Maetis na Rasha Apollon Grigoryev: biography, kerawa

Karni na 19 ba tare da dalili ba shine zamanin zinariya na zane na Rasha. A wannan lokaci, masu fasaha masu yawa na kalma sun hada da Apollon Grigoriev. Bayanansa, wanda aka bayyana a wannan labarin, zai ba ku ra'ayi na wannan mutumin da basira. Apollon Aleksandrovich Grigoriev (shekaru na rayuwa - 1822-1864) an san shi a matsayin mawallafa na Rashanci, mai fassara, mai ba da labari da wallafe-wallafen, masanin tarihin.

Asalin AA Grigoriev

An haifi Apollo Alexandrovich ne a Moscow ranar 20 ga Yuli, 1822. Mahaifinsa shi ne wani dan kasar da ya zo Moscow ya yi aiki daga wani lardi mai nisa. Don yin aiki mai mahimmanci a matsayin matsayi na yau da kullum, wannan mutum ya karbi shugabanci. Kamar yadda mahaifinsa Apollon Grigoriev, ya yi rashin biyayya ga nufin da iyãye biyu da nasaba da rayukansu tare da 'yar serf direba. Bayan shekara guda bayan haihuwar dansa, iyayen Abollo sun yi aure, don haka mawaki mai zuwa ya zama ɗan balaga. Apollon Grigoriev ya gudanar da aikin sirri ne kawai a 1850, lokacin da yake cikin matsayi na mai ba da shawara. Saboda haka, aka sake mayar da maƙasudin daraja.

Tsare-tsaren karatu, aikin zane-zane

Maetini mai zuwa ya sami ilimi na gida. Wannan ya ba shi damar shigar da su nan da nan a jami'ar Moscow, ta hanyar zagaye gymnasium. A nan, a Faculty of Law, ya saurari laccocin MP Pogodin, TN Granovsky, SP Shevyrev, da kuma sauran su, shi ne P. P. Polonsky da AA Fet. Tare da su ya shirya wani layi na wallafe-wallafe inda matasa mawaki suka karanta ayyukan su ga juna. A 1842, Apollon Alexandrovich ya kammala karatu daga jami'a. Bayan haka, ya yi aiki a ɗakin karatu, sannan ya zama sakataren majalisar. Duk da haka, Grigoriev ba a ba shi aikin aikin kwastan ba - yana kula da ladabi, bai manta ya rijista su ba lokacin da aka ba da littattafai.

Na farko wallafe

Tun 1843, Apollon Grigoriev ya fara bugawa. Waqojinsa sun kasance masu karfi a cikin wannan zamani daga 1843 zuwa 1845. Wannan ya zama mai sauƙin jin dadi ga AF Korsh. Yawancin jigogi na kalmomin Grigoriev suna bayyanawa da gaske ta wannan wasan kwaikwayo na ƙauna - rashin jin dadi da kuma rashin tausayi, sha'awar fata, gwagwarmaya-soyayya. Zuwa wannan lokaci shine waka "Comet", inda hargitsi na ƙauna da aka kwatanta da tsarin mawallafin mawaki. Wadannan irin wannan yanayi sun kasance a cikin aikin farko na aikin Apollo Alexandrovich, wanda aka kashe a matsayin takarda. An kira wannan aikin "Rubutun takardu daga rubuce-rubuce na ɓoye" (da aka rubuta a 1844, wanda aka buga a 1917).

Shekaru na rayuwa a St. Petersburg

Ana aunawa da bashi, ya lalace bayan jin kunya cikin ƙauna, Grigoriev ya yanke shawarar fara sabuwar rayuwa. Ya ɓoye a asirce zuwa Petersburg, inda ba shi da masaniya. Grigoriev yayi aiki a Majalisar Dattijan da kuma a cikin Deanery Administration daga 1844 zuwa 1845, amma sai ya yanke shawarar barin aikin don ya ba da lokaci ga aikin wallafe-wallafe. Grigoriev ya rubuta duka wasan kwaikwayo, shayari, layi, da kuma labarun wasan kwaikwayo da kuma wallafe-wallafe. A cikin shekarun 1844-1846. Apollo Alexandrovich ya yi aiki da "Repertoire da Pantheon". A wannan mujallar, ya zama marubuci. Ya wallafa littattafai masu mahimmanci game da gidan wasan kwaikwayon, nazarin wasan kwaikwayo, da kuma waƙoƙi da yawa a cikin waƙoƙin "Money biyu" (a 1845). A daidai wannan lokaci, sai ya fito fili, sashi na farko shi ne "Man of Future", kashi na biyu - "Abokina na da Vitalin" da kuma na ƙarshe - "Ophelia". Apollon Grigoryev ya kasance a cikin fassarori (a cikin 1846 ya fito "Antigone Sophocles", "Makarantar Molière maza" da sauran ayyuka).

Komawa zuwa Moscow

Grigoriev yana da yanayi mai zurfi, wanda ya tilasta masa ya canza tunaninsa, ya tsere daga matsanancin matsayi, don neman sababbin ka'idoji da haɗe-haɗe. A 1847, ya raunana a St. Petersburg, sai ya koma Moscow. A nan ya fara aiki tare da jaridar "Moscow City leaf". Daga cikin ayyukan wannan lokaci, wajibi ne a lura da abubuwa 4 daga Grigoriev "Gogol da littafinsa na ƙarshe", wanda aka halitta a 1847.

Aure

A wannan shekarar, Apollon Alexandrovich ya rataye kanta ta wurin aure. Matar Apollon Grigoriev ita ce 'yar'uwar AF Korsh. Duk da haka, ba da daɗewa ba saboda mummunar hali, an yi auren. Grigoriev ya sake farawa da damuwa da jin kunya. Yawancin ayyuka na wannan lokacin mawaki na rayuwa bazai iya haifuwa ba, sai dai matar Apollon Grigoriev da irin halin da ya yi. A wannan lokacin, Apollon Alexandrovich ya wallafa wata maimaita jerin labaran da ake kira "Diary of Love and Prayer." A shekara ta 1879 an sake buga wannan sake zagaye, bayan Apollon Grigoriev ya mutu. Ana sanya waqoqin da aka sanya a gare shi ga baƙo mai kyau da kuma ƙaunar da ba a san shi ba.

Ayyukan koyarwa, Grigoriev-critic

A lokacin daga 1848 zuwa 1857, Apollon Alexandrovich malamin ne. Ya jagoranci doka a manyan makarantun ilimi. Bugu da} ari, ya ha] a hannu da mujallu da kuma samar da sababbin ayyuka. A shekara ta 1850, Grigoriev ya shiga masallaci na Moskvityanin. Ya shirya "matasa masu gyara" tare da AN Ostrovsky. A gaskiya ma, shi ne sashen sukar na Moskvityanin.

A matsayin mai sukar, Apollon Grigoriev a wannan lokaci ya zama babban mutum a cikin wasanni. Ya yi wa'azi game da dabi'a da hakikanin abin da ya faru a cikin wasan kwaikwayo da wasan kwaikwayo. Apollon Grigoriev ya nuna godiya ga yawancin wasan kwaikwayon da taka rawa. Ya rubuta "Thunderstorm" Ostrovsky na farko a matsayin aikin fasaha. Babban amfani da wasan shi ne cewa mai zargi ya yi la'akari da ikon marubucin da ya yi amfani da fata da kuma tabbatar da ainihin rayuwar rukuni na Rasha. Grigoriev ya lura da labarun hanyar rayuwar lardin da kuma kyakkyawar yanayin Rasha, kuma bala'in da ya faru da abubuwan da suka faru a cikin aikin ba su taba ba.

Apollon Grigoriev da aka sani da marubucin wannan kalmar "Pushkin shine komai". Ayyukan Alexander Sergeevich, hakika, ya yi sosai. Tunaninsa yana da ban sha'awa, musamman, abin da Apollo Grigoriev yayi game da Eugene Onegin. Mai sukar ya yi imanin cewa dangin Eugene ya danganta da sukar lalacewa na ainihi, wanda yake da halayyar tunanin Rasha. Apollo Aleksandrovich ya bayyana cewa, al'umma ba laifi ba ne saboda jin kunya da mummunan abin da ya faru da Onegin. Ya lura cewa ba su da tushe daga rashin shakka da haushi, kamar yadda a cikin Childe Harold, amma daga basirar Evgeny.

A 1856 an rufe Moskvityanin. Bayan wannan, an gayyatar Apollon Alexandrovich zuwa wasu mujallu, kamar "Contemporary" da kuma "Tattaunawar Rasha." Duk da haka, ya kasance a shirye ya yarda da wannan tsari ne kawai a ƙarƙashin jagorancin mutum na ginin mahimmanci. Sabili da haka, tattaunawar ta ƙare ne kawai tare da rubutun waƙoƙi, articles da fassarorin Grigoriev.

New ƙauna

A cikin shekarun 1852-57. Aikin Apollon Aleksandrovich kuma ya sake jin dadin ƙaunar, wannan lokaci ga L. Ya. Wizard. A shekara ta 1857 ya fito ne akan "Gwagwarmayar", wanda ya hada da mafi kyawun waƙa ta Grigoryev "The Gypsy Hungarian" da "Oh, ka ce akalla kuna tare da ni ...". AA Blok mai suna wadannan ayyukan kamar lu'u-lu'u ne na Rashanci.

Tafiya zuwa Turai

Apollon Grigoriev, zama malamin gida da kuma mai koyar da Yarima I. Yu. Trubetskoy, ya tafi Turai (Italiya, Faransa). A tsawon lokaci daga 1857 zuwa 1858 ya zauna a Florence da Paris, ya ziyarci gidajen tarihi. Komawa gida, Grigoriev ya ci gaba da bugawa, tun daga 1861, yana aiki tare da mujallu "Epoch" da "Time", da FM da MM Dostoyevsky ke jagoranta. Mista Dostoevsky ya shawarci Apollo Aleksandrovich ya kirkiro abubuwan tunawa game da ci gaban zamani na zamani, wanda Apollon Grigoriev ya yi. Ya kerawa ya hada da "Hannun hanyoyi na ilimi da halin kirki" - sakamakon fahimtar batun da aka tsara.

Falsafa da ra'ayi na ban sha'awa na Grigoriev

Bayanan falsafanci da na ban sha'awa na Grigoriev an kafa su a ƙarƙashin rinjayar Slavophilism (Khomyakov) da kuma romanticism (Emerson, Schelling, Carlyle). Ya gane muhimmancin ka'idodin addini da na kasa-ka'idoji a rayuwar mutane. Duk da haka, a cikin aikinsa an haɗa shi tare da sukar rashin amincewa da ka'idoji na farko na jama'a, hukunce hukuncen Puritan game da wallafe-wallafe. Apollo Aleksandrovich kuma ya kare ra'ayin da ke tattare da hadin kai na kasa a lokacin lokaci na Petrine. Ya yi imanin cewa duka kasashen yammacin Turai da Slavophilism sun kasance suna nuna iyakancewar rayuwar tarihin rayuwa ta hanyar tsarin tsare-tsaren, ba da labari. Kodayake, a cewar Grigoriev, al'amuran jama'a na Slavophiles ba su da kyau fiye da tsarin Westernization, wanda ya gane da daidaitattun daidaito (ɗayan ɗaiɗaikun mutane, barracks).

Halin na Grigoriev ya fi dacewa a cikin ka'idar kwayoyin halitta da ya halicce shi. Sanarwar manufar maganganun kwayar halitta ta dace da fahimtar tsarin yanayin fasaha, wanda aka tsara ka'idodin ka'idojin rayuwar rayuwa. A ra'ayinsa, fasaha wani ɓangare ne na rayuwa, ra'ayinsa mai kyau, kuma ba kawai hujja ba ne.

Hanyoyin siffofi na poetic

Halin halitta na kirkirar Grigoriev ya bunkasa a ƙarƙashin rinjayar Lermontov. Apollo Alexandrovich da kansa ya kira shi da shi na karshe romanticist. Makasudin haɓakawar duniya da wahalar matsanancin ƙananan halayen aikinsa. Sau da yawa sukan sauka cikin abubuwan da ke da halayen hysterical, binge. Yawancin waƙoƙi na Grigoriev (musamman ma game da birni) saboda mummunan daidaitawar zamantakewar al'umma yana da wuya a buga. Wannan ba zai yiwu ba ne kawai a cikin kasashen waje na Rasha. Gaba ɗaya, al'adun burbushin marubucin marubucin da yake sha'awar mu ba shi da kyau, amma mafi kyawun halittunsa ya bambanta da haske da rashin tausayi.

Shekaru na ƙarshe na rayuwa

Apollon Grigoriev don rayuwarsa bai yarda da Allah ba, kuma Scyvophile da Mason, masanin ilimin maƙarƙashiya da abokin kirki, mai shan giya da mutunci. A ƙarshe, dukkanin iyakar waɗannan abubuwa sun karya shi. Apollo Grigoryev ya shiga cikin bashi. A 1861 dole ne ya zauna a gidan yari. Bayan haka, ya yi ƙoƙari na karshe ya canza rayuwarsa, inda ya tafi Orenburg. A nan Grigoriev ya kasance malami a cikin rukunin yara. Duk da haka, wannan tafiya kawai ya ƙãra jihar mawãƙi. Bugu da ƙari, har yanzu akwai hutu tare da matarsa, MF Dubrovskaya. Apollo Aleksandrovich yana ci gaba da neman mafita a cikin giya. Ya dawo daga Orenburg, ya yi aiki, amma tare da katsewa. Grigoriev ya guje wa zumunci tare da jam'iyyun wallafe-wallafen, yana so ya yi aiki kawai da fasaha.

Mutuwar AA Grigoriev

A 1864, Apollo Aleksandrovich ya kasance sau biyu cikin gidan bashi. Gama na tafke sarai wani tunanin irin abubuwan da, a St. Petersburg da wani bugun jini mutu Apollon Grigoriev. Tarihinsa ya ƙare ranar 25 ga watan Satumba, 1864.