1. Ka'idar Dangantakar. Yana karanta a duk al'ada da tunani tsarin, motsi zumunta da juna a wannan gudun da wannan shugabanci zai yi aiki da wannan dokoki.
2. A manufa na gudun haske. By haske shi ne mafi girma da sauri, daidai ne a gare dukan abubuwa da kuma abubuwan da suka faru da kuma ba ya dogara ne a kan gudun su motsi. Gudun haske ya zauna canzawa.

Albertu Eynshteynu daraja ya zo da wata jaraba ga gwaji sciences da gazawar da msar tambayar ilmi. Ya sanya wani invaluable taimako ga ci gaban da ba na gargajiya kimiyya.

A Heisenberg Rashin tabbas {a'ida

A 1926, Heisenberg ɓullo da kansa jimla ka'idar, ya canjãwa da dangantakar macrocosm ga saba duniya. A general ji aikinsa aka iyakance zuwa gaskiya cewa halaye da cewa mutum ido ba zai iya gani kalla (misali, da motsi da kuma hanyar atomic barbashi), a ilmin lissafi lissafin ba sun hada da. A farko wuri saboda electron motsa, da kuma matsayin barbashi da kuma matsayin kalaman. A matakin kwayoyin a cikin wani hulda da abu da kuma batun, ya canjãwa a cikin motsi na atomic gaɓũɓuwa, wanda ba za a iya gano shi.

Masana kimiyya dauki don canja wurin gargajiya ra'ayi na motsi na barbashi a cikin tsarin na jiki lissafin. Ya yi imani da cewa lissafinta kamata a yi amfani kawai yawa cewa an kai tsaye hade da wani tsit abu jihohi, Canji tsakanin jihohi, da kuma a bayyane haske. Shan da manufa na rubutu, shi ne wata matrix na lambobi, inda kowane darajar da ake sa da kansa lambar. Da kowace shigarwa a cikin tebur yana da keken ko ba-tsit jihar (a mulki daga jihar zuwa wani). Lissafi kamata nuna a lokacin da ya cancanta, daga yawan kashi da kuma ta yanayin. Non-na gargajiya kimiyya da siffofin sun muhimmanci Sauki cin kwallo tsarin, wanda aka tabbatar da Heisenberg.

A cikin jarrabawa na Big Bang

Tambayar da yadda ya yi duniya da sama da yake gaban da shi ya auku, kuma abin da zai faru bayan, ko da yaushe damu da damu da yanzu shi ne ba kawai da masana kimiyya, amma kuma talakawa mutane. Non-gargajiya mataki na cin gaban kimiyya ya bude wani version na asalin wayewa. Wannan shi ne sanannen ka'idar Big Bang. Hakika, wannan shi ne daya daga cikin shiriritar da ya faru na duniya, amma mafi masana kimiyya sun amince da ta zama matsayin kawai daidai version of bayyanar rayuwa.

Jigon da jarrabawa kamar haka: dukkan halittu da kuma dukkan abinda ke ciki a wannan lokaci ya tashi a sakamakon fashewa game da 13 biliyan shekaru da suka wuce. Har sai wannan lokacin, babu wani abin da - kawai wani m m ball na al'amarin, da ciwon mara iyaka zafin jiki da kuma yawa. A wani matsayi da ball fara fadada cikin hanzari, akwai hutu, kuma a can ne sararin samaniya da muka sani, kuma an rayayye binciko. Wannan jarrabawa kuma ya bayyana yiwu haddasawa na fadada daga cikin talikai, kuma ya bayyana a cikin daki-daki, duk da kasoshin lokatan cewa bi da Big Bang: da farko fadada, sanyaya da kuma bayyanar girgije na zamanin d abubuwa, wajen qaddamar da samuwar taurari da kuma taurari. All data kasance a cikin wannan duniya na al'amarin an halitta godiya ga wani gigantic fashewa.

Masifa Theory Rene Toma

A shekarar 1960, Faransa lissafi Rene Thom bayyana ka'idar fama. The masanin kimiyya ya fara fassara a cikin ilmin lissafi harshen sabon abu, a cikin abin da a ci gaba da sakamako a kan al'amarin ko abu halitta discontinuous sakamakon. Ka'idarsa yale mu mu fahimci asalin da canji da kuma surges a cikin tsarin, duk da ta ilmin lissafi yanayi.

Gabar da wadannan: Duk wani tsarin yana da wani barga kyaun jihar, a cikin abin da ya mamaye wata barga matsayi, ko wasu daga cikin kewayo. Lokacin da wani barga tsarin da aka fallasa da waje, ta asali ƙarfi za a nufin hana wannan sakamako. Bugu da ari, shi zai yi kokarin mayar da asali matsayi. Idan matsa lamba a cikin tsarin da aka karfi da cewa a cikin kwari jihar shi ba zai iya dawo, zai zama akwai a game da mummunan canji. A sakamakon haka, da tsarin yarda da sabon kwari jihar daban-daban daga asali.

Saboda haka, yi ya tabbatar da cewa akwai ba kawai maras gargajiya fasaha sciences, amma kuma lissafi. Suna taimaka wa fahimta duniya babu kasa da sauran darussan.

postnonclassical kimiyya

Da ya faru na post-nonclassical kimiyya ne saboda wani babban Jump a cikin ci gaban kayayyakin aiki, don ilmi da m aiki da kuma ajiya. Haka ya faru a cikin 70-ies na XX karni, a lokacin da na farko kwakwalwa, da kuma duk da tara ilmi bukatar da za a tuba a cikin lantarki form. Ya fara aiki ci gaban Hadakar kuma ha] in gwiwar gudanar da bincike shirye-shirye, kimiyya hankali sõyayya da masana'antu.

Wannan lokaci da aka alama a kimiyya, ba shi yiwuwa a yi watsi da rawar da mutane a cikin gwajin abu ko sabon abu. Babban mataki a cikin ci gaba na kimiyya ne fahimtar duniya a matsayin Hadakar tsarin. Yana faru fuskantarwa zuwa mutum, ba kawai a zabi na bincike hanyoyin, amma kuma a cikin general zamantakewa da kuma falsafa ji. A postnonclassical bincike abu zama rikitarwa tsarin da zai iya ci gaba da kansu, da kuma halitta gidaje, wadda aka karkashin jagorancin wani mutum.

Ga wani akai aka karɓa fahimtar mutunci, inda gaba dayan duniya, Muciya, mutane da kuma al'umma a matsayin dukan dokoki guda tsarin. Man shi ne a cikin wannan na game naúrar. Ya duba ta bangare. A karkashin irin wannan yanayi, halitta da kuma zaman takewar kimiyya ne da yawa kusa, su ka'idodin kama da al'adu. Non-na gargajiya da kuma post-nonclassical kimiyya Ya sanya wani nasara a cikin ka'idojin fahimtar duniya a general da kuma kamfanin musamman, ta fito da wani juyin juya halin da a zukatan mutane da kuma yadda ya yi karatu.

kimiyyar zamani

A ƙarshen XX karni akwai wani sabon nasara a ci gaba da kuma farkon sabon ci gaba na zamani nonclassical kimiyya. Bunƙasa wucin gadi na tsarin jijiya sadarwa, wanda ya zama tushen da samuwar sabon smart kwakwalwa. Inji iya yanzu shirya sauki matsaloli da kuma ci gaba nasu, ya koma mafi rikitarwa ayyuka. A database kuma ya hada da amfaninsa na mutum factor cewa taimaka ƙayyade da tasiri da kuma gane gaban gwani tsarin.

Non-na gargajiya da kuma post-nonclassical kimiyya a cikin zamani janar fom da wadannan halaye:

1. Active watsa daga cikin ra'ayoyin al'umma da kuma mutunci, na yiwuwar m ci gaban abubuwa da mamaki na wani hali. Yana reinforces mas'ala ta duniya a matsayin dukan harkokin tsarin da ciwon a lokaci guda da hali to rashin zaman lafiya da kuma rudani.
2. Karfafa da kuma fadi yaduwar da ra'ayin cewa ya canjãwa a sassa na tsarin ne juna da sharadi juna. Summing sama da dukan data kasance matakai a duniya, wannan ra'ayin ya fara binciken da fahimtar da duniya juyin halitta.
3. A amfani da duk sciences manufar lokaci, da masu bincike roko ga tarihi na sabon abu. A baza na da ka'idar raya kasa.
4. Canje-canje a zabi na yanayin na gudanar da bincike, da ji na wani Hadakar tsarin kula da nazarin mafi aminci.
5. Tattara abubuwa masu kyau na haƙiƙa duniya da kuma mutum duniya, da kawar da bambancin da ke tsakanin batu da kuma abu. Man shi ne a cikin tsarin karkashin binciken, da kuma ba a waje.
6. A ganin cewa sakamakon wani dabara wanda aiki nonclassical kimiyya yana da iyaka kuma bai cika ba idan daya kawai m amfani a cikin binciken.
7. Rarraba falsafa a matsayin kimiyya a duk bada. Fahimtar cewa falsafar - dayantaka na msar tambayar da m farkon na duniya da kuma ba tare da ta farga ba shi yiwuwa ji na kimiyyar zamani.
8. Aiwatar da ilmin lissafi lissafin a kimiyya theories, su karfafa da kuma ci gaban da m ji. Kara muhimmancin mai aiki da na'urar kwamfuta lissafi, kamar yadda mafi yawan bincike da sakamakon da ake bukata don bayyana a cikin wani lamba form. A manyan yawan m theories kai ga cewa kimiyya ta zama irin na zamani irin aiki.

A cikin 'yan karatu da halaye na ba-gargajiya kimiyya ce game da sauka a hankali weakening na m tsarin iyakance baya descriptiveness na kimiyya da muhawara. Fĩfĩta aka bai wa wadanda ba m tattaunawa m da kuma dangane da ma'ana tunani da gwaje-gwajen. A lokaci guda m inferences har yanzu suna gagarumin, amma ana tsinkayarsu a cikin m, kuma su ne batun renegotiation da reinterpretation.