Lomonosov aiki. Sunayen Lomonosov ta kimiyya ayyukansu. Lomonosov ta kimiyya ayyukansu a cikin sunadarai, a tattalin arziki, a fagen adabi

Masanin kimiyyar halitta na farko na Rasha, malami, mawallafi, wanda ya kafa shahararrun sanannun ka'idar "kwantar da hankali uku", wanda ya ba da hankali ga samar da harshen Lissafi, masanin tarihi, mai zane-zane - irin wannan shi ne Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov. Ayyukansa kamar misalin wuta ne a cikin duffan duhu. Bayan haka, ya gudanar da yaduwar haske game da labarun da ke ciki a cikin tsarin ilimin kasa, yana ba da dama ba kawai ga wakilan sakandare na sama ba, har ma ga magoya. A yau, ayyukan Lomonosov da aka sanannun suna fassara cikin harsuna da dama kuma ana amfani da su a wurare da dama. To, menene abubuwa na Lomonosov sun san?

Chemistry

Mikhail yi a nuna jin abokin gaba da m tsarin kula da nazari da sunadarai mamaki. Ya kasance da shakka game da ilimin kimiyya na baya, wanda ba a sami cikakken bayani ba. Bugu da ƙari kuma, ya ƙi ka'idar "ruwaye marar nauyi" da kuma darajar da aka ba ta a bayanin duk abubuwan da suka shafi kimiyya-sunadarai na lokaci.

Chemical nazarin Mikhail fara a dalibi shekaru. Shi ne ya fara gabatar da ilmin kimiyya a cikin ayyukansa a fannin kimiyya, ba fasaha ba. Yawancin bincike da aka gudanar a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje wanda ya tsara.

Bisa ga Lomonosov, mai-gaskiya ya zama dole ne ya cika aikin biyu: duka likitan da kuma mai aiki. A wasu kalmomi, don samun aikace-aikacen da suka dace a ayyukan da suka dace. Bisa ga ilimin falsafarsa, ya rarraba abubuwa masu guba a cikin "farkon", "fili" da kuma "gauraye".

Bayan samun kwayoyi da ake buƙata, a cikin 1744, Lomonosov ya gudanar da jerin bincike a kan tsagawar salts da karafa. Tsarin rushewar da ya rarraba ya kasu kashi biyu: tare da rashi da kuma sha da zafi. Bayan haka, kamar yadda aka rigaya aka sani, tsari na rushe ƙwayoyin ƙarfe a cikin acid yana nuna sakin zafi, da kuma aiwatar da salts a cikin ruwa, a akasin haka, ana tunawa.

Lomonosov kansa ya bayyana fasalin rushewa daga matakan da suke da shi a cikin zamani. Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa ya bayyana ainihin abubuwan da yake lura da shi, yana sarrafa tsarin tafiyar sinadarai tare da microscope tare da ƙarfafawa 360.

Yin gwaje-gwajen akan tsagawar salts a cikin ruwa ya zama abin da ake bukata don bayyanar abin da ake kira solvation sabon abu a cikin mafitacin ruwa (hydration). Bisa ga wannan lamari, lokacin da yake hulɗa da ruwa, gishiri ya rushe cikin ions, kuma su, a gefe guda, mazhabobi ne na ruwa dake kusa da su.

Bayan ɗan lokaci sai ya sake koyaswar "A kan haske", da kuma 'yan baya - "A lokacin haihuwar da kuma yanayi na gishiri."

MV Lomonosov ya dauka cewa a cikin ilmin sunadarai akwai ƙungiyoyi biyu na halayen sinadarai. Ga rukuni na farko, ya haɗa da jikin da suke dogara da yiwuwar tsinkayar kwayoyin, zuwa rukuni na biyu - launi, crystal, dandano, ƙanshi da wasu halaye.

Har ila yau, wadannan masana kimiyya sunyi nazarin ka'idar, bisa ga abin da yake, kowane launin (sai dai baki) za'a iya raba shi zuwa uku - rawaya, ja da shuɗi.

Duk da manyan yawan su gudanar da jiki da kuma sinadaran gwaje-gwajen, mafi yawansu ba su zauna ba a kare ba. A hakika, dalilin wannan shi ne mahimmancin masanin kimiyya.

Ayyukan Lomonosov a cikin ilmin sunadarai sun taimaka wajen samo asali ga abubuwan da ake lura da su. Abubuwan da yake da shi a fannin ilimin sunadarai sun hada da kimiyya a Rasha. Ayyukan Lomonosov a cikin ilmin sunadarai sun taimaka wajen cigaba da wannan kimiyya har ma bayan wani lokaci, ana biyan dabi'un masanin kimiyyar da mabiya.

Amma babban nasara shi ne gabatar da ilimin kimiyya. Misali mafi kyau na irin wannan ma'anar ita ce "Kalmar a kan Amfanin Kimiyya," wanda ya karanta a Cibiyar Nazarin a shekarar 1751.

Turanci

An dauke shi da kyau a matsayin "uba" na kimiyya na Rasha. Hanyoyi da ra'ayoyinsu game da Lomonosov suna da siffa dabam dabam. Ba kamar yawancin magunguna ba, ya yi amfani da jigilar abubuwa a bincike kuma shi ne na farko da ya gane da kasancewarsa a yanayin kwayoyin kwayoyin halitta da na atomatik daga wani abu.

Ko a cikin shekaru dalibansa, ya zama mai sha'awar ilimin lissafi, ko kuma - a ka'idar tsarin kwayoyin halitta. A cikin wani kimiyya ya janyo hankulansa ga mahimman al'amura waɗanda ke da halayyar falsafa.

Lomonosov ne karon farko da shawarar da wanzuwar ake kira cikakkar sifili. Bayan haka, tare da gabatar da kayan aiki na kayan aiki kamar Sikeli, ya yi kokarin tabbatar da kuskuren ra'ayi game da karuwa a cikin nauyin ƙananan ƙarfe a lokacin ƙonawa. Wannan shi ne MV Lomonosov. Ayyukansa na kimiyya sunyi mahimmancin tushe don ci gaban kimiyyar zamani.

Shi ne wanda a farkon lokaci ya tsara zato game da haɗuwa da kayan lantarki da haske, game da raƙuman lantarki a matsayin tushen matsa lamba, game da asalin kayan lantarki na zinariyara polar.

Ayyukan Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov akan ilmin lissafi ya zama babbar gudummawa ga wannan kimiyya. Ya yi amfani da lokaci sosai don nazari da kuma bayyana yanayin yanayin haske, da kuma koyar da tsarin launi. Na farko wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya ƙayyade dangantakar tsakanin matakan da ke cikin yanayi shine MV Lomonosov. Ayyukansa sun ba da gudummawa wajen tafiyar da kusan dukkanin fannin ilimin lissafi.

Ya kishin da yawa don nazarin kayan lantarki. A wancan lokacin, ba a taɓa yin tambaya game da wanzuwar wutar lantarki ba. Hanyoyin wakiltar abokan tarayya game da dangantaka da wutar lantarki game da ruwa mai ban mamaki wanda ke gudana a cikin jirgi mai tsaftacewa bai dace da likitan jari-hujja Lomonosov ba. Masanin kimiyya ya kusanci bayani game da wutar lantarki kamar yadda yake a cikin fassarar fasalin haske da zafi. Lomonosov ya rubuta ayyukan da dama da aka ba su don nazarin wutar lantarki mai haske da kuma rikitarwa.

Amma waɗannan ayyukan sanannun Lomonosov bai tsaya a can ba. Ba za mu iya yin watsi da ka'idodin kwayoyin halitta na zafi ba, wanda ya danganci ka'idar ƙungiyar kwayoyin halitta daga kwayoyin halitta da kwayoyin halitta. Bisa ga cikakken bayani, an bayyana shi a cikin rubutunsa "Tunani akan yanayin zafi da sanyi."

MV Lomonosov ya warware irin waɗannan tambayoyi game da yanayin yanayin jiki. Ayyuka da bincike na masanin kimiyya a bangaren sashen kimiyyar lissafi sunyi gaskiyar cewa a farkon karni na ashirin na kimiyyar lissafi ya zama babban kimiyya a fannin kimiyyar halitta.

Na farko masanin astrophysicist na Rasha

Samun sha'awa a cikin abin mamaki na sama ya tashi a Lomonosov har ma a lokacin yaro, lokacin da ya lura da hotuna masu girma na hasken wuta. Ya girmama kansa a matsayin farkon masanin astrophysicist na Rasha, wanda ya kafa zane-zane na kimiyya.

Tuni a farkon shekaru na sana'ar sana'a, ya kawo duniya da yawa a cikin filin astronomical. A hankali lura da motsi na taurari na tsarin hasken rana a cikin dakin nazarin astronomical, nazarin sunspots, comets da sauran abubuwa na sama, irin wannan shi ne sanannen malaman astronomist Lomonosov. Ayyukan sa na kimiyya har yanzu suna da mashahuri sosai a cikin masu bincike na astronomical har yau.

Ɗaya daga cikin nasarorin da Mikhail Vasilyevich ya fi na musamman a cikin astronomy shine ganewar yanayi akan Venus. Wannan binciken shine sakamakon binciken da masana kimiyya suka dauka game da abin da ya fi kyau - ci gaba da Venus a kan faifai na Sun. An kira rahotonsa na kimiyya: "Wannan abu ne na Venus a kan Sun, wanda ya lura a makarantar Imperial Academy of Sciences Maya, 26 days, 1761".

Bayan 'yan daga baya sai ya nema a shirye-shiryen waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru da kuma cigaba da tafi zuwa Siberia na biyu. Masu bincike na ƙasashen Turai sun shirya don yin la'akari da wannan abu mai ban mamaki. Bisa ga waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru, Cibiyar Ilimin Kimiyya ta dauki bangare na farko a cikin wani taron wannan girman. Lomonosov kuma ya gudanar da jerin tsararru masu zaman kansu a cikin kulawarsa.

Sakamakon yanayi a Venus ya zama abin da ake bukata don cigaba da cigaban kimiyyar astrophysical a Rasha.

Masana'antu, Ma'adinai da Ma'adinai

Babban ayyukan Lomonosov, wanda aka rubuta a kan dutse, ya zama jagora na musamman ga ma'aikata.

Wannan girgizar kasa a Portugal, wadda ta dauki rayukan mutane fiye da dubu tamanin, sun sa shi yayi nazarin abubuwan da ke haifar da girgizar asa. A cikin rubuce-rubucensa, ya kwatanta hanyar da ta fi rikitarwa na ci gaban ƙasa. Saurin ɓangaren ƙwayar ƙasa, a cikin ra'ayi, zai iya haifar da asalin halitta - girgizar asa, tuddai, ɓarna - da kuma sauran bala'o'i mai tsanani. Sunayen ilimin kimiyyar Lomonosov akan aikin kasuwanci yana da masani ga kowane mai kulawa da aiki ko masanin gado. Alal misali, sanannun "Maganar haihuwa na karafa daga girgiza ƙasa".

A cikin ayyukansa ya tsara shi kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da suka kasance a yanzu game da hakar da kuma ƙaddamar da karafa. Su ne wadanda suka rubuta littafin nan "Farkon Tushen Metallurgy, ko Ore Mining." Wannan koyarwa ta dace ya zama muhimmiyar bincike a cikin binciken masana'antun masana'antu. Ya inganta ka'idodin da aka rigaya da aka sani game da hakar ma'adinai, ya yi aiki akan ci gaba da sababbin na'urori da kuma hanyoyin.

Lomonosov mafarki ne na gudanar da bincike-bincike masu yawa waɗanda suka shafi sauran wakilan kimiyya na kasarmu. Saboda haka, masana kimiyya a ko'ina sun fara aika da nau'o'in samfurori da ma'adanai. A takaice dai, kimanin mutum ɗari da ashirin na Rasha sun shiga cikin zaɓin samfurori da suka dace don binciken.

Abin baƙin ciki mai yawa, Lomonosov bai iya gane abin da ya shirya ba. Wannan aikinsa a cikin kwanciyar hankali ne kawai bayan bayan shekaru na Academician VM Severgin, kuma an kira wani ma'adinai na musamman a cikin Lomonosovite don girmama wanda yake nema.

Gwaninta

Lomonosov ya tsara kuma ya gina fiye da goma sharuɗɗa a filin wasa. Ya ba da kansa ga kimiyya. Lomonosov bai tsaya ba, har har ƙarshen kwanakinsa ya shiga aikin samar da kida ga kallon dare.

MV Lomonosov shi ne na farko da ya tsara da kuma gina wani batoscope. Ayyukansa kullum suna damu da jama'a. Har ila yau, injin tsarin sararin samaniya, babban na'urar don kallon abubuwa masu nisa a sararin samaniya, wanda ya tsara, ba a manta ba.

An kuma bayyana fasaha na samar da gilashin launin fata ta MV Lomonosov. An yi amfani da wadannan ayyukan a cikin masana'antu don gyaran gilashi mai launin launin fata, da kuma samar da sassa daga ciki. Ginin gilashi yana daga cikin manyan maganganu na Lomonosov. Da yake nazarin ka'idodin wannan abu, Lomonosov bai taba yin amfani da sakamakon bincikensa ba don dalilai. Mikhail Vasilievich ya so ya raba 'ya'yan itatuwa da mutanen da wuri-wuri, don kawo su ga amfanin jihar.

Lomonosov ya kasance mai kirkirar kayan fasaha da kuma kayan aikin kayan fasaha, wanda ya kafa asalin kimiyya na Rasha. Ayyukansa sun ba da gudummawa ga cigaban cigaban cigaban kimiyya a Rasha.

Linguistics, Philology

A farkon karni na goma sha takwas, harshen Rashanci ya cike da kalmomin waje da na Slavonic Church, maganganun magana. Lomonosov yana damuwa da tsarki da kuma impeccability. Yawancin lokaci ya kwarewa game da bayanin nasa littattafai. Aikace-aikace na University a cikin adabi ba Yunƙurin zuwa da sananne "rhetoric", wanda mujallar wani muhimmin al'adu taron na rana. A cikin wannan aikin, masanin kimiyya na harshe ya ambaci cewa malamin da yake gaban masu sauraro ya kamata ya kula da shekarun masu sauraro, ainihin jinsi, haɓaka da kuma ilimin ilimi. Ya kamata a yi la'akari da yadda za a yi la'akari da shi, fahimta, dalili da tunani. "Rhetoric" an gabatar da shi cikin harshe mai sauƙi kuma an yi nufin jama'a ne.

Wani aiki mai ban sha'awa da Lomonosov, mai suna "Grammar Rasha," ita ce ta farko na irinsa don nazarin ilimin harshe na harshen Rashanci. Mutumin farko da ya yi ƙoƙari ya gano ka'idodin ka'idodin harshen Rasha shine Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov. Ayyukansa sune nufin kara girman muhimmancin harshen yaren, yana mai da hankali ga al'adun ruhaniya.

Yayin da ya kasance dalibi, ya rubuta rubutun "A Harafi a kan Dokokin Rumunan Rasha," inda ya bayyana mahimman bayanai game da rubutun Rasha, ya bincika wasu nau'o'in waƙoƙi da kuma girma.

Wani aiki na gaba da kuma mai girma mai suna "Gabatarwa akan Amfanin Littattafai na Ikilisiyar a cikin harshen Rashanci" yana nazarin ka'idar Lomonosov game da "Kalma guda uku" wanda ya hada da "high, mediocre and low calm". Kowane mutum yana da takamaiman wallafe-wallafe:

• Wa'azi a kan jaruntaka, mai sihiri, maganganu masu kyau sun dace da "kwantar da hankali";
• Hotunan wasan kwaikwayo, haruffan haruffa - matsakaita;
• Low "kwantar da hankula" ya nuna yau da kullum maganganu, waƙoƙi, ballads.

Lomonosov an yi la'akari da shi akan mahaliccin kimiyyar kimiyya da fasaha ta Rasha. Masana kimiyya sun gabatar da sababbin sababbin nau'o'in, sun kirkirar salon bayanin kimiyya na kayan. Ayyukan Lomonosov a fannin wallafe-wallafen suna da bambanci: su ne waƙoƙi, kwarewa, jawabai masu mahimmanci, hadari da yawa. Maganin tarihin waƙoƙin sun kasance sun kasance sun kasance mafi yawa daga rubuce-rubucen da aka rubuta don girmama wani taron ko mutum.

Geography da meteorology

Lomonosov ya farka sha'awa a tarihin duniya a farkon aikin sana'a. Domin da yawa shekarun da suka gabata, yana sha'awar da Arewa Sea Route da kuma damar da za su yi nazarin da shi. A cikin littafin da ake kira "Bayani na taƙaice fassarori daban-daban zuwa arewacin teku da kuma nuna alamar yiwuwar sashen Siberian zuwa Gabashin Indiya", ya ba da bayanin wannan sashi kuma ya shirya shirinsa na kansa.

Lomonosov har ma ya yi alkawarin wadata membobin wannan balaguro tare da abubuwan da suka dace, kayan aiki, amma ba a ƙaddara ya ga sakamakon binciken ba. Aikin ya faru ne a 1765, lokacin da Mikhail Vasilyevich bai da rai.

Gudun tafiya a cikin ruwa mai laushi, a cewar Lomonosov, ko da yaushe ya saba wa "kankara duwatsu a cikin teku," wadda ta damu da masanin kimiyya. An gabatar da su da halaye na kankara, sun bayyana yiwuwar haddasawa. Wadannan muhawarar har zuwa yau suna da muhimmanci. Ƙaddamar da yiwuwar fahimtar hanya ta Arewacin Tekun, mai daukar hoto ya dauki taswirar Arctic Ocean.

Yawancin zatonsa an tabbatar da shi ne kawai bayan shekaru biyu bayan haka. Lomonosov ya hango wurin da ke karkashin ruwa, wadda aka gano a baya kuma aka bincika. Daga bisani, ana kiran wannan rudun bayan mai gano shi.

Taimakon da ba za a iya ba da ita ga samar da "ilimin lissafi na yanayi" Lomonosov. Ayyukan kan "Rashin iska, daga ikon wutar lantarki na abin da ke faruwa" yayi magana akan yiwuwar meteorological yiwuwar. Tare da girmamawa, Mikhail Vasilievich yana magana ne game da yanayin da ake yi game da yanayin da ake yi a cikin yanayi, ya jaddada wajibi ne a kafa cibiyar sadarwa na tashoshin sararin samaniya.

Tarihi

A farkon karni na sha takwas, shi ya fara kara a Rasha sha'awa a cikin tarihin kasar. An muhimmiyar rawa a ci gaban da tarihi rukunan taka leda da kuma MV Lomonosov.

Yana sha'awar kara ci gaba da na Old Rasha jihar. Dace nazarin kafofin da zamani periodicals, Lomonosov tambaya zaton masana tarihi, da cewa dalilin kasar mu aza Normans.

Lomonosov yi imani da cewa baki sun Slavs, da kuma babban-jihar ya fara tare da su. Mikhail bayyana amincewa a game da gaskiyar cewa Rasha-yake magana da mutane kafin zuwan iko Rurik aikata wani dogon lokaci na ci gaba da kuma samuwar na asali da al'adunsu.

A 1751 Lomonosov tafi aiki a kan manyan-sikelin binciken na "tsoho Rasha tarihi." Part daya da aka saki ga jama'a ne kawai bayan mutuwa da aka zarar fassara a cikin harsuna da yawa.

A 1760, bisa records da kuma sauran muhimman takardu da tarihi, Mikhail bayar da wani "Short Rasha Chronicle Tare da sassalar", dauke da kaya m turakun tun zamanin mulkin Rurik, da kuma kafin mutuwar Petra Velikogo.

Mikhail kaunace mahaifarsa, ya piously yi ĩmãni da ƙarfi kuma hadin kai na ta girma mutane.

Lomonosov ta aiki a cikin tattalin arzikin

Lomonosov ya kasance daya daga wadanda suka gan Rasha a matsayin kasar da wani yawa na al'adu da kuma mataki na ilimi. Irin wannan jiha, a cikin ra'ayi na kawo canji dole ne a akai canji, shi yana da kullum da fatar ido, to matsar kusa da ci gaban mai karfi da kuma m iko.

A mafi girma amfani da ya nuna game da metallurgy da kuma hakar ma'adinai masana'antu. Daga cikin abubuwan, Lomonosov nuna mai yawa da hankali a kan ci gaban aikin noma da kuma mai husũma na yawan girma.

Material walwala na Rasha jihar, bisa ga Lomonosov, ya dogara ne a kan wasan kwaikwayon na su da tattalin arziki ayyuka.

Musamman ayyukan Mikhail Lomonosov a cikin tattalin arzikin suna talauci kiyaye su, wanda ƙwarai dagula nazarin da tattalin arziki na gaba.

Bisa data kasance karatu, za mu iya kammala da cewa, babban Lomonosov da hankali da aka nufi ga nazari na Rasha tattalin arzikin. Domin amfanin jama'a da cikakken tattalin arziki dabarun na jihar, kwatanta ta da wani sa na yi jagororin an ci gaba.

Yana da su da shi, Lomonosov, ya kamata mu yi gõdiya domin bayyanar da irin wannan tarbiyya kamar yadda "m labarin kasa". A lokacin da masu sana'a aiki na Lomonosov bi hadisai na Rasha School of Economics, muhimmanci wadãtar da kuma ƙarfafa matsayinsu, duk da cewa da yawa daga cikin manyan ayyukan Lomonosov ba su da zama dole tasiri a kan Sahaban. Duk da haka, tattalin arziki da ra'ayoyi, ya sa a cikin aikin da mai girma masanin kimiyya, da kuma a yau ne batun kara fassarar.

Kuma a karshe,

"M," title na Jami'ar san shi da kowane mabiyin wani musamman kimiyya filin. A cikin rubuce-rubucen nuna da ƙarfi, hadin kai da kuma hikimar da Rasha mutane. Lomonosov da aka sani a matsayin bidi'a da suka sanya fice gudummuwa a fannoni daban daban na ilimi - daga kimiyyar yanayin halitta to ilmin taurari. Ayyukansa a lokacin da yake rayuwa da aka fassara a cikin harsuna da yawa. Mikhail kokarin bauta wa kyau na mutane. Da yawa daga cikin qirqire-qirqire da kuma nazarin samar da wani m tushe ga ci gaban yau kimiyya a matsayin dukan.