Mene ne oxygen? oxygen mahadi

Oxygen (Ya) - ba na ƙarfe ba sinadari na kungiyar 16 (via) na lokaci-lokaci Table. Yana da wani colorless, m kuma odorless gas da ake bukata domin rayayyun kwayoyin halitta - dabbobi da maida shi cikin carbon dioxide, da kuma shuke-shuke da amfani da CO ₂ matsayin carbon source, kuma Yã ₂ da aka koma zuwa ga yanayi. Oxygen Forms fili maida martani tare da kusan duk wani sauran kashi, da kuma displaces da sinadaran abubuwa na sadarwa da juna. A lokuta da dama, wadannan matakai suna tare da a saki zafi da haske. A mafi muhimmanci fili na oxygen ne ruwa.

Tarihi na samu

A 1772, da Sweden sunadarai Carl Wilhelm Scheele farko ya nuna cewa irin wannan oxygen samun shi da dumama nitrate potassium oxide, Mercury, kazalika da yawa wasu abubuwa. Da kansa daga gare shi, a 1774, da Turanci sunadarai Dzhozef Pristli gano sinadari da thermal bazuwar na Mercury oxide da wallafa sakamakon binciken a cikin wannan shekara, shekara uku kafin Scheele ɗaba'ar. A cikin shekaru 1775-1780 Faransa sunadarai Antuan Lavuaze fassara da muhimmancin oxygen a cikin numfashin da kuma kona, yin watsi da da phlogiston ka'idar, fiye yarda a lokacin. An lura ga ta hali ta samar da acid a lokacin da a hade tare da daban-daban abubuwa da kuma kira oxygène kashi, wanda a Greek nufin "generated acid".

Yaduwar

Mene ne oxygen? Lissafin kudi don 46% by nauyi na ɓawon burodi, shi ne ya fi kowa kashi na shi. The adadin da oxygen a yanayin ne 21% na da kundinta da kuma nauyin da 89% a cikin seawater.

A kankara kashi a hade tare da karafa da kuma wadanda ba karafa a matsayin oxides da suke acidic (msl, sulfur, carbon, aluminum, da kuma phosphorus) ko asali (alli, magnesium, da baƙin ƙarfe) da kuma matsayin gishiri-kamar mahadi wanda za a iya daukarsa kafa daga acid da kuma asali oxides kamar sulfates, carbonates, silicates, phosphates da kuma aluminates. Ko da yake suna da yawa, amma wadannan daskararru ba zai iya zama a matsayin oxygen kafofin, kamar yadda bond tsakiyan nonon tare da karfe kashi kwayoyin halitta kuzarinsu ya yi yawa.

Features

Idan oxygen da zazzabi kasa -183 ° C, shi ya zama kodadde blue ruwa, kuma a -218 ° C - m. Pure Yã ₂ ne 1.1 sau mutum fiye da iska.

A lokacin numfashi dabbobi da wasu kwayoyin cuta cinye oxygen daga yanayi da kuma sake yin fa'ida carbon dioxide, alhãli kuwa a kore shuka photosynthesis a gaban hasken rana sha carbon dioxide da kuma sakin free oxygen. Kusan dukan Yã ₂ a cikin yanayi da aka samar ta hanyar photosynthesis.

A 20 ° C for game 3 sassa na da kundinta da oxygen narkar da a 100 sassa na sabo ruwa, kadan kasa da - a seawater. Wajibi ne ga numfasawa na kifi da kuma sauran marine rayuwa.

Halitta oxygen ne cakuda uku barga isotopes ¹⁶ Ya (99,759%), ¹⁷ Ya ^(0,037%), da kuma ¹⁸ Yã (0,204%). Akwai da dama artificially samar rediyoaktif isotopes. Mafi yawansu ba su kasance dogon-rayu ne ¹⁵ Ya (rabin rayuwar 124) wanda ake amfani da karatu numfashi a dabbobi masu shayarwa.

allotrope

A bayarda ra'ayin abin da oxygen, da damar su samu ta biyu allotropic siffofin, diatomic (Ya ₂₎ kuma triatomic (Ya _3, lemar sararin samaniya). Kadarorin diatomic form bayar da shawarar cewa shida electrons daura kwayoyin zarra da biyu kasance unpaired, haifar da paramagnetism na oxygen. Uku zarra lemar sararin samaniya kwayoyin ba located a daya mike layin.

Lemar sararin samaniya za a iya samar daidai da lissafi: 3O ₂ → 2O _3.

A tsari ne endothermic (na bukatar makamashi). hira da lemar sararin samaniya baya cikin diatomic oxygen taimaka wa gaban mika mulki karafa ko su oxides. Pure oxygen ne tuba zuwa cikin lemar sararin samaniya da mataki na wani lantarki haske sallama. A dauki ma ya auku a kan sha na riskar hasken ultraviolet da wani zango na game da 250 nm. Da ya faru na wannan tsari a cikin sama yanayi gusar radiation cewa zai zama cutarwa ga rayuwa a farfajiya na Duniya. Pungent wari na lemar sararin samaniya ne ba a ɗaka da ya haifar da lantarki da kayan aiki, kamar janareto. Wannan gas ne hasken blue. Its yawa a 1.658 sau fi iska, kuma yana da wata tafasar batu na -112 ° C a yanayi matsa lamba.

Lemar sararin samaniya - karfi oxidant iya mayar sulfur dioxide, trioxide, sulfide zuwa sulfate, iodide, aidin (hikimar tantance hanya domin samar da kima), kazalika da yawa oxygen-dauke da kwayoyin fili Kalam kamar aldehydes kuma acid. Hira da hydrocarbons da lemar sararin samaniya daga mota shaye gas a wadannan acid da kuma aldehydes ne cikin hanyar smog. A masana'antu, lemar sararin samaniya da aka yi amfani a matsayin sinadaran reactant, disinfectant ga najasa magani, ruwa tsarkakewa da kuma bleaching na yadudduka.

hanyoyin da shirye-shiryen

Tsari don samar da oxygen dogara a kan yadda yawa gas ake bukata don karba. Laboratory hanyoyin da wadannan:

1. thermal bazuwar daga wasu salts kamar potassium chlorate ko potassium nitrate:

• 2KClO ₃ → 2KCl + 3O _2.
• 2KNO ₃ → 2KNO ₂ + O _2.

Potassium chlorate bazuwar catalyzed ta mika mulki karfe oxides. Domin wannan sau da yawa amfani manganese dioxide (pyrolusite, MnO _2). A kara kuzari lowers da yawan zafin jiki da ake bukata domin oxygen juyin halitta, daga 400 zuwa 250 ° C.

2. wulãkanci na karfe oxides karkashin mataki na zazzabi:

• 2HgO → 2Hg + O _2.
• 2Ag ₂ Ya → 4Ag + O _2.

Scheele da Priestley domin wannan sinadari amfani fili (oxide), oxygen da kuma Mercury (II).

3. A thermal bazuwar na karfe peroxides ko hydrogen peroxide:

• 2BaO + O ₂ → 2BaO _2.
• ₂ 2BaO → 2BaO + O _2.
• Bao ₂ + H ₂ SO ₄ → H ₂ Ya ₂ + BaSO _4.
• 2h ₂ Ya ₂ → 2h ₂ Ya + O _2.

A farko masana'antu hanyoyin rabuwa da oxygen daga yanayi ko don samar da hydrogen peroxide dogara ne a kan samuwar wani oxide na barium peroxide.

4. Electrolysis na ruwa da kananan admixtures na salts ko acid da cewa samar da madugu na lantarki halin yanzu:

2h ₂ Ya → 2h ₂ + ₂ Ya

masana'antu samar

Idan dole a samu yawa oxygen ana amfani da fractional barasan na ruwa iska. Daga cikin manyan aka gyara na iska da shi yana da mafi tafasar batu, sabili da haka, kamar yadda idan aka kwatanta da nitrogen da kasa maras tabbas argon. A tsari yana amfani da wani sanyaya gas a lokacin da fadada. Babban matakai na aiki kamar haka:

• iska da aka tace zuwa cire m barbashi.
• danshi da kuma carbon dioxide an cire ta sha a Alkali.
• iska da aka matsa da matsawa kadan an cire ta al'ada hanyoyin sanyaya;
• sa'an nan shi shiga cikin nada located a cikin jam'iyya;
• ɓangare na matsa gas (a matsa lamba na game da 200 ATM) a cikin masallãci yana faɗaɗa, sanyaya nada.
• kumbura gas dawo zuwa kwampreso da ya wuce ta dama, saukarwa na matsawa da m fadada, inda a -196 ° C, da iska zama ruwa.
• mai tsanani ruwa barasan farko haske inert gas, sa'an nan nitrogen da ruwa oxygen saura. Mahara fractionation samar da wani samfurin isasshe m (99.5%) domin mafi masana'antu aikace-aikace.

Yi amfani da masana'antu

Metallurgy shi ne mafi girma mabukaci tsantsa oxygen domin samar da high-carbon karfe: rabu da mu da carbon dioxide da sauran impurities nonmetals haka sauri da kuma sauki fiye da iska.

Ruwa mai guba oxygen wa'adin don ƙarin tasiri magani na ruwa effluent, fiye da sauran sinadaran tafiyar matakai. An ƙara zama muhimmanci a rufaffiyar sharar incineration tsarin yin amfani da tsarki Ya _2.

A ake kira makami mai linzami oxidizer ne ruwa oxygen. Pure Yã ₂ Wannan da ake amfani a kan submarines da kuma a cikin ruwa kararrawa.

A sinadaran masana'antu, oxygen maye gurbin talakawa iska a samar da abubuwa irin su acetylene, ethylene oxide da methanol. Medical aikace-aikace sun hada da yin amfani da oxygen gas a cikin bẽnãye inhalers da jariri incubators. m gas wadãtar da oxygen samar da rayuwa support a lokacin janar maganin sa barci. Ba tare da wannan sinadari sun kasance iya zama wani yawan masana'antun da suke amfani da Tanderu. Wannan abin da oxygen.

A sunadarai Properties kuma dauki

Manyan dabi'u na electron dangantaka da electronegativity na oxygen ne na hali da aka gyara da cewa nuna ƙarfe Properties. All mahadi da korau oxygen hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihar. Lokacin da biyu electron orbitals cika, kafa Yã ^2- ion. A peroxides (Ya ₂ ^2-) kwakwalwa gaba da cewa kowane zarra yana da wani cajin na -1. Wannan dukiya kar electrons da wani duka ko m watsa da kuma kayyade wani oxidizing wakili. Lokacin da wakili reacts da abu, electron bayarwa, da kansa hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihar rage-rage. A canji (karu) a cikin oxygen hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihar daga sifili zuwa -2 kira maida.

Karkashin al'ada yanayi da kashi Forms dihydric da trihydric mahadi. Bugu da kari, akwai musamman m kwayoyin chetyrehatomnye. A diatomic nau'i biyu unpaired electrons suna located a kan nonbonding orbitals. Wannan ya tabbatar da gas paramagnetic hali.

M reactivity ne, wani lokacin bayyana lemar sararin samaniya zato cewa daya daga cikin uku kwayoyin halitta ne a cikin "atomic" jiha. Dayake wannan zarra ne barranta daga Yã _3, barin kwayoyin oxygen.

Yã ₂ kwayoyin a al'ada yanayin zafi da kuma na yanayi matsa lamba weakly amsawa. A atomic oxygen ne yafi aiki. A dissociation makamashi (Ya ₂ → 2O) abu ne mai muhimmanci da kuma 117,2 kcal mol.

sadarwa

C irin nonmetals kamar yadda hydrogen, carbon, sulfur, oxygen, Forms babban kewayon covalently daure mahadi, ciki har da nonmetal oxides kamar ruwa (H ₂ Ya), sulfur dioxide (SO ₂₎ da carbon dioxide (CO _2); gudanar da mahadi kamar alcohols, aldehydes da carboxylic acid. kowa acid kamar carbonic _{(H2 CO3),} sulfuric acid (H ₂ SO ₄₎ da kuma nitric (HNO _3); da kuma daidai salts kamar sodium sulfate (Na ₂ SO _4), sodium carbonate (Na ₂ CO ₃₎ da kuma sodium nitrate (Nano _3). Oxygen ne ba a cikin nau'i na Yã ^2- ion a crystal tsarin m karfe oxides, kamar fili (oxide), oxygen da kuma Cao na alli. Metal superoxide (KO ₂₎ dauke da ion Yã ₂ ^-, yayin da karfe peroxides (Bao ₂₎ dauke da ion Yã ₂ ^2-. oxygen mahadi kullum da -2 hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihar.

key Properties

A karshe muka lissafa abubuwan da babban Properties na oxygen:

• Electron sanyi: 1s 2s ^{2 2} 2p ^4.
• Atomic lambar: 8.
• Atomic taro: 15,9994.
• Tafasar batu: -183,0 ° C.
• Narkewa batu: -218,4 ° C.
• Yawa (idan oxygen matsa lamba ne 1 ATM a 0 ° C): 1.429 g / l.
• hadawan abu da iskar shaka Jihar -1, -2, +2 (a mahadi da sunadarin flourine).