Karammiski juyin juya halin. Karammiski juyin a Gabashin Turai

Kalmar "Karammiski juyin juya halin" ya bayyana a cikin marigayi 1980s - farkon shekarun 1990s. Yana ba daidai da yanayin da events aka bayyana a cikin zaman takewar kimiyya, da kalmar "juyin juya halin". Wannan lokaci ne ko da yaushe gwajin kwari, da muhimman hakkokin, babban canje-canje a cikin zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da kuma siyasa duniyoyin, wanda kai ga canji na dukkan al'umma, canza model tsarin al'umma.

Mene ne wannan?

"Karammiski juyin juya halin" - da na kowa sunan matakai faruwa a cikin kasashen na tsakiya da gabashin Turai, a lokacin daga marigayi 1980s zuwa farkon shekarun 1990s. A auka a 1989 na Berlin Wall ya zama wani irin alama ce.

Sunan "Karammiski juyin juya halin" daga wadannan siyasa upheavals samu saboda a mafi yawan jihohi jajirce zubar da jini (sai dai Romania, inda akwai wani m tawaye da kuma m tashin hankali c Nicolae Ceausescu, tsohon fir'auna da matarsa). Events ko'ina fãce {asar Yugoslavia, ta faru mun gwada da sauri, kusan instantaneously. A duban farko, da kama na rubutun da kuma daidaituwa a lokacin ne m. Duk da haka, bari mu duba a cikin haddasawa da kuma yanayi na wadannan juyin - kuma mun gani cewa wadannan haduwa ne ba ta hanyar kwatsam. Wannan talifin zai ba maanar kalmar "karammiski juyin juya halin" da kuma za a takaicce duba cikin ta haddasawa.

Events da kuma matakai da ya faru a Gabashin Turai, a ƙarshen 80s da farkon 90s, ne ban sha'awa na 'yan siyasa, masana kimiyya da kuma jama'a. Mene ne Sanadin da juyin juya halin? Kuma abin da yake da jigon? Bari mu yi kokarin amsa wadannan tambayoyi. A farko a cikin jerin irin siyasa da suka faru a Turai ya zama wani "karammiski juyin juya halin" a Czechoslovakia. Daga shi kuma za a fara.

Events a Czechoslovakia

A watan Nuwamba shekarar 1989, akwai lokatan m canje-canje a Czechoslovakia. "Karammiski juyin juya halin" a Czechoslovakia ya kai ga zubar da jini kifar da kwaminisanci tsarin mulki a sakamakon boren. The hukunci turu suka shirya wani dalibi zanga-zanga a kan Nuwamba 17 a ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar Jan Opletal, wani dalibi daga Jamhuriyar Czech, wanda aka kashe a lokacin zanga-zangar da Nazi zama na jihar. A sakamakon abubuwan da suka faru da suka ji rauni fiye da mutane 500 a kan 17 Nuwamba.

Nuwamba 20, dalibai suka tafi a kan yajin da kuma taro da zanga-zanga ta barke a birane da yawa. 24 ga Nuwamba murabus na farko sakataren kuma wasu sauran shugabannin Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta kasar. Nuwamba 26, aka gudanar da wani babban taron gangami a tsakiyar Prague, wanda ya fara game da dubu 700 members. Nuwamba 29 majalisar soke tsarin mulki labarin a kan Jam'iyyar Kwaminis shugabanci. Disamba 29, 1989 Aleksandr Dubchek an zabe shugaban majalisar na majalisar, da kuma Vatslava Gavela ya zama shugaban Czechoslovakia. A Sanadin da "Karammiski juyin juya halin" a Czechoslovakia da sauran kasashen za su iya bayyana a kasa. Har ila yau, nazarin ra'ayin da iko masana.

A Sanadin da "karammiski juyin juya halin"

To, m da dalilai irin muhimman hakkokin hutu tare da tsarin zamantakewa? A yawan malamai (misali, V. K. Volkov) ciki haƙiƙa dalilai for 1989 juyin juya halin gani a rata tsakanin da m sojojin da kuma yanayi na masana'antu dangantakar. Totalitarian ko amincewa da-komai haqqinsa gwamnatocin sun zama wani hani ga kimiyya, fasaha da kuma ci gaban tattalin arziki na kasashen, ragae saukar da hadewa tsari ko a cikin CMEA. Kusan rabin karni na gwaninta a cikin kasashen na Kudu maso gabas da tsakiya da Turai ya nuna cewa su masu nisa a baya da m jari hujja kasashe, har ma ga waɗanda kuka kasance sau daya a kan wannan matakin. Czechoslovakia da kuma Hungary domin kwatanta da Austria, domin gudun hijirar - tare da Jamus, Bulgaria - Girka. Gudun hijirar, ya yi sanadiyyar CMEA, bisa ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya data, a shekarar 1987 da GP da capita ranked kawai 17 th wuri a duniya, da kuma Czechoslovakia - 25th wuri, Tarayyar Soviet - 30th. Widening rata a matsayin na rayuwa, ingancin harkokin kiwon lafiya, zamantakewa da tsaro, da al'adu da kuma ilimi.

A mataki fara saya da hali na backlog a Gabashin Turai. Control tsarin da Karkasa tanadi m da sverhmonopolizmom don haka ya kira umurnin-administrative tsarin bred inefficiencies na samar da lalata. Wannan ya zama musamman bayyanannu a cikin 50-80-ies, a lokacin da a wadannan kasashe da aka jinkirta wani sabon mataki na kimiyya da fasahar zamani, wanda ya kawo wa kasashen yammacin Turai da kuma Amurka a wani sabon, "post-masana'antu" matakin na ci gaba. A hankali, ta hanyar karshen 70s, an fara wani Trend zuwa canji na gurguzu duniya a sakandare zamantakewa da siyasa da tattalin arziki da karfi a duniya mataki. Kawai a cikin soja-dabarun yankin ya kasance mai matukar karfi, da kuma cewa shi ne yafi saboda da soja m da Tarayyar Soviet.

kasa factor

Wani iko factor da wanda ya gane "karammiski juyin juya halin" a shekarar 1989, ya zama na kasa. National girman kai, kamar yadda shi ne mulkin infringed ta gaskiya cewa amincewa da-komai haqqinsa gwamnatin reminiscent na Soviet. M ayyuka na Soviet jagoranci da kuma wakilan da Tarayyar Soviet a cikin wadannan kasashe, siyasa da kuskure amsa a cikin shugabanci. Similar to da cewa lura a shekarar 1948, bayan da katsewa da ke tsakanin Tarayyar Soviet da kuma {asar Yugoslavia, (wanda ke haifar a cikin sa'an nan "karammiski juyin juya halin" a {asar Yugoslavia), a cikin shakka daga shari'a a kan model na Moscow kafin yaki, da sauransu. D. Shugabannin jam'iyyun a ikon, bi da bi, al'amurra da wani yaudarar kwarewa Tarayyar Soviet, da ba da gudummawa ga canji na gida gwamnatocin na Soviet irin. Duk wannan ya ba Yunƙurin zuwa ji cewa irin wannan tsarin kallafaffen daga waje. Wannan aka yuwuwa ta shiga tsakanin na Soviet jagoranci a cikin abubuwan da suka faru a Hungary a shekara ta 1956 da kuma Czechoslovakia a shekarar 1968, (daga baya sanya wani "karammiski juyin juya halin" a Hungary da kuma Czechoslovakia). A cikin zukatan mutane shi aka gyarawa ra'ayin "Brezhnev rukunan", watau iyakance ikon mallaka. Mafi yawa daga cikin al'ummar, gwama tattalin arziki halin da ake ciki a kasar tare da matsayi na da makwabta a cikin West fara involuntarily kisa tare da siyasa da tattalin arziki matsaloli. Ƙeta na kasa ji, zamantakewa da siyasa rashin biyan bukata yana da nasa tasiri a cikin shugabanci. A sakamakon wannan rikicin ya fara. 17 ga watan Yuni, 1953, akwai wani rikicin a cikin gudun hijirar, a cikin 1956 - a Hungary, a 1968 - a Czechoslovakia, kuma a Poland da shi ya faru sau da yawa a cikin '60s,' 70s da '80s. Su, duk da haka, ba su da wani m ƙuduri. Wadannan crises sun kawai da gudummawar da discrediting na samuwa halaye, da jari na abin da ake kira akida shift, wanda yawanci riga da siyasa canje-canje, halittar wani mummunan kima daga cikin jam'iyyun iko.

Soviet tasiri

A lokaci guda, suka saukar da dalilin da ya sa amincewa da-komai haqqinsa gwamnatocin sun kasance barga - da suka mallakar na 'yan sanda sashen, ga "gurguzu al'umma", a karkashin matsin lamba daga cikin Soviet shugabanci. Wani zargi na data kasance gaskiya, wani yunkurin yin gyara ga akidar Karl Marx ka'idar ta fuskar m fahimtar, shan la'akari da halin yanzu gaskiya, ka nuna "revisionism", "akida ɓarna da gangan" da sauransu. D. A rashi a cikin ruhaniya kima, da uniformity a cikin al'adun da kuma akidarsa kai ga dvoyakomysliyu, da siyasa, jama'a passivity, na daidaitawa, cewa mutum ne abi'a barna. Tare da wannan, ba shakka, ba zai iya yarda da m ilimi da kuma m iko.

A wani rauni daga cikin jam'iyyun siyasa

Incrementally fara bayyana juyin juya halin Musulunci halin da ake ciki a Gabashin Turai. Kallon yadda da sake fasalin kudin a Tarayyar Soviet, da yawan wadannan kasashe sa ran wani irin garambawul a gida. Duk da haka, a cikin hukunci lokacin shi ya saukar da wani rauni daga cikin kayadadden factor, wato rashin balagagge jam'iyyun siyasa iya zuwa gudanar da manyan canje-canje. A jam'iyyar a lokaci mai tsawo mulkinsa uncontrolled batattu m flair, da ikon hažaka. A asarar siyasa da yanayi, wanda shi ne kawai a ci gaba da bayyana burokrasi, ne ƙara rasa touch tare da mutane. Ilimi, wadannan jam'iyyun bai amince, matasa sun biya kadan da hankali, ba zai iya samun kowa da harshen tare da ita. Policy na rasa jama'a da amincewa, musamman bayan da ma'aikatan ƙara eroded cin hanci da rashawa, na sirri enrichment fara inganta, asarar halin kirki kamfas. Shi ne ya kamata a lura da danniya a kan discontented, "adawa" suka aikata a Bulgaria, Romania, Gabas Jamus da wasu ƙasashe.

Sabili iko da kuma monopolistic jam'iyyar rabu daga jihar na'ura, sannu a hankali ya fara fada baya. Jayayya game da baya ( 'yan adawa na jam'iyyar kwaminis dauke da alhakin rikicin), da gwagwarmaya tsakanin "kawo canji," da kuma "Conservatives" a cikin su - shi duka gurgunta wasu har, da ayyukan da wadannan jam'iyyun, sun hankali rasa su yãƙi iya aiki. Kuma ko da a cikin irin wannan yanayi, a lokacin da gwagwarmayar siyasa ƙwarai rincabewa, suka har yanzu fatan da kenkenewa a kan mulki, amma shayi.

Zai yiwu a kauce wa wadannan abubuwan?

Shin "karammiski juyin juya halin" shi ne makawa? Daya iya wuya kauce wa shi. Da farko, wannan shi ne saboda ciki dalilai, wanda muka ambata. Abin da ya faru a Gabashin Turai, sun fi mayar da sakamakon da kallafaffen model na gurguzanci, da rashin 'yanci ga ci gaba.

Sake fasalin kudin ya fara a cikin Tarayyar Soviet, ya zama kamar ma, ya ba Yunƙurin zuwa gurguzu sabuntawa. Amma da yawa shugabannin kasashen, a Gabashin Turai ya kasa fahimtar gaggawa bukatar m maimaitawa na dukkan al'umma ne, sun kasance bã su iya samun sakonni aika da lokaci da kanta. Saba kawai zuwa sama umarnin daga jam'iyyar talakawa sami kansu a cikin wannan halin da ake ciki, disoriented.

Me ya sa ba ta shãmakace Soviet jagoranci?

Amma me ya sa hango m canje-canje, a Gabashin Turai, da Tarayyar Soviet shugabanci bai sa baki a cikin halin da ake ciki kuma tsohon shugabanni, su ra'ayin mazan jiya ayyuka kawai ƙarfafa rashin biyan bukata na yawan?

Da farko, akwai iya zama wani zance na soja matsa lamba a kan wadannan kasashe bayan abubuwan da suka faru na Afrilu 1985, karbo daga cikin Soviet Army daga Afghanistan da kuma kalamai game da 'yancin zabi. Ya bayyana a 'yan adawa da kuma jagorancin da kasashen gabashin Turai. Daya m gaskiya ne, da sauran da aka "ishãra zuwa".

Abu na biyu, a imbin dangantakar tattaunawar da tarurruka a cikin lokaci daga 1986 zuwa 1989, da Soviet jagoranci ya nanata game Mũnãnan ayyuka da stagnation. Amma yadda za a amsa ga wannan? Mafi yawa daga cikin shugabannin jihohi a ayyukansu bai nuna sha'awar canza, fifita wani sashe ne kawai da ƙaramar zama dole canje-canje da ba su shafi da sauran inji rinjaye a cikin wadannan kasashe, da tsarin da gwamnati. Saboda haka, kawai a kalmomin maraba perestroika a cikin Tarayyar Soviet, da BCP jagoranci, kokarin da dama peretryasok a kasar don kula da data kasance tsarin mulki na sirri iko. Shugaban HRC (M. Jakes) da kuma SED (Erich Honecker) tsayayya canji, kuma sunã nẽman ta iyakance su fãtan a kan gaskiyar cewa zargin sake fasalin kudin Tarayyar Soviet ne wanzuwa ga kasa, da tasiri na Soviet misali. Suka har yanzu fatan cewa a lokacin da kiyaye gwada da kyau misali na rai iya yi ba tare da har tsanani da sake fasalin.

Farko a cikin kunkuntar format, sa'an nan tare da sa hannu na duk mambobi ne na Politburo na SED, Oktoba 7, 1989 a mayar da martani ga muhawara amfani M. S. Gorbachevym cewa gaggawa bukatar dauki himma a hannuwansu, shugaban na Jamus Democratic Republic ya bayyana cewa, ba lallai ba ne su koya musu rayuwa a lokacin da a cikin Stores da Tarayyar Soviet "ba ko da gishiri." A mutane a cikin wannan yamma tafi titi, kafa a kashe rushewar gudun hijirar. Nicolae Ceausescu a Romania stained da kansu tare da jini, yin fare a kan danniya. Kuma inda ya gyara aikinsa, da aka tsare da tsohon Tsarin da ba ta kai ga kima, dimokuradiyya da real kasuwa, su ne kawai da gudummawar uncontrolled matakai da kuma bazuwar.

Ya zama a sarari cewa babu bakin soji Tarayyar Soviet, ba tare da ta aminci net a gefe na data kasance halaye na samar da kwanciyar hankali da juya ta zama kananan. Haka ma wajibi ne don la'akari da m yanayi na 'yan kasa, wanda ya taka leda a babban rawa, saboda mutane so canji.

Kasashen yammacin turai ma sha'awar da cewa dakarun 'yan adawa zo da wuta. Wadannan dakarun kiyaye a cikin pre-yakin neman zabe abu.

A sakamakon haka ne a dukan duniya daya: a cikin shakka daga watsa a kan wani kwantiragi akai na ikon (a Poland), da sha na yiwuwa na shirin MSzMP ya gyãra (a Hungary), buga da kuma taro da zanga-zanga (a mafi yawan kasashen), ko tawaye ( "karammiski juyin juya halin" a Romania) ikon zartar a hannun sabon jam'iyyun siyasa da kuma tsaro. Da shi shi ne karshen wani zamanin. Saboda haka kammalã a wadannan kasashe, "karammiski juyin juya halin."

Jigon da sakamako canji

A wannan batun, Yu. K. Knyazev ƙayyade maki uku na view.

• Farko. A kasashe hudu ( "karammiski juyin juya halin" a cikin gudun hijirar, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia da kuma Romania) a karshen shekarar 1989, an yi ta da mutane mulkin demokra] iyya da juyin juya halin, godiya ga kaddamar da wani sabon siyasa hanya. A juyin juya halin Musulunci canje-canje a 1989-1990, a Poland, Hungary da kuma {asar Yugoslavia, su ne da hanzarta kammala juyin tafiyar matakai. Similar canjawa da Albania sun fara faruwa a karshen shekarar 1990.
• Biyu. "Karammiski juyin" a Gabashin Turai - kawai apical upheavals ta hanyar abin da ya zo da iko, madadin ikon, wanda bai da wani sarari shirin na zamantakewa maimaitawa, kuma haka suka wanzuwa kayar da wani wuri tashi daga fagen siyasa na kasar.
• Na uku. Wadannan abubuwan su ne counter-juyin juya hali, ba wani juyin juya hali, kamar yadda suka anti-kwaminisanci a cikin yanayi, suka tsara don cire daga ikon mulki na jam'iyyar kwaminis da kuma ma'aikata da kuma ba da goyon baya ga gurguzu zabi.

A general shugabanci na motsi

A general shugabanci na motsi yake, duk da haka, uniplanar, m bambancin da bayani dalla-dalla a cikin kasashe daban-daban. Suna magana fita a kan totalitarian da gwamnatocin kama-karya, babban take hakki na abubuwan da yanci da kuma hakkin jama'ar kasar da zamantakewa rashin adalci data kasance a cikin al'umma, da cin hanci da rashawa na hukuma, ba bisa doka ba da gata kuma low rayuwar.

Sun kasance kin amincewa da daya jam'iyya administrative-umurnin tsarin, vvergshey a zurfin rikicin, duk ƙasashe, a Gabashin Turai da kuma gudanar don gano halin yanzu halin da ake ciki na hanyar fita. A wasu kalmomin, shi ne mai mulkin demokraɗiyya juyin juya hali, da kuma ba da apical juyin mulki ne. Wannan yana nuna ba kawai ta hanyar yawa rallies da kuma zanga-zangar, amma kuma sakamakon na baya a kowanne daga cikin kasashen da babban zabe.

"Karammiski juyin" a Gabashin Turai ba kawai "da" amma "domin". Domin kafa gaskiya 'yanci da dimokuradiyya, tabbatar da adalci, siyasa kima, da kyautata na ruhaniya da kuma kayan rayuwa na yawan jama'ar, da amincewa da mutum dabi'u, masu tasowa, bisa ga dokokin na m al'umma ingantaccen tattalin arziki.

Karammiski juyin juya halin a Turai: sakamakon sake fasalin

CEE (tsakiya da gabashin Turai) suna fara halittu farfadowa zuwa ga halittar a mulkin demokra] jihar, multiparty tsarin, siyasa kima. Ya miƙa mulki daga ikon zuwa jihar gwamnati jikuna daga hannun jam'iyyar na'ura. New jama'a hukumomi aiki a kan aikin maimakon a aluma akai. Yana bayar da wani ma'auni tsakanin daban-daban rassan, da manufa na rabuwa da iko.

A cikin jihohi na CEE, an kafa majalisar dokoki. Babu wani daga cikinsu wanda ya kasance mai karfi da shugaban kasa ya kafa, fadar shugaban kasa ba ta fito ba. Manyan 'yan siyasa sunyi la'akari da cewa bayan wani lokaci mai karfi na irin wannan iko zai iya rage tsarin tsarin demokuradiyya. V. Havel a Czechoslovakia, L. Walesa a Poland, J. Zhelev a Bulgaria sunyi ƙoƙarin ƙarfafa shugabancin shugabanci, amma ra'ayoyin jama'a da 'yan majalisa sun ƙi wannan. Shugaban kasa bai bayyana manufar tattalin arziki a ko'ina ba kuma ba shi da alhakin aiwatar da shi, wato, ba shi ne shugaban sashen gudanarwa ba.

Majalisar ta mallaki cikakken iko, ikon mulki na gwamnati ne. An amince da majalisa daga cikin majalisa da kuma kula da ayyukansa, ta amince da tsarin kasa da doka. Za ~ en shugaban kasa da za ~ u ~~ ukan majalissar sun zama alamar mulkin demokra] iyya.

Wadanne rundunonin suka zo ne?

A kusan dukkanin ƙasashen CEE (sai dai Czech Republic), iko ya wuce ba tare da wata wahala ba daga wata hanyar zuwa wani. A Poland ya faru a shekara ta 1993, "juyin juya halin gashi" a Bulgaria ya haifar da canjin mulki a 1994, kuma a Romania - a 1996.

A cikin Poland, Bulgaria da Hungary sun zo ne don su mallaki dakarun hagu, a Romania - hakki. Ba da da ewa ba bayan "juyin juya halin gashi" aka gudanar a Poland, Ƙungiyar Left Centrist Forces ta lashe zaben majalisa a 1993, kuma a 1995 A. Kwasniewski, shugaba, ya lashe zaben shugaban kasa. A Yuni 1994, ƙungiyar Socialist Party Hungary ta lashe zaben majalisar, D. Horn, jagorancinsa, ya jagoranci sabuwar gwamnati mai zaman kanta. A ƙarshen 1994, 'yan Socialist Bulgarian sun sami kujeru 125 daga cikin 240 a majalisa sakamakon sakamakon zaben.

A watan Nuwamba 1996, ikon da ke cikin Romania ya wuce zuwa tsakiyar-dama. E. Constantinescu ya zama shugaban kasa. A 1992-1996, Jam'iyyar Democrat ta mulkin Albania.

Matsayin siyasa a ƙarshen 1990s

Duk da haka, nan da nan yanayin ya canza. A cikin za ~ en Seimas na {asar Poland a watan Satumba na 1997,} ungiyar 'yan takara na "Za ~ en Za ~ en Za ~ e" ya ci nasara. A cikin Bulgaria, a watan Afrilu a wannan shekara, ƙungiyoyin 'yan tawaye sun lashe zabe a majalisar. A cikin Slovakia a cikin watan Mayu 1999, a farkon zaben shugaban kasa, nasarar da aka samu ta hanyar R. Schuster, wakilin Jam'iyyar Democrat. A cikin Romania, bayan zaben a watan Disamba 2000, I. Iliescu, shugaban jam'iyyar Socialist, ya koma shugabancin.

V. Havel shi ne shugaban kasar na Jamhuriyar Czech. A 1996, a lokacin zaben majalisar, 'yan Czech sun rasa V. Klaus, Firayim Ministan, na goyon bayan. Ya rasa mukaminsa a cikin marigayi 1997.

Ginin sabon tsarin al'umma ya fara, wanda aka samu ta hanyar 'yanci na siyasa, kasuwanni masu tasowa, manyan ayyukan jama'a. Gaskiyar ita ce jam'iyar siyasa. Alal misali, a cikin Poland a wannan lokacin akwai kimanin jam'iyyun 300 da kungiyoyin daban-daban - zamantakewa na demokuraɗiya, masu sassaucin ra'ayi, Kirista-dimokiradiyya. Wa] ansu jam'iyyun farko, kamar na {asa-Scarin Party, da suka kasance a {asar Romania, sun farfado.

Duk da haka, duk da dimokuradiyya, har yanzu akwai alamomin "masarautar da aka ɓoye", wanda aka bayyana a cikin manyan manufofin siyasar, irin tsarin gwamnati. Harkokin sarakuna na duniya waɗanda suka karu a wasu ƙasashe (alal misali, a Bulgaria) alamun. Tsohon Sarki Mihai a farkon 1997 aka sake zama dan kasa.