Lalacewar Czechoslovakia: tarihi, haddasawa da kuma sakamakon. Shekara na rushe Czechoslovakia

Babban taron a tarihi na zamani Turai, da breakup na Czechoslovakia. A dalilan da wannan ne a matsayin policheskoy, soja da kuma tattalin arziki halin da ake ciki a kasar. Shekarun da suka gabata rarrabe Jamhuriyar Czech da Slovakia, daga ranar tsaga. Amma yanzu batun shi ne batun matsanancin bincike na masana tarihi, da siyasa, masana kimiyya da sauran masana.

.: 1968 auka na preconditions

Lalacewar Czechoslovakia ya faru a 1993. Duk da haka, ga hujjar wannan taron da aka aza yawa a baya. A dare na Agusta 20-21, 1968 Soviet dangane Arima, East Jamus, Bulgaria, Hungary da kuma Poland, tare da total number of 650 dubu. Sojoji, mamaye Czechoslovakia da kuma shagaltar da kasa. kama daga cikin kasar harkokin mulki tsarin (Dubcek, Cernik kuma Freedom) da aka samar. Shugabannin kasance a manyan ki haɗin gwiwar. Fararen hula kokarin nuna juriya, game da 25 fararen hula da aka kashe a tsakiyar zanga-Soviet da zanga-zanga. Soviet jagorancin nema ya haifar a kan ƙasa na Czechoslovakia, da Soviet-goyon baya gwamnatin. A karkashin wadannan yanayi, ta ƙara cin gashin na Slovakia a cikin iyakoki na wani sabon tarayya jihar, wanda aka zayyana tare da farko na shekarar 1969.

Juyin juya halin a Czechoslovakia a shekarar 1989

By karshen 1980. Czechoslovakia ya karu jama'a Sabani autocracy na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis. A shekarar 1989, a Prague daga watan Janairu zuwa Satumba, akwai lokatan da yawa da zanga-zangar da aka tarwatsa 'yan sanda. Babban karfi da aka yi zanga-zangar dalibai. Satumba 17, 1989 mafi yawansu ya nauyi zuwa buga tituna, da kuma da yawa da aka dukan tsiya da 'yan sanda, da jami'o'i a wannan lokaci da aka rufe. Wannan taron shi ne samar da kuzari da aiki. Masana da dalibai suka tafi a kan yajin. Tarayyar dukkan 'yan adawa - "Civic Forum" - Nuwamba 20 a karkashin shugabanci na Vatslava Gavely (photo kasa) kira ga zanga-zangar da. A karshen watan, game da 750 da dubu. Of zanga-zanga kan titunan na Prague da murabus din da gwamnatin. A burin da aka samu: iya yin tsayayya da matsa lamba, shugaban bar post Gustav Husak murabus, da yawa jami'an. Events m canji na jagorancin Czechoslovakia zo da za a kira "karammiski juyin juya halin". Abubuwan da suka faru na 1989 qaddara da Lalacewar Czechoslovakia.

Zaben na 1989-1990.

Post-kwaminisanci tsoma bakin kafa sassan jihar sun zaba a hanya na m zama. A shekarar 1989, a cikin marigayi Disamba, Tarayyar Majalisar zaben shugaban kasa na Czechoslovakia Vatslava Gavela, a matsayin shugaban - Dubcheka Aleksandra. Majalisar wani wakilin jiki a cikin ra'ayi na murabus daga babban adadin co-optation da kuma siyasa na gurguzu "Civic Forum" da "Jama'a Kan Rikicin."

Gavel Vatslav a watan Fabrairu 1990, ya isa a birnin Moscow da kuma samu wani uzuri daga Soviet gwamnati domin events na 1968, lokacin da Soviet sojojin da za'ayi wani m mamayewa. Bugu da kari, ya aka tabbatar da cewa sojojin na Tarayyar Soviet za a janye ta karshen Yuli 1991 daga Czechoslovakia.

A cikin bazara na shekarar 1990, Tarayyar Majalisar wuce wani yawan dokokin da suke ƙyale kungiyar na kamfanoni, da kuma a general ya amince da a gudanar da wani sayar da kamfanonin da masana'antu Enterprises, mallakar gwamnati. A farkon watan Yuni, an gudanar da wani za ~, a cikin abin da shi ne 96% na jimlar yawan masu jefa} uri'a. Tare da babban amfani odezhali lashe siyasa dan takarar "Civic Forum" da "Jama'a Kan Rikicin." Sun samu fiye da 46% na kuri'un da, da kuma mafiya yawa daga cikin Tarayya Majalisar. Na biyu mafi yawan kuri'un da aka kada sun gurguzu wanda ya zabi 14% na 'yan kasa. Na uku wuri da aka dauka kungiyar hadin kunsha na Kirista Democratic ƙungiyõyin. Yuli 5, 1990 a kan wani na shekaru biyu a ofishin sabon Tarayya Majalisar sake zaben Gavela Vatslava da Dubcheka Aleksandra (hoton da ke ƙasa) -, daidai da, da matsayin shugaban.

Tsaga motsi "Society ta haramta Rikicin"

Lalacewar Czechoslovakia, kafa a cikin watan Maris shekarar 1991, lokacin da akwai tsaga a cikin harkokin siyasa motsi "Jama'a Kan Rikicin", tare da sakamakon cewa mafi yawan rabu kungiyoyin kafa jam'iyyar "Movement for Democratic a Slovakia". Ba da da ewa akwai wata tsaga a cikin sahu na "Civil Forum" tare da samuwar uku kungiyoyin, daya daga wanda shi ne "Civic Democratic Party." Tattaunawa tsakanin Slovakia da Jumhuriyar Czech da aka koma a watan Yuni 1991. By cewa lokaci, jagorancin "Civic Democratic Party" ya zo ga ƙarshe da cewa taron ba zai nuna tabbatacce da sakamakon, don haka bari mu duba cikin labarin "baladi Divorce".

"Jan layi yaki"

Rasuwar kwaminisanci tsarin mulki a 1989 ya kara da events cewa jawo rushewar Czechoslovakia. Shugabannin daga Jamhuriyar Czech ana so a bayyana sunan da aka rubuta a matsayin kalma guda, yayin da su opponetov - Slovakia - nace defisnom rubuce. Biyan haraji ga kasa juyayinsu na Basulake mutane, a watan Afrilu 1990 Tarayya Majalisar amince da wani sabon hukuma sunan Czechoslovakia: Czech da kuma Basulake tarayyar (CSFR). A jam'iyyun gudanar ya isa wani sassaucin ra'ayi, a matsayin Basulake harshen sunan jihar da za a iya rubuta tare da wani jan layi, kamar yadda a Czech - tare.

"The Czechoslovak Forest"

A kan rushe Czechoslovakia kuma rinjayi sakamakon tattaunawar da firaministoci na gwamnatocin} asashensu na Slovakia da Jumhuriyar Czech - Vladimir Meciar da Vatslava Klausa. A taron ya faru a Brno a Villa Tugendhat a shekarar 1992. Bisa ga memoirs na takara Miroslav Matzek Vaclav Klaus ya ɗauki kwarai da kuma gudanar da wani a tsaye line, ya nuna cewa saman ne a tsaye a jihar, kuma a kasa - da rabuwa. Yana gudanar da therebetween m kewayon cewa hada da Tarayya da kuma tarayya. The tambaya ya tashi a kan abin da na sikelin ya kasance yiwu saduwa? Kuma wannan wuri mafi ƙasƙanci batu, yana nufin "kisan aure". A tattaunawa ba ya kawo karshen har sai Vaclav Klaus bai zo ga ƙarshe cewa yanayin da m diplomasiya domin Slovaks a wata hanya ba, a dauke shi m ga Czechs. Lalacewar Czechoslovakia A fili yake cewa. Villa Tugendhat ya ga cewa Jihar Svoge irin Belovezhskaya Pushcha. Bugu da ari tattaunawar ba a gudanar a ranar adana na tarayya. Wadannan sakamakon na diplomasiyya taron tsarin mulki yi aka sanya hannu, wanda gyarawa da doka dama don canja wurin babban hukuncin iko na jamhuriyoyin.

"Baladi Divorce"

Shekara na gabatowa rushe Czechoslovakia. Babban zabe da aka gudanar a kasar a watan Yuni 1992. "Movement for Democratic a Slovakia" ya sami kuri'u mafi in Slovakia da kuma "Civic Democratic Party" - a cikin Czech Republic. Akwai wani tsari don ƙirƙirar konferederatsiyu, amma sai aka ba da goyan bayan "Civic Democratic Party."

Da mulkin Slovakia da aka zayyana Yuli 17, 1992 da Basulake National Council. Murabus na shugaban kasar Gavel Vatslav. A kaka 1992, wani babban ɓangare na jama'a iko an kãwo wa Jamhuriyar. Tarayya Majalisar a karshen Nuwamba 1992 da kawai uku da kuri'u amince da dokar, wanda provoglashal rasuwar na Czechoslovak Tarayya. Duk da abotar a kan wani ɓangare na mafi yawan Slovaks da Czechs, a tsakar dare Disamba 31, 1992, duka jam'iyyun zo ga yanke shawara a kan rushe hukumar. Lalacewar Czechoslovakia ya faru a shekara, wanda shi ne masomin a cikin tarihi na biyu sabuwar jihohin - da Basulake Jamhuriyar da Jamhuriyar Czech.

bayan tsaga

Jihar lumana raba biyu m sassa. Lalacewar Czechoslovakia a cikin Jumhuriyar Czech da Slovakia sabanin effects a kan kara raya kasashen biyu. A cikin gajeren lokaci na Jamhuriyar Czech ya iya saita a tashin m sake fasalin a cikin tattalin arziki da kuma ya haifar da wani tasiri kasuwar tattalin arzikin. Wannan shi ne kayyade factor cewa yarda da sabon jihar don zama memba na Tarayyar Turai. A 1999, da Jamhuriyar Czech shiga cikin sahu na Arewa Atlantic soja kungiyar. Tattalin arziki a Slovakia akwai karin hadaddun da hankali, wannan tambaya da ta Accession da Tarayyar Turai shiga rikitarwa. Kuma kawai a 2004 shi ya shiga da tsarin da kuma zama memba na kungiyar tsaro ta NATO.