Kwanyar: fili na kwanyar ƙasũsuwa. Nau'in kwanyar sadarwa

Vertebrate Kwarangwal shugaban kira "kwanyar". Anatomy ya yale shi ya kawo wani m aiki da tabbaci da kuma m bonded tare da wani kashi (kadai ware kashin dadashinsu da hyoid kashi). Kwanyar - wani irin akwatin cewa tserar kwakwalwa da kuma hankula. Shi ne kashin bayan for hanci da baka cavities, ramuka, kuma yana da tsarin na tashoshi, wanda mika jijiya zaruruwa, jijiyoyi da kuma jijiyoyinmu.

Ci gaba a cikin phylogeny

A tsawon lokaci, ta hanyar zabin yanayi, da dabbobi ɓullo da juyayi tsarin da jijiya ganglia bayyana, da kuma daga baya kwakwalwa. Kwarangwal a wadannan wurare da matsakaicin kare juyayi da nama da kuma azanci shine gabobin, don haka cyclostomes farko bayyana chondrocranium. Ƙasusuwansa suna a cikin asalin kasu kashi maye guringuntsi sutura da visceral. A kifi karo na farko akwai mai fitar kasusuwan jikinsu ragargaje. A dangane ke ta da kwanyar kashi guringuntsi, wanda ya maye gurbin kashi. Kashi zubar waje na ossification bayyana a cikin dermis.

Visceral ɓangare na kwanyar na vertabrate - ba kõme ba sai a modified gill baka na guringuntsi, don haka a kan aiwatar da embryogenesis a farkon matakai na raya aza rudiments na gill takware. Daga baya a kan wannan wuri za su samar da tsokoki da ƙashi na visceral kwarangwal.

Iri dangane da ƙasũsuwa

Da yawa lebur Pneumatic gauraye da kuma kafa kwanyar kashi. Fili kwanyar kashi na faruwa ne ta wadannan iri-haše: m (synarthrosis) discontinuous (ko gidajen abinci diarthrosis).

Synarthrosis bambanta da irin connective nama:

1. Syndesmoses (fibrous nama) an gabatar da jijiyoyin, sutures, interosseous membrane fontanel da Welding na (fili na tushen na hakori to dadashin).
2. Synchondrosises (daga guringuntsi) na iya zama m cikin rayuwa, ko a maye gurbinsu da kashi kan lokaci.
3. Syndesmosis - kafa a lokacin da guringuntsi aka maye gurbinsu da kashi synchondrosis.

Synchondrosis, wanda yana da wani thicker rami, shi ne symphysis, irin wannan fili shi ne ba a wani kwano, a haɗa da pubic kashi.

Diarthrosis - wani al'ada m gidajen abinci na rufe ne da guringuntsi. Suna wakiltar wani connective kwantena, ma'ana wani rami tare da synovial ruwa a ciki. Diarthrosis bambanta da siffar da articular saman da yawan su yayan.

girman kwanyar

A kwanyar da ya fara tasawa form 23 babbar kasũsuwa, ashe, 3 rami a matsayin wani ɓangare na auditory motsi da kuma 32 hakora. Kokon ne zuwa kashi neyrokranium (kwakwalwa) da kuma gyara man fuska (visceral).

Kasusuwa neurocranium:

1. Unmatched:

• occipital (part hudu).
• sandan (jiki, ƙanana da manyan fikafikai, da reshe appendages).
• frontal (kuma yana da sassa hudu)
• raga (a Maze) - shi ne wani lokacin ake magana a kai a matsayin fuska kwarangwal.

2. Biyu: parietal, boko.

A boko kashi na kwanyar yana da wani hadadden tsarin, a gaskiya shi ne auditory motsi tashar. Ya kunshi sassa uku, wanda a cikin perinatal lokaci da kuma bayan haihuwa ana wakilta daban-daban kasusuwa, ƙarshe tattara abubuwa masu kyau cikin daya. Kamar haka, akwai uku aka gyara: scaly, kuma stony drum bangare, rabu da matsakaiciyar seams.

Scaly kashi ya hada da zygomatic aiwatar da hannu a cikin samuwar hadin gwiwa. Saboda haka hanya na ji ta fara, wanda ke shiga cikin tympanum (sarrafawa daga tsakiyar kunne), inda auditory ossicles: da guduma, anvil kuma likkafa kazalika da kananan lenticular hryaschik tsakanin su. Wadannan abubuwa suna da hannu a cikin kama da sauti tãguwar ruwa wucewa da su vibrations zuwa can cikin kunne.

Rocky kashi ne da karfi, da kuma aikata aikin da rawar da wani kwarangwal don ji, da sikeli. Domin da tympanic rami ne rikitarwa kwarangwal tsarin, wanda yake shi ne irin Maze, wanda yake shi ne tushen can cikin kunne. Har ila yau, a nan akwai wani tsarin da ramukan da kuma tashoshi gudanar da jijiya zaruruwa da kuma tasoshin.

Saboda haka, godiya ta zuwa ga nagartaccen na'urorin, boko kashi na kwanyar aikin da dama ayyuka.

Ciki da frontal kashi ne a kogo.

visceral kwanyar

Ƙasusuwan kwanyar visceral sashen su ne:

1. Unmatched: coulter, mandibular (da sakamakon hadakar da su guda biyu hakori kashi) da kuma sublingual (gyaran harshe, tsokoki na pharynx da maƙogwaro) kashi.

2. Biyu:

• maxillary (Fused da cerebral Division).
• incisal (gaban muƙamuƙi ƙasũsuwa).
• Palatine kashi (kafa kasa na kwanyar).
• pterygoids.
• zygomatic kashi (zygomatic baka da kuma haifar da irin madawwama biyu).

A Alveoli maxilla da kuma kashin dadashinsu a manya suna gyarawa 32 hakora. Facial kwanyar da aka hannu a cikin samuwar ido soket.

A maxillary sinuses ne, wanda tare da waɗanda na frontal da sphenoid kasũsuwa, ashe, kazalika da labyrinth ethmoid paranasal sinuses dokoki liyi tare da mucosa.

A gidajen abinci da marẽmari akwai wadanda ba na dindindin kashi na ragargaje.

A tsarin da kwanyar ƙasũsuwa

Kokon ƙasũsuwa kafa lebur, hada da m abu da kuma wani soso (diploe). A cikin bangaren kwakwalwa farantin irin wannan abu ne sosai m da kuma sauƙi karya a raunuka. A periosteum ne a haɗe da ƙasũsuwa a gidajen abinci, kafa a wasu sassa na subperiosteal sarari ciwon sako-sako da tsarin. Daga ciki da wuya harsashi ayyukan kamar kwakwalwa.

Nau'in kwanyar sadarwa

Babban irin kashi gidajen abinci neyrokraniuma - a syndesmosis. Mafi yawa daga wannan mergers da aka wakilta jagged seams. kawai tsakanin boko da kuma parietal ƙasũsuwa wuce flake kabu. Facial kwanyar ne lebur scars. Anatomically, da kabu ne sau da yawa kira su da sunayen a haɗa ta amfani da ƙasusuwansa cewa, samar da kwanyar. Fili kwanyar kashi qunshi daya sagittal dinki (ta amfani da tururi ta haɗa parietal kashi na kwanyar), coronal (frontal da parietal ta haɗu ƙasũsuwa) da kuma lambdoid (a haɗa da occipital da parietal ƙasũsuwa).

Har ila yau, akwai iya zama da wadanda ba na dindindin gidajen abinci, wani lokacin kafa a sakamakon rashin ossification na ragargaje.

Attaching hakora

Nau'in na kashi kwanyar mahadi hada Welding na - irin syndesmosis ƙaddamar hakori da aka makala ga jaws - kashin dadashinsu da maxilla.

Hakora an yi sama da wadannan yadudduka: saman rufe su tare da enamel, an zubar a ƙasa da dentin m abu ne kafa a ciki da ɓangaren litattafan almara jam'iyya dauke da ɓangaren litattafan almara (faruwa tasoshin da kuma jijiya). A kasa na tushen shi ne kuma ciminti - fiber masana'anta, karfafa da lemun tsami. A hakori ne a haɗe zuwa alveolar kashi na muƙamuƙi da sumunti kuma periodontal jijiya.

Wadannan matakai muƙamuƙi kafa ta biyu faranti na cortical da cancellous kashi tsakanin su. A sarari tsakanin faranti rabu da interdental Septa a cikin raba Alveoli. Hakori Tushen suna kewaye da periodontal jijiya - a connective nama kafa daga zaruruwa iri-iri da kuma na daban-daban iri, shi ne ta ke dora da hakori ga tushen da muƙamuƙi.

Temporomandibular hadin gwiwa

The hadin gwiwa biyu (biyu mandibular hadin gwiwa aiki tare, kamar yadda wani hadadden), a hade (articular faifai ne ba), ellipsoidal. Yana Forms wani kashin dadashinsu (da m kashi na kwanyar), ko kuma wajen da articular kai da kuma aiwatar da boko kashi. Free kwantena, jijiyoyin hadin gwiwa yana da biyu ciki da waje.

The hadin gwiwa ne iya yi da wadannan ƙungiyoyi:

• sama da kasa (bude da kuma rufe bakinta).
• kaikaice motsi.
• Mikawa da muƙamuƙi gaba.

occipital hadin gwiwa

Kwanyar, haltta wanda ya yale shi ya kawo yafi wani m aiki, iya yin wani iri-iri na ƙungiyoyi godiya ga hadin gwiwa a haɗa da occipital kashi da farko vertebra (atalas). Tare da ta gefen hadin gwiwa da aka kafa ta occipital condyles. shi ne wani biyu (saboda biyu suna da alaka da condyle articular fossae atalas) ellipsoid, da matattarar yana da biyu (gaba da raya) da kuma a kaikaice jijiyoyin.

A ci gaba da kwanyar a ontogenesis

Perinatal Development hada da uku matakai: membranous, guringuntsi, kuma kashi. A lokaci na farko faruwa daga makonni biyu, a karo na biyu - biyu watanni na shekaru da samuwar amfrayo. A sassa da dama na kwanyar wuce da mataki na biyu.

Kwanyar fãra daga gaban da tsirkiya primordia mesenchyme da gill arches. A matsayin ci gaban na kwakwalwa, jijiyoyi da jini shi ne kafa a kusa da su. Ƙasusuwan kasu kashi na farko (da asali daga connective nama) da sakandare (da asali daga guringuntsi). A wani matsayi akwai raunuka a guringuntsi ossification, abin da girma a cikin zurfin, da kuma kafa wani m cancellous kashi farantin.

Features na tsarin da kwanyar a jarirai

Kwarangwal na wani jariri ne sosai daban-daban daga abin da za a iya gani a cikin balagaggu. Kwanyar da raya dangi da sauran na jiki, kuma yana da manyan da'ira, kuma kwakwalwa sashen fi yawa da sirri. Duk da haka, babban bambanci tsakanin su ne gaban fontanelles - cartilaginous gidajen abinci, saurã daga cikin membranous kwanyar, wadda daga ƙarshe aka maye gurbinsu da kashi nama. Su gaban damar ƙasusuwan shugaban tafi, game da shi, taimaka wa shi hadaya ta haihuwa canal a lokacin haihuwa da kuma kare kaina kowane irin raunin. Har ila yau, suna da wani compensatory inji cewa kare kwakwalwa tare da shugaban rauni farkon a rayuwa.

Manyan (gaban) fontanelle - mafi m, aka located inda a haɗe na boko da kuma parietal ƙashi na daga cikin kwanyar, shi ne rufe a lokacin da yaro ya kai shekaru biyu.

Kananan (raya) fontanelle ta'allaka tsakanin parietal da occipital kasũsuwa, ashe, ya tashi da sauri - riga a karo na biyu, ko na uku watan yaro ta ci gaba.

Akwai kuma kananan sandan da mastoid fontanelles, located a kan kaikaice surface na kwanyar da ossified jim kadan bayan haihuwa.

Features na tsarin da kwanyar a wani matasa shekaru

Jikin mutum ke tsiro da kuma tasowa har zuwa 20-25 shekaru. Up zuwa wannan lokaci akwai wani irin kwanyar mahadi a matsayin synchondrosis kafa fibrocartilage. Shi ne yanzu tsakanin sphenoid da occipital kashi, kazalika da tsakanin hudu sassa na occipital kashi. A tushe daga cikin kwanyar ƙunshi stony-occipital synchondrosis, da kuma wani Layer da guringuntsi nama a jamsin na sphenoid kashi da latticework. Tare da lokaci a kan su site tasowa kashi, da kuma bayyana syndesmosis.

Kamar wancan ne, bayyananne abin da hadaddun ayyuka Bears kokon kan mutum. Haša kwanyar ƙasũsuwa shirya a irin wannan hanyar da damar da duka kashi tsarin ya zama musamman m, cika da rawar da kariya ga kwakwalwa, azanci shine gabobin, manyan jini da jijiya zaruruwa. Saboda haka yana da matukar muhimmanci a kiyaye ka shugaban daga bumps, bruises da daban-daban suka samu rauni.

Duk da yake hawa a doki, babur, babur, ATV da sauran abin hawa ya sa a kare lafiya kwalkwali, ya za su iya kare kwanyar daga lalacewa a taron na wani fall ko hatsari.