Me zai faru a lokacin da mai gudanar? Nawa ne isasshen man fetur? kamfanonin mai

Lokacin da ta gudanar fitar da man fetur? Shekaru da dama da suka wuce, da duniya ya riga ya yi gargadin cewa shi ya tanadi zo ga ƙarshe. Yau fiye da man fetur fiye da wajibi ne. Abin ciyarwar da ci gaban da baki zinariya?

Carter ta gidan telebijin adireshin

Yamma, Afrilu 18, 1977, shugaban kasar Amurka Dzhimmi Karter gayyace talabijin labarai a cikin M Office of White House da kuma ominously sanar wa jama'ar {asar Amirka cewa ya yanzu na son magana da m batu na wani mataki mai matsala a Amurka tarihi. Ya yi magana game da mafĩfita post-yaki tsaron kasa barazana.

Unprecedented kalubale, wanda aka tattauna aka makamashi. Ko kuma wajen da rashin ta. Bisa ga 39th shugaban kasar Amurka, da man fetur da rikicin ya haifar da bukatar daidaita da bukatar makamashi saboda da m dakushe albarkatu. Tsautsayi hydrocarbon reserves asusu na 75% na kasar ta kafofin samar da makamashi. Shugaban kasar ko da ya kira lokacin da mai gudanar - shi zai faru a gaba 6-7 shekaru.

Jawabin Carter aka gaishe ba tare da babbar sha'awa. Amirkawa ba yaba da apocalyptic saƙo, har ma da kasa - ta hangen nesa da mafita daga wannan halin da ake ciki tare da didactic bukata na gama halin kirki goyan baya. Amma wuya kowa shakka da ba facts.

Kuma duk da haka, da shugaban kasar Amurka ya yi kuskure. Data a kan hannun jari na man fetur da iskar gas tabbata ba daidai ba. Energy ba kawai ba a karshen sũ, sun kasance, idan ba iyaka, m babbar. Babu wanda ya san shi sai, amma yau da dama suna sane da wannan.

Nawa ne isasshen man fetur?

Bayan nauyi hydrocarbon adibas a North America, Rasha, Saudi Arabia da sauran gabas ta tsakiya da samar da kasashe, akwai babba untapped adibas a kudancin Amirka, Afirka da kuma Arctic: ba biliyoyin ganga da iyaka. Saboda haka, mamaki da abin da zai faru a lokacin da mai gudanar har da wuri. A akasin wannan, a cewar wani rahoto daga Harvard University, duniya tana motsi zuwa glut hydrocarbons.

75-page nazari gwani kuma tsohon saman manajan Leonardo Modzheri Eni, wanda ya duba ci gaba da kuma amfani da filayen man fetur a duniya, ya yi hasashen cewa a 20 kashi karuwa a duniya samar a shekarar 2020.

A musamman, shi ya haskaka a cikin rahoton:

• zurfin adibas a Brazil Santos Basin, wanda aka yi imanin dauke da akalla 150 biliyan ganga na man fetur .
• Venezuelan adibas "karin nauyi" mai Orinoco kwalta Sands, kiyasta a 1.2 tiriliyan ganga.
• Canada ta mai Sands.
• Kwanza tasa a Angola,
• kazalika da adibas na Bakken da Three Forks a North Dakota da kuma Montana a Amurka, wadda bisa ga Modzheri iya zama daidai da Persian Gulf.

Kuma dalilin wannan albarku? The fasaha juyin juya halin cewa canza da hanyoyi na gano da kuma samar da man fetur.

"Yau, da masana'antu ne iya ganin abin da ba su gani kafin, da kuma samun wani abu da cewa a baya ba zai iya samun - ya ce Gerald Shotman, kamfanin ta manyan fasahar jami'in na Shell, tushen a The Hague. - Amma muna kuma mafi iya fita daga waɗanda reserves, a mafi m fuskantar yadda za mu magance su. "

shale mai

Daya daga cikin manyan nasarorin da hanyoyin samar da man fetur, wanda ya mamaye da labarai a 'yan shekarun nan, duka a wani tabbatacce kuma a cikin wani mummunan hanya, shi ne fasahar na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa karaya, ko freking. A ainihi, wannan hanya na sakewa hydrocarbons a kewaye a cikin shale tsarin, ta amfani da musamman m ruwa famfo, matsa zuwa 14 ton / sq. m. na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa karaya aka farko amfani a Kansas a forties karni na karshe, amma kawai a cikin 'yan shekaru godiya ga m inganta a farashin man fetur ya auku da wannan tsari don haka da cewa fasaha ya zama tattalin arziki mai yiwuwa. Ma'adanai, a baya dauke unrecoverable, shi ne a yanzu a cikin mu iya yi ne.

Babu inda ake wadannan nasarori ba su maida su ba kome tare da mafi babbar sha'awa fiye da a Amurka. Domin shekaru shida, da yawan ganga samar daga cikin Bakken samuwar, shale, wanda ya mamaye wani yanki na game da 518 sq. M. km, mikewa daga Montana zuwa North Dakota ya karu da 100 sau - daga 6 dubu 600 zuwa dubu kowace rana - .. kuma yi North Dakota na biyu mafi girma man fetur a Amurka bayan Texas. The yawan Williston jihar ta babban birni ya tripled a cikin past 10 shekaru. Ga garzaya truckers da oilfield ma'aikata daga fadin kasar na fama da koma bayan tattalin arziki. A North Dakota, bude sabon kasuwanci da kuma sabon sassan na asibitoci, bi da kayayyakin more rayuwa, shẽka karkashin nauyin yawan ambaliya. muhalli kungiyoyin rike wadanda suka yaƙi da frekinga, iƙirarin cewa fasahar gurabata karkashin kasa da ruwa kafofin, Yanã na gida da girgizar kasa da kuma cutar da yanayi mai yawa mai guba sharar gida.

frekinga proponents nace cewa wadannan kasada za a iya ƙwarai hananna ba. Kuma suka nuna wa babbar amfanin da juyin juya halin Musulunci Hanyar. A albarku a North Dakota da kuma m canji na Amurka daga net da kaya zuwa net makamashi m rage kasar dogara a kan makamashi da albarkatun na Gabas ta Tsakiya. Enterprises daga mai masana'antu na kasar Sin, Rasha da kuma Argentina, sha'awar da sakamakon Amurka kansu an fara dauko wannan fasahar. Kamfanin Linc Energy sanar da tsare-tsaren Mining 233 biliyan ganga da man fetur daga shale dutse a Australian outback.

kwalta Sands

Amma abin da ya yi a lokacin da gudu daga man fetur shale? Freking - wannan shi ne kawai daya daga cikin mutane da yawa m cimma gaci a baya da sabuwar albarku. Taimaka wa samar da wuya-da-mai fasaha ya samu a hanya don samun ta fita daga cikin cakuda da yashi, kuma lãka da aka sani da kwalta ko mai-hali sandstone, da most adibas na wanda ake samu a Canada.

Kamar shale, hydrocarbon samarwa da yake a baya uneconomical, amma sabon matakai, wanda sun hada da tururi dumama yashi, sanya mafi m fasaha. Canada a halin yanzu samar da ganga miliyan 1.9 a rana ta man samu a cikin wannan hanya, ko da yake, kamar yadda freking Hanyar ya sa babbar zanga-zangar. Albert Gor, jirgin saman soja ga muhalli, ya bayyana kwalta Sands a matsayin "dirtiest tushen ruwa da man fetur da za a iya gani, da kuma kira da tsare-tsaren da za a gina wata babbar sabon bututun daga filayen man fetur na Alberta zuwa matatun« Texas Gulf "" hauka. "

kwance hakowa

Man fetur da aka ma ƙara rura wutar da sabon, mafi m hakowa hanyoyin. Da sabuwar dabara ne mai Hanyar kwance yana nufin cewa wuri a kan surface ne 'yan kilomita daga manufa. Kamfanoni na iya rawar soja saukar, sa'an nan kuma juya a cikin shugabanci don samun to da ake so batu. Hasumiyar da aka located in bude teku a nesa na kilomita 500 daga bakin gaci, dutsen iya wuce saukar da wani kilomita 7 da kilomita 7 daga nan kuma bar daidai da ake so location. A takaice, wannan yana nufin cewa shi ne kusan ba zai yiwu ba ga rawar soja a bushe rami. Alal misali, a shekarar 2011 da nasarar da hakowa ya cin nasara a 99% na lokuta.

Matsaloli ultradeep rijiyoyin

Kamfanonin mai fadi na sukar mafi warai, fiye da da. Rig "Hawk" a tsibirin Sakhalin kusa da gabas Coast na Rasha ya kafa yawa masana'antu records, ciki har da hakowa daga rijiyoyin da outbound sabawa zurfin 12 345 m, wanda ya wuce girman Dutsen Everest.

A lokacin, da sauki lissafi hana hakowa a mafi girma zurfin. Kamar yadda ya bayyana Lens Kuk, shugaban aiki jami'in na Shell a kasar Sin, da kyau da ya kamata a karfafa da karfe, saboda haka ba su da hallaka, amma kawai hanyar su runtse da karfe casing - aikata shi diamita daga kowane bututu bi ta wani abu kaɗan kasa da baya daya.

Wannan shi ne abin da ya takaita zurfin. "Idan yanzu kamfanin so rawar soja a talatin da kilometer da kyau, to, bari mu ce, da farko casing dole ne mafi girma daga gini a wanda na zauna," - ya ce Cook.

Ci gaba, duk da haka, yana da wani rinj gaba lokacinta, da kuma abin da alama da za a saran yau, gobe zai kasance tsohon-kera. Domin kamfanin Shell na karshe shekaru 10 ya ci gaba monobore fasahar da za su runtse da casing ciki juna, sa'an nan miƙa su ga wannan size. A ka'idar, wannan za ta tallafa a hakowa na da zurfi rijiyoyin, ko injiniyoyi har yanzu dole gane yadda za a hana narkewa daga cikin bututu a irin wannan zurfin. A lokacin da mai gudanar da samuwa filayen, da kuma matsalar Lalle ne zã a warware.

Search for hydrocarbons: girgizar kasa tasoshin

Kamar yadda ga tambaya na inda aka located man adibas, da search for amsoshi faruwa kullum. Geologists, a kalla, san inda ba lallai ba ne su nemi. Hydrocarbons an kafa daga kankanin bazu shuke-shuke, algae da kwayoyin da cewa zama da matakin na nahiyar shiryayye, amma ba ku ga shi, don haka man hakowa a tsakiyar teku zai zama m.

Kusa da ƙasa, duk da haka, t. N. girgizar kasa tasoshin 10 a cire igiyoyi 20, kowane na da nisan kilomita 15 a tsawon, Ft Irfan sarari yake bincike ga gaban man fetur da kuma iskar gas adibas. "A lokaci guda, suna tafiya, suna ne mafi girma da mutum ya yi abu a cikin ƙasa," - ya ce Robin Uoker, mataimakin shugaba na kasuwanci a WesternGeco, wanda ke da mallakar da dama irin wannan kotu. Kuma su ne da gaske babbar. A babba gare su, Ramform Sterling, ba ya kasance a WesternGeco, PGS da Norse kuma yana da a kan jirgin 400 ton na high-daidaici kayan lantarki sanya, a yankin na 830 kwallon kafa filayen.

Kowane girgizar kasa jirgin ruwa don samar da Ft Irfan hatsaisai a cikin ruwa tare da matsa iska ta amfani da wani iska gun. The sauti tãguwar ruwa suna nan nuna daga cikin pitfalls da tara girgizar kasa scythe sanye take da karkashin ruwa Microphones. Nazarin wannan bayanai, geologists yi adibas da kuma katin sa, wanda sun cika da - mai, iskar gas, ko kawai ruwa.

A cikin seventies, girgizar kasa tasoshin da aka tuba kama kifi boats, amma kawai yana da wani biyu-girma fasaha. Yau aka gina musamman don kudin $ miliyan 200 da kuma amfani da uku-girma na gani, wanda ya muhimmanci inganta su daidaito. Wannan hanya ba ma'asumi. Wani lokaci igiyoyi ne basu hakura rude. "Wannan shi ne duniya most farantin Spaghetti - Walker ya ce. - Yana daukan 'yan makonni to untangle su. Duk da haka, matakin haduwar ne breathtaking. "

sarari halin kaka

"Abin da ke faruwa a can ne a marine m na sarari shirin, - ya ce Robert Bryus, wani mawallafi kuma dan jarida kwarewa a samar da makamashi al'amurran da suka shafi. - Kuma duk wannan yana a] en, daga kamfanoni. "

The yawa da cewa suna da hannu a nan, wani zai iya juya a kai. A cikin duka, kamfanin tsunduma a bincike da kuma samar a shekara guda kadai ciyar da fiye da $ 1 biliyan. Mai kamfanin Shell, misali, biya 63 fam miliyan domin hakkokin gano wani yanki na 13 dubu sq. M. km kashe gabas Coast na Canada. Ba zai yiwu ba tare da m data on gaban hydrocarbons, amma har yanzu da yawa a cikin hanyoyi mafi daukan hankali shawara a latsa saki sanar da yarjejeniyar da aka da wadannan: «Shell ya bayyana cewa, ya kasance da za m, dauke da shi sabon yankunan man fetur ko iskar gas. " Babu komai nawa Shell biya, idan na san for tabbata?

pool Santos

Gasar tsakanin dillalai, da ke aiki, binciken da shamaki ba ne musamman m. Kowane mutum yana so ya sami rabonsu, da shugabannin da saya da dama da sauri.

Daya daga cikin akidojin fagen a cikin shekaru biyu da suka gabata ne Brazil. A baya can Santos tasa, da tekun yankin a 320 km kudu-maso-gabas na Sao Paulo, ba shi yiwuwa su gudanar da bincike a gaban mai saboda da farin ciki Layer da gishiri, domin shi ne talauci watsa vibration. Amma ci gaban seismology ba zato ba tsammani sanya yankin da manufar makamashi da samar da hukumomi, da kuma a 1999 da man kamfanin Petrobras samu a nan filin dauke game da miliyan 700 ganga.

pool Kwanza

Success a Brazil prompted geologists zuwa duba fadin Atlantic zuwa Angola pre-gishiri samuwar. Sanin cewa da bakin tekun na Brazil, da miliyan 100 da suka wuce, adjoined zuwa gabar yammacin Afrika, sun yi imani da cewa wadannan reserves iya zama a can. A watan Fabrairu na shekarar 2012, wadannan theories an tabbatar da gano adibas a cikin Kwanza tasa, wanda ikon kai game da biliyan 1.5 ganga. Tun daga nan, da yawa kamfanonin mai, ciki har da BP da kuma Total, kulla da hakkin ya bincike a Angola.

Nasara masu tayi bai bayyana girman da ake kira hannu da kari, amma yana da hadari ga zaton, lalle sũ sun kasance babbar. A shekarar 2006, kasar Sin giant Sinopec ya kafa a duniya rikodin ta biya domin wani teku yanki na 1.1 biliyan daloli. Nawa na cewa kudi za su samu ga mutanen Angola - mai moot batu. A tarihin hakar mai a Afirka ba murna sosai. A kasar bautarka tsõron 168th daga 182 kasashe a cikin Cin Hanci da Rashawa hasashe Index Transparency International.

Ba zai zama da butulci yi imani da cewa Genie iya taba sa baya cikin kwalba. Ce Robert Brays, duniya gudanar a ranar man fetur, lokaci. Babu sauran abu ba zai iya gasa tare da shi, a lokacin da ta je makamashi yawa, sassauci, sauƙi na aiki da kuma 'yanci na sufuri. Idan mai ba ya wanzu, shi zai yi ƙirƙirãwa.