Makamashin nukiliya: most Rasha NPP

A nuclear bala'i da ban mamaki ya faru a cikin "Fukushima-1" nukiliya ikon shuke-shuke sun sa tsanani lalacewar da ci gaban da makamashin nukiliya a duniya. Ta hanyar kokarin da kafofin watsa labarai halitta m tofin na sananne hatsarin da wani iko shuka nukiliya ikon shuka. Amma, bisa ga masana kimiyya da dama, mai yiwuwa madadin samar da wutar lantarki yana bukatar tukuna, amma, misali, Balakovo - Rasha ta most nukiliya ikon shuka - ne mai barazana ga wani fiye da wani sauran masana'antu makaman na wannan girma.

Ka'idar aiki na NPP

Dukan manyan ikon shuke-shuke aiki a kan makaman nukiliya da man fetur, masu kama a aiki manufa. Domin ikon tsara yin amfani da zafin rana da aka generated a sarrafawa nukiliya fission sarkar dauki man fetur - kagaggun wadãtar da uranium. Wannan tsari ne da za'ayi a cikin wani nukiliya reactor - "zuciya" da shuka.

Bugu da ari, akwai shirye-shiryen da zafi tururi abin da koran da injin turbin janareto. Dangane da zane da suka za a iya rotors amfani a kan ikon shuke-shuke na iri daban-daban da kuma gina shan la'akari aiki a kan makaman nukiliya da man inji bayani dalla-dalla.

iri reactors

Akwai da dama iri reactors da suke daban-daban man fetur, coolant wucewa ta hanyar da zuciyar, da kuma retarder ake bukata don sarrafa sarkar dauki.

A mafi tattali da kuma m tabbatar reactors, inda aiwatar ruwa ta amfani da wani al'ada, "haske" ruwa. By zane, su ne na biyu na asali iri:

• RBMK - RBMK. Yana ma'aurata da injin turbin karfin juyi ne shirya kai tsaye a cikin zuciyar, don haka wannan makaman da aka kira fluidized. Wannan shi ne karo na hudu ikon reactor a chernobye, shigarwa na da irin wannan amfani, msl, Kurskaia tashar - mafi girma Rasha shuka.
• VVER - VVER. Wannan tsarin na biyu hermetic madaukai: a farko - rediyoaktif - ruwa ne kẽwayãwa kai tsaye ta hanyar da zuciyar, mamaye zafi daga makaman nukiliya fission sarkar dauki a karo na biyu - tururi ne generated wanda aka ciyar da su turbo janareto. Irin wannan reactors aka yi amfani a cikin mafi iko a Turai, Zaporizhzhya NPP, suka yi aiki da wani babbar Rasha NPP - Balakovo.

Nau'i na biyu na reactor - gas-sanyaya, a cikinsa for monitoring matakai amfani graphite (reactor EGP-6 Bilibino). The uku - a kan man fetur a cikin nau'i na halitta uranium, da kuma tare da "m ruwa" - deuterium oxide - a matsayin coolant da outcumeser. Fourth - RN - fast neutron reactor.

A farko nukiliya ikon shuka

A farko gwaji a kan yin amfani da makamashin nukiliya reactors ga ikon tsara da aka gudanar a Amurka, Idaho National Laboratory a 1951. A reactor da aka sarrafa a wani ikon isa ga watsi da hudu 200-Watt kwararan fitila. Bayan wani lokaci da shuka don samar da wutar lantarki ya zama dukan gini inda bincike da za'ayi a wata nukiliya reactor. By ikon cibiyar sadarwa yana da alaka bayan 4 shekaru, da kuma gari na kusa, Arco da dakin gwaje-gwaje da aka farko a duniya don samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar makamashin nukiliya shuka.

Amma duniya ta farko kasuwanci nukiliya ikon shuka ne a nukiliya ikon shuka, fara up a Obninsk, Kaluga yankin na Tarayyar Soviet a lokacin rani na shekara ta 1954 da kuma nan da nan aka haɗa zuwa cibiyar sadarwa. Daga nan fãra nukiliya ikon masana'antu na Rasha. Ikon Obninsk nukiliya ikon shuka ya kananan - kawai 5 MW. Bayan shekaru 3 a Tomsk yankin, a birnin Seversk, shi aka sa a cikin aiki na farko da mataki na Siberian nukiliya ikon shuka, wanda samar 600 MW baya. A reactor da aka saka a can, aka yi nufi ga samar da makamai sa plutonium, da kuma lantarki da kuma thermal makamashi ne byproducts. Yau reactors a wadannan tashoshin shiru.

Makaman nukiliya ikon shuka a cikin tsohon Tarayyar Soviet

Tun da marigayi 1950s kuma farkon shekarun 1960s a cikin Tarayyar Soviet fara m gina ikon shuke-shuke a cikin yankuna daban-daban na kasar. List of Rasha nukiliya ikon shuke-shuke da kuma kungiyar tarayyar jamhuriyoyin kunshi 17 irin wannan wuraren, wanda 7 da aka bar wajen ba-rana Rasha Federation:

• Armenian, kusa da birnin Metsamor. Yana yana raka'a biyu tare a total damar 440 MW. Bayan da girgizar kasa ta 1988, wanda ya tsaya da NPP ba tare da wani tsanani hatsarori saboda da alkawarin a cikin zane na girgizar kasa juriya, aka yanke shawarar dakatar da zata dauka. Duk da haka, a nan gaba, saboda da high bukatar wutar lantarki, da gwamnati na jamhuriyar ta yanke shawarar kaddamar da a 1995, na biyu naúrar. Duk da cewa shi aka shan la'akari da ƙara bukatar a fasaha da kuma muhalli da lafiya, da na Tarayyar Turai ya nace a kan ta tsare.
• Ignalina nukiliya ikon shuka a arewa-maso-gabas da Lithuania sarrafa daga shekarar 1983 zuwa 2009, kuma aka rufe a request na Tarayyar Turai.
• Zaporozhye, mafi iko nukiliya ikon shuka a Turai, located a kan bankunan na Kakhovka tafki, a Energodar, gina a shekarar 1978. Its abun da ke ciki 6 VVER-1000, samar da wani karo na biyar na wutar lantarki a Ukraine - game da 40 biliyan kWh / shekara. Yana da cikakken kõma, zuwa ga matsayin na kasa da kasa Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).
• Rivne, kusa da garin Kuznetsovsk Rivne yankin a Ukraine. Ya 4 VVER a total damar 2835 MW. IAEA an yaba da sakamakon da aminci audits.
• Khmelnytsky, kusa da garin Neteshin, kusa da kogin Gorini a Ukraine. 2 shiga VVER-1000.
• Ta Kudu-Ukrainian, da aka located a kan gaba na Kudancin Bug a Mykolaiv yankin na Ukraine. 3 VVER-1000 samar da 96% m Ukraine bukatar wutar lantarki.
• Nuclear, a kusa da garin Pripyat, ya zama shafin na mafi girma da mutum ya yi da bala'i 26 ga watan Afrilu 1986 shekara. A karshe na hudu reactors na RBMK-1000 tsaya a 2000.

Rabo na wutar lantarki generated a shuka, a total makamashi daga cikin mafi girma nukiliya ikon shuke-shuke, hydroelectric, TPP a Rasha ne game da 18%. Wannan shi ne da yawa kasa da, misali, shugaba a cikin makamashin nukiliya masana'antu - Faransa, inda adadi ne 75%. Bisa ga soma da gwamnatin ta samar da makamashi dabarun domin lokacin har zuwa 2030 ne ya shirya don kara wannan rabo zuwa 20-30% da kuma kara samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar ikon raka'a aiki a kan makaman nukiliya man fetur, 4 sau.

Makamashin nukiliya Rasha

Yadda yawa nukiliya ikon shuke-shuke a Rasha a yau? A kasar mu akwai 10 tashoshin, da ciwon a cikin abun da ke ciki na 35 raka'a daban-daban iri (game da 100 da irin wuraren aiki a Amurka). A mafi girma rarraba sun samu wani matsa ruwa reactor (PWR) - kawai 18 guda. Daga cikin wadannan, 1,000 MW - 12, da wani 6 - 440 MW. A takarda ne ma 15 tashar ruwan reactors 11 RBMK-1000 da kuma 4 - EGP-6.

Abin da shi ne mafi girma nukiliya ikon shuka a Rasha

Don kwanan wata, babu wani tsarin a Rosenergoatom bayyananne shugaban tsakanin nukiliya ikon shuke-shuke na iya aiki da kuma gudunmawar da sauran balance na kasar. Akwai 2 hadaddun, inda da wannan lambar ne amfani (4) daga irin wannan reactors na VVER-1000. Yana Balakovo da Kalinin nukiliya ikon shuka. Kowace daga cikinsu yana a total damar 4,000 MW. A wannan ikon ya ta'allaka ne a cikin ikon shuka na Kursk da kuma Birnin Leningrad, wanda ake amfani da Unit 4 RBMK-1000 type. A wannan yanayin, mafi iko nukiliya ikon shuka a duniya - Japan ta Kashiwazaki-Kariwa - yana 7 raka'a tare da duka damar 8212 MW.

A taro na ikon Enterprises na irin a Turai na Rasha ya kai ga cewa sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a samar da wutar lantarki ga tsakiyar yankuna na kasar. A tsakiyar Rasha, da kuma musamman a arewa maso yamma, da rabo daga makamashin nukiliya a cikin makamashi balance har zuwa 40%.

6 sauran Rasha NPP

Taimakawa ga Rasha makamashi kansu taimaka Kola shuka, Rasha ta most nukiliya ikon shuka a arewacin yankunan, aiki biyu tysyachemegavattnyh iko. Ya ci gaba da gabatar da sabon karfin a Novovoronezh nukiliya ikon shuka, inda suka sami yin amfani da sabon, inganta VVER -1200. Beloyarsk nukiliya Power Plant a Sverdlovsk yankin za a iya gani a matsayin wani gwaji dandamali ga Rasha nukiliya masana kimiyya. Yana amfani da dama iri reactors, ciki har da sauri neutron nukiliya. A Chukotka, located Bilibino tashar samar da yankin zama dole zafi.

Tambayar da abin da makaman nukiliya ikon shuka shi ne mafi girma a Rasha, na iya sake zama dacewa a lokacin da sabon raka'a za a gabatar a Rostov shuka, wanda har uku, kuma su iya aiki shi ne 3100 MW. Yana yana da guda ikon da Smolensk, aiki a kan RBMK nukiliya.

al'amurra

A shirin na ci gaba da bangaren da aka ɗauke shi zuwa lissafi, kamar yadda nukiliya ikon shuke-shuke a Rasha bukatar gina yawa raka'a bukatar sake gina da kuma sa a cikin aiki don inganta samar da wutar lantarki. Wannan shi ne musamman gaskiya ga yankunan Arewa, Siberia da kuma Far East. Akwai ana ayi masu rinjaye na man fetur da kuma iskar gas samar da kamfanoni, yayin da kafa tushen da Rasha tattalin arzikin.

Daya daga cikin alamar rahama yankunan, wanda yana da makamashin nukiliya masana'antu na Rasha, - halittar iyo nukiliya thermoelectric ikon tashar. Yana dogara ne a kan m reactors KLT-40 low-ikon transportable ikon raka'a (har zuwa 70 MW). Wadannan mobile wuraren iya samar da mafi m yankunan da wutar lantarki, masana'antu da kuma jin] umi da kuma ko sabo ne ruwa. Commissioning na farko iyo nukiliya ikon shuka "Mikhail Lomonosov" da aka shirya a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.