Mene ne symbiosis a ilmin halitta? Definition da misalai na symbiosis

Mene ne symbiosis a ilmin halitta? Yana da wani irin na tacit yarjejeniya tsakanin biyu ko fiye da mutane, na zuwa wani, gabã ɗaya, jinsuna daban. Irin wannan hadin kai zai iya daukar nau'i na mutualism, commensalism da parasitism. Kwayoyin a cikin wannan harka ake magana a kai a matsayin symbionts.

Mene ne symbiosis a ilmin halitta: definition

Symbiosis ne wani jam'iyya tsakanin biyu daban-daban na jama'a. Da karatunsa ne jigon tsarin ilmin halitta da cewa kawo tare ba kawai duk matakan da nazarin halittu bincike, daga cikin kwayoyin da muhalli, amma kuma nazarin dangantaka tsakanin kwayoyin a cikin uku domains na rayuwa. A ci gaba da wannan yanki ne har yanzu a wani wuri mataki na ta, amma a nan gaba, sakamakon bai dauki dogon jira.

iri symbiosis

Mene ne symbiosis a ilmin halitta (sa 5)? Symbiosis - shi ne dangantakar da take tsakanin biyu ko fiye da kwayoyin da suke zaune a kusa lamba tare da juna. Hulda faruwa a lokacin da biyu nau'in rayuwa a wuri guda da kuma daya ko biyu amfana daga juna. Wannan definition ne batun predation kaikaice, tun da shi kuma za a iya gani a matsayin mai irin symbiosis.

Lalle ne, daya daga cikin iri na symbiosis, parasitism, shi ne kawai na musamman nau'i na predation. Duk da wannan, ecologists rarraba predation da kuma symbiosis na biyu daban-daban na interactions. Akwai uku main iri symbiotic interactions. Wannan mutualism, parasitism, commensalism.

mutualism

Mutualism - wannan shi ne daya daga cikin mafi shahara da kuma mafi ecologically muhimmanci jinsunan symbiosis. A cikin irin wannan girmamawa ne, misali, kwari da shuke-shuke (pollination). Irin wannan hadin kai ne da amfani da kuma win-win ga jam'iyyun biyu. Kwari, tsuntsaye har ma da wasu dabbobi masu shayarwa a cikin nau'i na Nectar tãrãwa su rai. A shuka, a daya hannun, karɓa mai manyan haihuwa amfani - wato, suna da wata damar kawo su pollen zuwa wasu shuke-shuke.

Tun da tsire-tsire masu ba sau da yawa tare, shi ne matsala yin haihuwa aiki ba tare da shamaki ba. A wannan yanayin, da symbiosis su kawai matukar muhimmanci, kuma a cikin cikakken ma'anarta. Ba tare da hure, da yawa shuke-shuke iya kawai Fade fita. A daya hannun, pollinating shuke-shuke, da yawa kwari sun sami kansu a cikin babban matsala. Yana da gaske a win-win alliance.

Misalan symbiosis a ilmin halitta ba su daina. Wani m zabin hadin gwiwa da moriyar za a iya gani a dangane da wasu jinsunan tururuwa da aphids. Aphids - wani kankanin, taushi da kwari da cewa ciyar a kan shuka ruwan itace, da kuma matsayin sharar gida da suka excrete wasu daga cikin sukari da kuma ruwa. Yana zama m abinci ga wasu jinsunan tururuwa. Bi da bi, tururuwa sau da yawa ɗauke su zuwa wani sabon wuri, ta haka ne samar da ƙarin iko kafofin.

parasitism

Mene ne symbiosis a ilmin halitta? Wannan hadin kai, duk da haka, ba ko da yaushe kawo kawai amfanin. Parasitic dangantaka, sabanin mutualistic, ko da yaushe nufa rashin daidaito amfane shi. A gaskiya, wadannan dangantakar suna ko da yaushe irin lashe-rasa. Wani lokaci mai rasa views ba faru sau da yawa, wannan hadin kai da aka bayyana a cikin nau'i na rashin jin daɗi, a wasu lokuta, da parasitism iya kai ga mutuwa.

Akwai su da yawa daban-daban na parasites, amma sun kasu kashi biyu main iri. Wasu shirya mazauni a cikin jiki na masu, a cikin abin da suka kasance, yayin da wasu ciyar a kan surface.

Nau'i na farko da aka kira endoparasites, wadannan protozoa zai iya sa zawo da ciwo mai tsanani, sanƙarar da Lymph nodes kuma sa kumburi da gabar jiki (elephantiasis). Nau'i na biyu, da aka sani da ectoparasites, kuma ya zo da wata cũta a cikin wearer. Wadannan sun hada da kwarkwata, sauro da sauran kwari, wadannan su ne mafaka, abinci, da kuma a wannan lokaci ubangijinsu na'am da lalacewa da sãɓãwar launukansa digiri.

commensalism

Mene ne symbiosis a ilmin halitta? Da farko, wannan hadin gwiwa. Daya daga cikin mafi rare nau'in a yanayi ne symbiosis commensalism. A wannan yanayin, da amfani samu kawai a gefe daya. A na biyu da irin wannan yarjejeniya ba zafi kuma ba sanyi. Nemo ya misalai ne quite mai wuya aiki. Duk da haka, 'yan misalai iya ba.

Commensalism - wata kungiya biyu ko fiye da abõkan tãrayya waɗanda suka zauna tare, inda daya kawai amfana daga cinikayya, da kuma sauran kawai tserewa unscathed. Alal misali, kankanin mazaunan teku zurfin, da aka sani da prilipaly da anemones, a haɗe a cikin wani musamman hanya domin ya fi girma yawan (Whales da sharks) wani abinci da abinci a su kudi. Rasa kankanin abinci barbashi nan da nan tunawa da "mai kyau" parasites. A irin wannan dangantaka kuma kunshi actinium kuma wawa kifi.

Wani misali na commensalism iya nuna wasu hamada kadangaru cewa sami da wurin zama a cikin wani watsi da bera ko maciji burrows. Kadangaru ne jini, yayin da wani dabba ba ya samun wani abu a sama.

Mene ne symbiosis a ilmin halitta? A sauki kalmomi mu iya cewa shi ne tabbatacce, korau ko tsaka tsaki hadin gwiwa tsakanin daban-daban iri iri na kwayoyin.