Mene ne Federation - shiba. Federation - jihar. "Federation" - a definition

A yau duniya akwai nau'i biyu daga jihar. Na'ura: sauki (a unitary jihar) da hadaddun (tarayya, hukumar). A definition na (na biyu) da wadannan: kalmar "Tarayya" da aka samu daga Latin foederātiō, wanda ke nufin "ƙungiyar tarayya". The kalmar "unitary" kuma fassara daga Faransanci a matsayin "guda, kenan". Sai dai itace cewa wadannan biyu Concepts ne kusan m. To, abin da yake da bambanci tsakanin gwamnatin tarayya da unitary ra'ayoyi na gwamnatin? A karon farko ne daban-daban daga na biyu?

Mene ne wani unitary jihar da kuma cewa irin wannan Tarayya? definition

A unitary jihar ne da mutuncin Amurka, wanda, idan da shi kunshi da dama aka gyara, wanda su ne administrative-yankin raka'a, amma amma duk da haka shi ne basa mahaluži. A bambanci, da definition na kalmar "Tarayya" a kimiyyar zamani ne da aka ba kamar haka: Wannan nau'i na gwamnati ne muhimmi a cikin wadannan kasashe, wanda ya kunshi cikin yankin abokai da cewa suna da bin doka wasu siyasa 'yancin kai. Wadannan yayan a kowace kasa da sunaye daban-daban, amma a fikihu ko da kuwa su sunayen don nuna a fakaice batutuwa na tarayya. Kamar yadda ka sani, Amurka da aka yi sama da Amurka, da Rasha, Federation - daga jamhuriyoyin, yankuna, Zhicheng, Jamus - daga cikin tarayya jihohi, Canada - daga larduna, da dai sauransu Duk da haka, duk wadannan aka gyara an legally dauke su batutuwa na tarayya. The most jihar a duniya tare da wani tarayya irin gwamnati - Rasha, Amurka, Jamus, India, Brazil da sauransu. Summing up, bari mu yi kokarin takaita, abin da shi ne batun da Abuja. A definition wannan lokaci za a iya samu a wani dictionary, ciki har da lantarki. Jigon wannan ra'ayi ne da wadannan: batun na Tarayya ne a jihar mahaluži cewa wani bangare ne na tarayya da jihohi da cewa ba shi da ikon mallaka.

Tsarin na mafi girma hukumomi

A tarayya jihohi sun 2 tsarin na mafi girma hukumomi da kuma gwamnatin: tarayya da kuma na ra'ayin wani. Duk da cewa tsarin mulkin wannan jiha ne guda domin duk batutuwa na Tarayya, kowane daga cikin tarayya abokai suna da hakkin su nasu yanki da dokokin, na da babban birnin kasar, flag da sauran alamomin, dan kasa Cibiyar et al., Amma babu jihar da mulki. Kayadadden hukumomi da wani hakki a kafa waje dangantaka da sauran kasashe, wannan da aka yi a matakin tarayya.

Federation ãyõyi

Yanzu da ka san abin da tarayya, da definition an riga an ba sama, duk da haka, mu yi la'akari da, a kan abin da filaye da shi za a iya tabbatar da cewa jihar tana da daidai siffar jihar. na'urar.

1. Idan mai Jihar kunshi mutum batutuwa (jamhuriyoyin, jihohi, da dai sauransu polynomials.) Samun da kansa ƙasa, kuma shi ne sarki, yana mai Tarayya.

2. A wannan jiha na'urar m zartarwa da na shari'a da kuma majalisar dokoki hukumomi suna gudanar da gwamnatin tarayya hukumomin.

3. A batutuwa na tarayya yana da hakkin ya yi da kansa dokoki, a yi da kansa tsarin mulki, ba saba wa kundin tsarin mulki na tarayya, kazalika da ciwon da mafi jikin na sau uku iko.

4. A tarayya jihohin bukata bicameral majalisar tsarin. Daya daga cikin bẽnãye ne ikon da janar tarayya ofisoshin, da kuma na biyu - da takamaiman batu na tarayya.

A tarihin fitowan na tarayyar

Federation a cikin zamani ji fito a cikin karni na karshe. Akwai mazan kasashen da wani irin tsarin mulkin kasar. Sun samo asali a cikin kwanaki lokacin da masana kimiyya sun ba tukuna tunani game da tambaya na abin da wani Tarayya. A definition wannan lokaci da aka bai da yawa daga baya. A kasashe daban-daban, wannan tsari ya daban-daban. Alal misali, ta hanyar hada Afirka sarki States of Zanzibar da Tanganyika a sittin na karshe karni samo asali tarayyar Tanzaniya. United States aka kafa saboda jam'iyya da dama dubun raka'a zuwa ga ainihin siyasa siffofin jihar. Bugu da kari a Amurka a wannan hanya da aka kafa, Switzerland, United Arab Emirates, da dai sauransu Kuma akwai lokuta lokacin da aka kafa hukumar a sakamakon hare-hare daga gwamnati. Wadannan kasashe sun hada da India, Pakistan da sauransu.

A farko Tarayya

The sosai farko zamani Tarayya da aka kafa a kan tushen da wani ƙawance tsakanin jihohi. A Soviet sau akwai sau daya da wasu daga wadannan tarayyar. A wannan yanayin, da batutuwa na Tarayya riƙe su da ikon mallaka da kuma na da hakkin ya balle (ballewa) daga cikin jam'iyya, ya ta da kansa tsarin mulki, dan kasa, kuma su kan iyakoki ba za a iya canza ba tare da su amsa.

Federation of na biyu da irin

Don wannan nau'in hada da kundin tsarin Tarayya, wanda aka dogara ne a kan cin gashin. Mene ne wani Tarayya, da definition wanda fada karkashin na biyu kungiyar? Su bambanci daga farko shi ne cewa a cikin wannan harka da batutuwa na tarayya da wani mulki, su da iyaka da za a iya canza ba tare da yardarka a bangarensu. Duk da haka, su view ba watsi da, amma ba za a iya daukarsa a matsayin muhimman hakkokin. Bayan da m auka na gurguzu sansanin, kusan duk tarayya jihohin na farko da kungiyar m up cikin unitary: Jamhuriyar Czech raba daga Slovakia, suka rabu da juna Yugoslav jamhuriyoyin Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, Montenegro, Kosovo da sauransu, da kuma Soviet jamhuriyoyin rabu da juna ..

Duk da haka, a wasu daga cikin kasashen na tsohon Tarayyar Soviet har yanzu ya kasance wani tarayya harkar shugabanci. Yau, kusan dukan tarayyar a duniya ne kai dauke, cewa shi ne tsarin mulki.

A tarayya tsarin da Rasha Federation

Ka yi la'akari da wannan irin jiha. na'urorin a kan misali na Rasha - mafi girma a kasar ta yankin a duniya. Rasha Federation - kasar da a mulkin demokra] tarayya tsarin, wanda ya kunshi 85 daidaita batutuwa: 46 yankuna, 21 jamhuriyoyin, 1 m yankin, 9 gefuna, birane uku (Moscow, St. Peterbuge da Sevastopol), tarayya muhimmancin, da kuma hudu Zhicheng, da kuma hayar har 2050, birnin da cosmodrome Baikonur. Bugu da kari, da Rasha Federation ƙasa yanaye kasu kashi 8 gundumomi wanda, ko da yake ba su da batutuwa na tarayya, amma da suka hada da dama administrative yankuna (batutuwa) na Rasha Federation.

Legal definition: batun na Rasha Federation

Jama'a doka ilimi a Rasha an kira batun na Tarayya. Kundin Tsarin Mulkin 6 jinsunan samu abokai (jumhuriya, yankin, yankin, da dai sauransu). Kowace daga cikinsu yana da wani matsayi da tsarin mulki da kuma shari'a siffofin muhimmi a cikin shi.

1.Respublika, bisa ga tsarin mulki, shi ne a jihar. Yana iya da ta hukuma harshe da kuma kundin tsarin mulkin kasar.

2. bigiren da kuma tarayya ƙasar. Yana yana da kansa shatan, wanda ya kafa majalissun dalĩli daga cikin mahaluži.

3. Dage yankin. Yana kuma iya yi da kansa dokoki, ta kafa majalisu jiki na filin.

4. cin gashin kanta District. Ya Halin za a ƙaddara da kundin tsarin mulki na Rasha Federation. An kunshe a daya ko wasu baki ko yankin. Yana yana da kansa shatan.