Misalai daga cikin littafin a Rasha da kuma Sin almara

A duniya akwai biyu tsoho tushen na hikima. Suna yadu a matsayin almara, da aika da hikima, a takaice dai kalamai, Legends da tatsuniyoyi, kazalika da littattafai - da farko cike mangaza na bayanai. Wadannan biyu mamaki ba za a iya ketare, don haka a yau bil'adama yana da littattafai masu yawa a kan karin magana da faxin babbar dama littattafai.

The littattafan tarihi a Rasha

An sani cewa a 988 Rus soma Kiristanci. A wannan batun, a can ne bukatar jiki kafofin watsa labarai, wadda za a iya mika ga akidun da Orthodox bangaskiya ga dukan ƙasar da ke jihar. Irin wannan bayanai yan dako na mai tsarki dokar Kiristanci fara littattafai da aka rubuta kofen da hannu da sufaye. A gagarumin taimako ga ci gaban littattafai a Rasha kawo 'yan'uwanka Kirill na Mefody.

A lokacin zamanin mulkin Ivana Groznogo da bukatar wani babban yawan littattafai ya ƙaru ƙwarai tun lokacin da tafki kafa ta jama'ar na jihar (da boyars), bi da bi, ya karu markedly. A sufaye ba su da lokaci zuwa tasiri a littafin, kuma, shi ya ɗauki lokaci mai tsawo muna. A wannan dangane da shi ya dauki for bugu kayan aiki. The kafa na buga littafin a cikin wannan ƙasar da aka dauke su Ivan Fedorov, wanda ta domin na Ivan IV da aka saki a cikin ta farko bugu edition na "Ayyukan Manzanni."

Tun daga nan, da littafin ya zama wani muhimmin sifa da ilimi da kuma halin kirki mutane, da suka shiga cikin Rasha hadisin da almara: wani sabon irin maganganun - da karin magana game da littafin.

Karkashin Bitrus I da kwafi ne ba kawai da mai bãyar da Kirista dabi'u. Akwai wani wadanda mutane adabi, yin wasanni aiki. An kuma rubuta littattafai da kuma tarin, wanda sanar da yara a gida da kuma a cikin makarantu. Tare da wannan dama wallafe karin magana game da littafin ya fara hada da ƙarin connotation. Su daidaita ga koyarwar karatu da ilimi.

A littafin a matsayin wata alama koyarwa

Misalai da faxin game da littafin kulla ta a Rasha jama'a hadisin a matsayin tushen ilmi da wani arziki na bayanai. Yana da wani hadari saboda akwai wani da ya uwar imani da cewa wani na fasaha mutumin ba zai iya zama haka ba tare da karatu.

Books tabbaci kunshe ne a cikin ilimi tsarin, na kunshe a cikin manhajar koyarwa na makarantun, a matsayin mas'ala ta "gargajiya adabi", wanda ba zai iya zama idan ayyukan babban marubuta sun ba da aka gyarawa a ri matsakaici.

Misalai daga cikin littafin wakiltar kawai jimlar image na kafofin watsa labarai a matsayin wani abu da amfani ga ɗan adam halin kirki. Amma akwai lokatai da yawa a tarihi a lokacin da littattafai kuma mutum ayyukan da aka dauke m, kamar yadda kunshe da abubuwa da saba wa moriyar iko. Wani misali na wannan - "The Gulag tarin tsiburai" Solzhenitsyn ta labari, wadda aka saki a cikin jama'a da yawa daga baya fiye da bayyana daga alkalami na marubuci.

Rasha kalamai game da littattafai

Tamanin da littafin da aka yaushe jaddada a Rasha almara. An hoto na wannan rubutu zai iya zama a matsayin cewa: "Gold aka mined, daga ƙasã, kuma ilimi - daga littattafai." Daga wannan ya bayyana sarai cewa ilimi na Rasha mutane ne, suna tantamar zuwa zinariya a darajar, da kuma mai kyau littafin - shi ne mai m asa a kan abin da ya bayyana duk da amfani da kuma dole ga ruhaniya da kuma halin kirki ci gaban mutum.

Misalai daga cikin littafin da aka inextricably nasaba da aiwatar da familiarization da bayanai gabatar a shi, wato, tare da karatu. A Rasha, ta hanyar, kafin na kauda tashe serfdom yawan da yawan da aka jahilci, kamar yadda manoma da babu kudi wajen tura 'ya'yansu makaranta. Duk da haka, da karin magana game da littafin da kuma karanta shi kunshe a Rasha al'adar, tun kafin jihar da aka shafe jahilci.

Sin kalamai game da littattafai

Hikima Thinkers na Gabas ba nisantar topic littattafai gefe. Misalai da faxin game da littafin zauna da muhimmanci wuri a cikin kasar Sin jama'a art.

Oriental kalamai bambanta musamman, dabara metaphors da ta sa su mai haske da kuma m. Ga daya daga cikinsu: "Nedochitannaya littafin - da aka ba shũɗe a gabãninku, ƙarshen hanya." Wannan karin magana ya jaddada cewa karanta ayyukan - dukan rayuwata tare da kansa halaye da kuma dokokin, wanda mutum dole ne ku yi ɗã'ã. Idan karatu na aikin da aka ba a kawo ga ƙarshe, sa'an nan duk na baya ayyuka rasa su ma'anar rage m jigon da kuma falsafar da littafin, mai karatu zai ba da cikakken iya godiya da kyau. Saboda haka, karin magana game da littattafai da kuma karatu ne sosai na kowa da suke dacewa a kasar Sin.

Rasha karin magana game da koyarwa

The Russian mutane, ba shakka, Mai gani ne ga ilimi a matsayin Boon ga mutane. Kuma a matsayin tushen ilimi shi ne littafin, manufar "koyon" da "karanta" a cikin kasa almara sun zama synonymous. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa da karin magana game da soyayya ga littafin sau da yawa karara a cikin wasu kalamai iri-iri - a faxin binciken, "Red Bird perem da kuma koya mutumin" - domin ba shi yiwuwa a kai-ilimi ba tare da mai kyau littafin.

Sin karin magana game da nazarin

Eastern sages kuma jaddada m muhimmancin karanta for sanin wasu da kansa, don inganta ciki duniya. Saboda haka, kasar Sin ta faxin game da koyarwar da kuma littafin - da mafi mashahuri nau'i na irin kaifin baki dunkule kalamai.

"Ba za a sauri a cikin koyarwa - za ku iya gaske rasa shi" - shi ke misali daya na faxin, wanda ciyar farkon kai-da ilimi, wanda shi ne mafi kyau mataimakin - mai amfani da kuma ban sha'awa littafin.