Kamar yadda jakar iska da ake kira Duniya? Structure, jiki Properties da kuma abun da ke ciki na yanayi

Ba asiri da cewa iska - wani musamman muhimmin ɓangare na biosphere. Bayan duk, ta musamman halitta bayar da damar rayuwa a duniya. Amma sunan iska yanayi na duniya? Mẽne ne da abin da yake musamman? Mene ne sinadaran abun da ke ciki da kuma jiki Properties? Wadannan al'amurran da suka shafi ne ban sha'awa ga mutane da yawa.

Kamar yadda jakar iska da ake kira Duniya?

An sani cewa rayuwar duniya shine zai yiwu sun fi mayar saboda da musamman abun da ke ciki na iska. Kuma gas harsashi da aka kira da yanayi. Wannan bangare na biosphere gaba daya na kewaye da duniya da kuma aka gudanar a kusa da wani wani sarari suKe jiki ta hanyar nauyi.

Babu shakka, wannan harsashi na da wasu sinadaran da jiki Properties. Amma ga kan iyakoki, shi ne a fili ba zai yiwu ba ga rike su. Kusa da duniya ta surface a lamba tare da yanayi na lithosphere da hydrosphere. Amma domin sanin inda ta ƙare kuma fara gaseous ambulan bude sarari, shi ne musamman wuya. Don kwanan wata, iyakar kama a tsawon 100 km, inda ake kira Karman layi - a yankin aeronautics ne ba zai yiwu.

Yanayi - iska harsashi na Duniya, wanda darajar ba za a iya overestimated. Bayan duk, bai kamata mu manta da cewa kusan duk wani sarari suKe jikuna da ake gittar da ionizing da ultraviolet radiation, wanda suke cutarwa ga rayayyun kwayoyin halitta. Yana da yake a cikin gaseous ambulan na haskoki ake neutralized.

A ka'idar yanayi da ya faru

A gaskiya ma, mutane da dama mamaki game da yadda Duniya da aka kafa da jakar iska. Amsar wannan tambaya shi ne da kamar wuya ya zama m, tun da akwai da dama daban-daban theories game da asalin na yanayi kwanan wata.

Bisa ga ya fi na kowa jarrabawa, da farko yanayi da aka kafa shekaru biliyan hudu da suka wuce daga haske gas - wato, hydrogen da helium, wanda aka kãma su daga interplanetary sarari. Saboda babban volcanic aiki kara haifar da sakandare gas ambulan, wanda aka tare da cikakken carbon dioxide, ruwa tururi da kuma ammonia.

Manyan yanayi da aka kafa saboda da yawa matakai - sinadaran dauki (msl, walƙiya), ultraviolet daukan hotuna, yayyo na helium da hydrogen baya cikin interplanetary sarari.

A sunadarai abun da ke ciki na yanayi

Yanzu, lokacin da shi ya zama sunan na iska yanayi na Duniya, shi wajibi ne don la'akari da sinadaran abun da ke ciki, wanda aka dauke musamman. Nan da nan ya kamata a lura da cewa daban-daban gas suna ma'amala kawai ƙananan yadudduka da yanayi. A musamman, a cikin iska da muke shaka predominates nitrogen (78.08%). A oxygen matakin ne 20,95%. Waɗannan su ne biyu main gas.

Bugu da ƙari kuma, airbag duniya daina kai hare hare hada da sauran aka gyara - An carbon dioxide, hydrogen, argon, helium, xenon, methane, sulfur da nitrogen oxides, lemar sararin samaniya, ammonia.

Tsarin iska duniya daina kai hare hare

A yanayi za a iya raba da dama yadudduka, kowanne daga abin yana da daban-daban jiki da kuma sinadaran halaye.

• Troposphere - Layer fi kusa da duniya ta surface. An mayar da hankali 80% na jimlar iska. Kuma shi ne a nan zai yiwu mutum aiki. Ba zato ba tsammani, a cikin wannan Layer aka mayar da hankali kusan duk yanayi ruwa (90%). A nan, don samar da girgije, kuma hazo. A troposphere kara zuwa 18 km daga bãyan ƙasa. Tare da tasowar-up da zazzabi an rage.
• A stratosphere (12-50 km) - Layer, wanda ke dauke da mafi part m yanayi. Wannan shi ne inda lemar sararin samaniya m Layer.
• Thermosphere - ɓangare na yanayi, na sama da iyaka wanda shine game 700-800 km. A nan, da yawan zafin jiki fara tashi sharply qara, kuma a wasu yankunan ne game 1200 digiri Celsius. Iyakoki na wannan Layer ne da ake kira ionosphere, inda iska ke ionized ƙarƙashin rinjayar da hasken rana radiation.
• Exosphere - warwatse yankin, wanda a tsawon 3000 km ke cikin matsanancin sarari. The iska ne tare da cikakken haske gas kamar hydrogen da helium.

Basic jiki halaye na yanayi

Hakika, da jiki Properties na iska muhimmiyar. Ga misali, da sanin su, za mu iya sanin yadda yanayin rinjayar da mutum ko wani mai rai gabar. Bugu da kari, da ji na jiki da sigogi da muhimmanci ga kayyade ganiya yi da jirgin sama, da jirgin sama, da dai sauransu A musamman, da wadannan jiki sigogi aka ɗauke shi zuwa lissafi ..:

• Iska zazzabi da aka auna da wadannan dabara: T1 = t - 6,5H (a nan t - iska zazzabi a duniya ta samanta, kuma H - tsawo).
• Air yawa - shi ne taro na iska da cubic mita.
• A matsa lamba cewa za a iya auna a Pascals, kuma a atmospheres.
• Zafi ya nuna yawan ruwa a cikin iska naúrar. Ya kamata a lura da cewa sifili zafi ne kawai zai yiwu a dakin gwaje-gwaje. A mafi girma da ci, da ƙananan iska yawa, da kuma mataimakin versa.

Af, kimiyya, bada amsa ga tambayoyin game da yadda sunan iska yanayi na Duniya, abin da suke da kaddarorin da kuma halaye - a meteorology. Masana kimiyya suna karatu ba kawai da yanayi, amma kuma saka idanu ta ci gaba da canje-canje da zai shafi yanayin da sauyin yanayi.

A yanayi da kuma ta muhimmanci

Da muhimmancin da gas ambulan na duniya, da wuya a overestimate. Bayan 'yan mintoci ba tare da iska gubar ga asarar sani, hypoxia da babu ja kwakwalwa lalacewa. Kawai godiya ga m abun da ke ciki na da yanayi na rayayyun kwayoyin halitta iya samun dole oxygen zuwa gare su.

Bugu da kari, da jakar iska a kare duniya ta surface daga cutarwa cosmic radiation. Duk da haka, da yanayi ya wuce ta wani isasshen adadin hasken ultraviolet, wanda warms cikin ƙasa. Masana kimiyya ce cewa karu a UV zai rage overall zafin jiki da kuma daskarewa. Bugu da kari, a ƙarƙashin rinjayar hasken rana (a cikin m yawa) samar bitamin a cikin fata tsokoki na mutum D.

A lemar sararin samaniya Layer, kuma da darajar

A stratosphere, a wata tsawo na 12-50 km daga ƙasa ta surface, lemar sararin samaniya Layer. Wannan bangare na yanayi da aka gano a 1912 ta Faransa masana kimiyya na Fabry da Buisson.

Lemar sararin samaniya ne a colorless iskar gas da pungent halayyar wari. Ya kunshi uku kwayoyin halitta da oxygen. Wannan bangare na gasbag kare kasa daga m sarari radiation.

Abin baƙin ciki, saboda fasaha da masana'antu ci gaba, shi ya karu da adadin abubuwa masu cutarwa, wanda a hankali ya halaka lemar sararin samaniya Layer na Duniya a wani iska daina kai hare hare. A ake kira lemar sararin samaniya rami - mai matukar hatsari matsala.

Gurbatawa na yanayi: greenhouse sakamako da kuma acid ruwan sama

Abin baƙin ciki, m iska, wanda shi ne yafi saboda ci-gaba masana'antu da take kaiwa zuwa tabarbarewar nauyi. Wadannan m canje-canje hada da abin da ake kira greenhouse sakamako. Gaskiyar cewa duniya gawarwakin emit kagaggun infrared zango bakan - ba za su iya ba ko da yaushe shiga ta cikin sararin sama. Kara taro na greenhouse gas da cewa sha infrared radiation (ruwa tururi, carbon dioxide), shi take kaiwa zuwa sama total iska zazzabi a cikin ƙananan yanayi, wanda saboda haka rinjayar da sauyin yanayi.

Acid ruwan sama - wani sakamakon daga masana'antu gurbatawa iska duniya daina kai hare hare. A oxides na sulfur da nitrogen an saki a cikin iska da thermal ikon shuke-shuke, motoci, metallurgical shuke-shuke da kuma wasu sauran abokai iya mayar da martani tare da tururi yanayi - a ƙarƙashin rinjayar da hasken rana radiation suna kafa acid din da fada tare da sauran precipitates.