Menene mosses? A tsarin, haifuwa, mosses, su ma'anar da kuma aikace-aikace

Su fahimci abin da gansakuka, kana bukatar ka gano da tsoho rukuni na shuke-shuke. Group wannan - mafi girma type, kadaici da yawa. A lokacin mu a duniya akwai kusan 30,000 jinsunan mosses.

rarrabuwa

O buɗe kuma yayi nazari duk aka sani iri bryophyte shuka, rarrabuwa dogara ne a kan bambance-bambance a ilimin halittar jiki, yaduwa hanyoyin da tsarin spore na bolls. Sashen mossy za a iya raba wannan azuzuwan: deciduous, hanta da kuma antotserotovye mosses.

deciduous mosses

Abin da ake mosses masu raunin juriya? Su kuma ake kira briopsidami. Wannan manyan aji, lambobi game da dubu 15 jinsunan. Wakilai na wannan kungiya suna gane mafi sosai raya dukan tsire-tsire na wannan sashen. Briopsidy sosai bambance bambancen, duka a siffar da kuma a size. Wani lokaci su isa wani babba size. A mafi yiwuwa mataki na su zama - da gametophyte. Yana kama da wata shuka zangarniya tare da guda ganye shirya a karkace. Briopsidy ninka rigingimu. Su ne na kowa a cikin tundra, marshland da kuma rigar yankunan. Wakilai Kukushkin flax, sphagnum gansakuka.

hanta mosses

Mene ne hanta mosses (liverworts)? Su asusu na game 8.5 dubu jinsunan, kuma ya kasu kashi biyu subclasses. Marshantsievye jungermanniales da liverworts. Rinjaye mai yiwuwa mataki - gametophyte. Externally, da shuka yayi kama da flattened "kara" tare da ganye shirya tare. Propagated spores amfani elaters (musamman marẽmari). Liverworts ne na kowa a wurare masu zafi da kuma temperate-gumi sauyin yanayi. Hankula wakilan: blefarostroma volosolistnaya, marchantia polymorphic, barbilofoziya lycopsids, ptilidium ciliated.

Antotserotovye mosses

Abin da ake mosses antotserotovye? Wannan aji na mosses kwararru sukan daukarsa a subclass na liverworts. Yana hada kusan 300 jinsunan.

A cikin rayuwa sake zagayowar predominates sporophyte mataki. Externally, da shuka kama wani filafili ko rozetkopodobnoe thallus. Wadannan mosses da ake samu a temperate canjin yanayin da m wurare masu zafi irin. antotseros - aji wakilin.

Jimlace bayanin mosses

Saboda haka, abin da yake Mosses? Wannan - tsumburai shuke-shuke, da tsawo daga wanda zai iya bambanta daga 1 mm zuwa 60 cm. Suna girma a cikin kututturan itatuwa, a kan ganuwar, a kan ƙasa, a cikin ruwa tare tafkunan da Marshes. Saboda da gishiri rashin ha} uri da tsire-tsire ba su samu a cikin teku, da a kan Saline kasa. Mafi sau da yawa, tsarin gansakuka ne mai sauqi qwarai - da mai tushe da kuma ganye. Amma tushen da tsire-tsire a karkashin shawara ne ba ya nan gaba ɗaya. Ruwa da kuma gina jiki da suka sha rhizoids ko dukan jiki. Karbuwa ga terrestrial zama ya nufin cewa akwai gansakuka rufe inji da kuma nama, kazalika da sabon Kwayoyin suna aiki a kan wani conductive fasalin. A inji shi ne wani perennial, sau da yawa kananan size (tsawo na kawai 'yan mm), a kalla a manyan (har zuwa 60 cm). Jikinsa kama thallus (antotserotovye ko mutum liverworts), ko kasu "kara" da "ganye". Makala ga substrate da tsotsa ruwa ne outgrowths na sel, da ake kira rhizoids (su ayan conductive offline tsarin).

A tsarin da sphagnum gansakuka da kuma wani daban-daban intricacy. Wannan manyan haske kore ko dan kadan m courtines. Sun kafa "mai tushe" shirya tare da bunchy leafy "rassan". Ba tare da zangarniya gansakuka rhizoids karkata zuwa ga gaskiya (hankali mutu saukar), leafy a dama layuka, da yawa leafy kaikaice matakai, wanda aka taru a kan saman da kara a wata mai yawa shugaban. Cikin sauran na kara rassan tattara bim. A karshen kunshi 3-13 rassan rataye saukar da rabu da kara. A saman "rassan" suna taqaitaccen da aka tattara a cikin wani m kai. Colorless ruwa-qazanta Kwayoyin tare da pores sun dauki wani matsanancin Layer "zangarniya".

Single-Layer "bar" sphagnum hada iri biyu Kwayoyin: photosynthetic da aquifers. Tsohon mai tsutsa-kamar siffar da kuma dauke da chloroplast, dake tsakanin ruwa-qazanta Kwayoyin. Irin wannan Kwayoyin suna da yawa, kyale sphagnum gansakuka zuwa sha a manyan girma na ruwa. Sporophyte sphagnum aka taso keya akwatin, a cikin abin da akwai rigingimu da murfi. Lokacin da spores girma, ta ƙara matsa lamba a cikin akwatin, inda murfi da ya buɗe kuma balagagge spores suna fita waje. Wannan tsari faruwa a dumi weather for mafi yaduwar spores.

Mene ne gansakuka kore? By sunã dũkan wakilan za a iya dangana Kukushkin flax. Its "kara" tukuru cover, duhu kore AWL-dimbin yawa "ganye". Yana yana rhizoids da ke tsiro zuwa 30-40 cm. Bar gansakuka da kuma lankwasa pryamootstoyaschie tare da elongated filmy jannayẽnsa daina kai hare hare da kuma protruding daga saman. "Kara" yana da wani m jijiyoyin bugun gini tsarin da kuma iri guda ba gametophyte. A saman "kara" ƙare antheridia da archegonium. Daga cikin zygote bayan hadi tasowa da sporophyte, wanda shi ne wani akwatin a kan wani dogon zangarniya girma a ta haploid spores. Box an rufe tare da wani bakin ciki fada kashe hula, saukar da hairs, kamar flax yarn. Moss akwatin ne zuwa kashi hula, wuyansa, kuma urnochku. Cikin akwatin "boye" shafi, cike da bakararre Kwayoyin. Around da shafi located sporangium. Urnochka hula da ke da iyaka da zobe ya tashi daga Kwayoyin tare da thickened katangu. Wannan zobe ne alhakin faduwa urnochki kuma ta rabuwa daga hula.

Kiwo Hanyar na mosses

Jima'i tsara a cikin rayuwar sake zagayowar da shuka ne Marinjãyi a kan asexual. Moss haihuwa gabobin suna kafa kai tsaye a jikinsa. Wannan antheridia da archegonia da aka ambata a sama. Archegonium alhakin samuwar da kuma ci gaban da wani tsayayyen mace gametes da antheridia - domin mai yawa namiji gametes. The hadu mace gamete (da yanayin - gaban ruwa) ya fara samar da asexual ƙarni na gansakuka - sporophyte. Wannan irin akwatin a kan wani zangarniya a haɗe zuwa jikin gansakuka. Yana ƙunshi mutane da yawa spores, wanda suke iya germinate a karkashin sharadi gwargwado, ta samar da wani sabon shuka. Wasu jinsunan ne iya haifa vegetatively. A daidai wannan lokaci da jiki ne rabu da adult thallus, wanda aka a haɗe a cikin kusanci da shuka da kuma fara wani zaman kanta zama da haifuwa.

Rarraba mosses

Shi ne mafi wuya a ƙayyade inda babu gansakuka fiye da gaya inda gansakuka tsiro. Wannan Flora ne rarraba kusan ko'ina - daga yammacin sahara da iyakacin duniya yankuna. A cikin wurare masu zafi yankuna na gansakuka tsiro, yafi a mountainous yankunan da gandun daji, watau. E., ina high zafi ne Marinjãyi. Wani lokaci cikin ƙasa da aka rufe da mosses, samu a m ƙasa, kamar yadda shuka shi yana da ikon dan lokaci dakatar da ikon rayuwa a cikin rani, da kuma tare da gabatarwar danshi to sabunta shi. Amma, mosses fi yawa a temperate da subarctic bangarori na arewacin yammancin duniya.

Moss da muhimmanci

Ma'ana mosses da sauƙi babban. Da fari dai, godiya ga wadannan wakilan da shuka duniya ke kula da wani wuri mai faɗi da ruwa balance, saboda za su iya tara a cikin thallus manyan reserves danshi. Abu na biyu, da gansakuka Halicci musamman shuka biocenosis, musamman a cikin wadanda yankuna inda shi gaba daya rufe da ƙasa. Bugu da kari, wannan kungiya yana da dukiya tara da kiyaye radiation. Ma'ana gansakuka dabba ne ma manyan, saboda babban feed bryophytes ne views for wasu mutane. Na'am, kuma a cikin rayuwar mutum, wannan shuka kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa. Alal misali, mutane da yawa nau'in yadda ya kamata a yi amfani da magunguna. A peat gansakuka kafa bayan mutuwar, da ake amfani da man fetur.