Kamar yadda kwayoyin ninka a cikin m kuma fi karfinsu yanayi?

The karami kwayoyin a duniya tamu - kwayoyin prokaryotic Kwayoyin. Kila, su size - wannan shi ne daya daga cikin dalilan da za su iya yi gagarumin karuwa a yawan. An kiyasta cewa kudi na kwayan girma na faruwa a kowane 20-30 minti. Babu shakka, yawan Kwayoyin kafa ne m! Per rana fassara a cikin wani yawa da zũriyarta daga mutum guda, za su zama game da 5 ton.

Duk da haka, saboda daban-daban iyakance dalilai na wannan karuwa ba ya faruwa. Mene ne saboda da m multiplication da wadannan kwayoyin? Bari mu yi kokarin warware wannan batu.

na kwayoyin waddan hanyoyin

Akwai da dama. Babban factor cewa kayyade daya ko wani bambance-bambancen da aiwatar da haifuwa - ne external yanayi. Kamar yadda kwayoyin ninka karkashin sharadi gwargwado? Hanyoyi biyu:

• vegetative (asexual).
• budding.

Yana sauri, mafi sauki da kuma evolutionarily tsoho dabaru. Duk da haka, a cikin irin hanyoyin, akwai wani musayar kayyade bayanai, don haka da mutum rassa ne ainihin kwafin na iyaye.

Amma kamar yadda kwayoyin ninka idan da sigogi na matsanancin Sphere ne ya fi karfinsu? Sa'an nan ya zo da musamman aiwatar da cewa yana da wannan substrate matsayin jima'i haifuwa kwayar - musayar kayyade bayanai saboda recombination shafukan na DNA din ya m nucleoids a Kwayoyin.

La'akari da kowane daga cikin wadannan embodiments a more daki-daki da kuma sanin siffofin na wucin gadi namo alƙarya da kwayoyin.

Sake yiwuwar tohowarsu, kuma da fasali

Kowane kwayan cell aikata duk da m tafiyar matakai:

• numfashi.
• ciyarwa.
• motsa.
• Yana garwaya da ciyarwa da makamashi.
• ƙaruwa.
• tasowa.

A sakamakon dukan na rayuwa zama wani tsari na sake yiwuwar tohowarsu, wanda a cikin sa uwar cell bada Yunƙurin zuwa sabon mutane da kuma hankali ya mutu.

Description of aiwatar

A hanyar da kwayoyin ninka vegetatively, za a iya taƙaice aka bayyana a cikin 'yan sakin.

1. A bacteria kai wani size, da kuma stock gina jiki. A sakamakon haka, da ta shirya don fara aiwatar.
2. Sai cell farawa mika longitudinally, cewa shi ne ya tsawaita.
3. A wannan yanayin kafa a tsakiyar mai gangara bango (kugu), cewa zai fara zuwa converge zuwa tsakiyar na cell, squeezing shi.
4. Ciki da wannan ne tare da DNA kwafi tsari, watau da rabo daga cikin nucleoid.
5. A kayyade abu na biyu na ƙyallen maƙalawa a kwayoyin ne a haɗe zuwa ganuwar da kwayan Kwayoyin.
6. Makarantun firamare da replicated DNA ya bambanta a kan daban-daban zura sandunan ɗaukarsa.
7. Padding rufe kuma rabuwa ta auku a cikin biyu Kwayoyin. Tun da kafa biyu ya daidaikun mutane.
8. M tsarin (flagella slime capsules da sauransu) ana kammala a kowane wakilin dabam.
9. Nucleoid farko raba Kwayoyin, kuma cytokinesis auku bayan shi.

Babu shakka cewa ci gaban da kuma haifuwa na kwayoyin cuta a irin wannan - mai sauqi qwarai da sauri-dabba ba a kanta aiwatar da cewa ba ya bukatar shirye-shiryen da kuma wasu takamaiman fasali.

Duk da haka, a wasu jinsunan (misali, hay sanda-dimbin yawa kwayoyin), da tsari ba ya kawo karshen akwai. Biyu ya Kwayoyin samar da tsakanin su wata gada ta hanyar abin da DNA da yardar kaina wuce daga daya zuwa wani. Suna fuskantar juna, da nucleic acid kwayoyin suna musayar rabo, wadda take kaiwa zuwa maye gurbi. Bayan haka, DNA ya kõma zuwa ga cell, kawai don sun canza, tare da sabon gina-a kewaye yankunan. A gada ya rushe, yana farawa kowane mutum m zama.

Iri cell division

Akwai da dama siffofin yadda kwayoyin ninka asexually. Lokacin yin tsari, akwai uku yiwu tatsuniyoyinsu.

1. Cytokinesis da kuma rarraba nucleoid auku a gaban lokaci ta samar da kugu, da kuma Kwayoyin watsa biyu Tsarin. Saboda haka, a cikin wadannan lokuta akwai wani samuwar diplococci, streptococci, staphylococci, sanda kwayar Tsarin, da kuma wasu siffofin na hadin gwiwa.
2. Al'ada division. Kamar wancan akwai wani dace da jitu vegetative rabo a matsayin Kwayoyin kansu, kuma kayyade abu da kuma cytoplasm. A sakamakon iyaye daya samu biyu al'ada ya Kwayoyin.
3. Division abin da ke faruwa a kayyade kayan da yawa fiye da rabuwa da Kwayoyin kansu. A sakamakon haka, kafa mnogonukleoidnye form.

Da zarar kafa, wani na sama mazauna, Kwayoyin a da yawa daga cikinsu kuma ayan ware daga juna da kuma m zama.

Hanyar Kwayoyin cire daga juna

Features kwayoyin waddan vegetatively samar daban-daban zabin for cell rabuwa. All su iya suna uku.

1. Sel karya cytoplasmic gada tsakanin su, kuma sunã tunkuɗe juna (rabuwa karya). Misali: Anthrax bacillus.
2. Hankali rabuwa da taimakon wani zamiya surface na wani mutum. Misali: Escherichia.
3. Sashe. A hanya a wanda daya cell bayyana wani a kusa da adadi a cikin hanyar V. Misali: diphtheria kwayoyin.

A wannan musamman asexual (vegetative) kwayoyin waddan mutane ƙare.

Jima'i haifuwa: Features

Ta yaya ne multiplication da kwayoyin cuta jima'i hanya, aka kafa shi ne kawai a shekarar 1946. Kafin wannan da aka sani kawai da muka dauke da wani zaɓi. An yi imani da cewa amsar wannan tambaya na yadda za a haifa wadannan kwayoyin cuta, ne bayyananne: kawai asexually ta cell division a biyu.

Duk da haka, gwaje-gwajen da damuwa na Escherichia coli ya nuna cewa ta Kwayoyin suna iya Tasrifu. Saboda haka shi ake kira musamman aiwatar da musayar kayyade abu. Kuma wannan shi ne kai tsaye alama ne jima'i haifuwa.

Kamar yadda irin wannan, namiji da mace Kwayoyin ba daga cikin kwayoyin. Duk da haka, akwai ko da yaushe da daya cewa yana dauke da sa hannu DNA (namiji) kuma daya cewa za ta rundunar (mace). A dukan tsari ne kamar haka.

1. Biyu Kwayoyin converge tare da juna da kuma yin lamba.
2. The lamba da ake kira da sha, da kuma shi ne mai m fibrous tube. Haifar da "namiji" cell.
3. Sa'an nan, da tashar kafa ta DNA canja wuri a cikin mahaifin iyaye cell fara faruwa.
4. A nan, da a kayyade abu ne recombined, watau mu'amala na ƙasar. Kowane kwayoyin kanta kammala samarwar sarkar.
5. A tsari ne sosai m, don haka ga lokacin da nassi "namiji" cell ne iya sau da dama ya rubanya ta DNA.
6. A sakamakon haka, da samuwar sabuwar mutane da recombinant kayyade abu da ãyõyin biyu namiji da mace Kwayoyin. Kuma wasu na farko na uba Kwayoyin.

A ci gaba da kwayan mazauna

Domin yin nazarin yadda za girma da kuma haifuwa na kwayoyin cuta, shirya musamman al'ada kafofin watsa labarai dace da kowane irin. Suna seeded damuwa da kuma lura da wasu bakararre yanayi don kauce wa gasar a hannun jari, wasu kananan kwayoyin halitta suna kallon da canje-canje faruwa da kuma ci gaban da dukan mazauna.

Idan ba ka killace iyakance dalilai a wannan tsari, da yawan girma ne a logarithmic ci gaban. A withering bãya daga cikin sel a wani halitta hanya - kawai ilmin lissafi.

sporulation

Ji cewa microbes ne iya kafa musamman tsarin - da shawara, mutane da yawa zaton cewa wannan shi ne wani version of yadda kwayoyin ninka. Duk da haka, shi ne ba.

Shawarwari - shi ne kawai ta wucin gadi Jihar cell sauran a cikinsa yana iya tsira m muhalli da yanayi. Wani lokaci ko da shekarun da suka gabata. Tare da procreation tsari ne a cikin wata hanya alaka.