Jawabin: jawabin sunadaran. Ilimin Halittar Jiki da kuma physiological sunadaran da jawabin

Daya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da cewa bambance da ci gaban mutum daga dabbobi (kamar a physiological kazalika a zaman jama'a da kuma m sharuddan), shi ne. Yana da wani tsari na sadarwa a tsakanin mutane ta hanyar harshe. A yau da kullum yi, mas'ala ta "magana" da "yaren" sukan yi amfani da synonymously. Duk da haka, idan muka kusanci batun daga kimiyya ra'ayi, wadannan Concepts ya zama rarrabe.

harshen tsarin

Harshe shi ne tsarin da ãyõyi hidima a matsayin wajen Adam na sadarwa da kuma tunanin (M Dictionary /., Ed. V. V. Davydova, A. V. Zaporozhtsa, B. F. Lomova). An samar a cikin tsari na zamantakewa da ci gaban, wakiltar wani nau'i na tunani da zamantakewa zama a zukatan mutane. Yana da muhimmanci a lura da cewa mutum sami wani shirye harshe, wanda aka kafa tun kafin haihuwar wannan musamman mutum. Duk da haka, ya zama m na harshe, a lokaci guda mutum ya zama m tushen ci gaban.

A tsarin da harshen hada da wadannan aka gyara:

- ƙamus (tsarin m kalmomi)

- nahawu (tsarin na siffofin kalmomi da phrases)

- imin sautin harshe (wasu sauti abun da ke ciki, kawai wani harshe ne musamman halayyar).

Rara bayani dalla-dalla na harshe

Babban bayani dalla-dalla na harshe shi ne cewa shi ne tsarin da ãyõyinMu, samar da kowace maganar wani daraja. Saboda haka, ma'anar shi ne Generic halayyar. Alal misali, kalmar nan "birni" za a iya hade a wani jam'i na musamman garuruwa - daga kananan da kuma kadan-sani ga m birane saba wa kowa da kowa. A daya hannun, idan muna nufin wani musamman wuri (misali, Nizhny Novgorod da Prague), za mu kuma yi amfani da manufar "birni", amma a lokaci guda nufa daidai abu a tambaya.

jawabin sunadaran

Yana da wani tarihi ɓullo da wani nau'i na Adam na sadarwa ta hanyar harshen (gagarumin m kamus / ed. B. G. Mescheryakova da VP Zinchenko). Yana iya zama declarative, interrogative ko tutu tsarin. A daidai wannan m sunadaran da jawabin a matsayin tsarin sadarwa ta hanyar harshen babu kasa hadaddun fiye da sunadaran da harshen da kanta. A kan aiwatar da watsa wani bayani da taimako na magana ne dole ba kawai don zaɓar dace kalmomi cewa suna da wani takamaiman darajar, amma kuma su jaddadawa. Tun da kowace kalma, kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, shi ne hakan, wannan tambaya dole ne a takaita shi saukar zuwa matakin na wani hankali. Ta yaya wannan ya faru? Babban muhimmancin da ake kira "tace" a wannan yanayin taka mahallin, inda kalmar da aka saka a cikin shi. Sassan magana daga m gefen, bi da bi, za a iya ƙaddara da irin matsalolin a matsayin mahallin, subtext kuma wani tunanin-ma'ana bangaren.

na ginin jumla mahallin

Saboda haka, a cikin mu misali, kalmar nan "birni" da muhimmanci a gane abin da muke so mu sani game da shi: "Abin da irin gari" Idan tambaya sauti kamar: "Ina ne wannan birni?", Saboda haka, muna magana ne game da sarari halaye (location a kan map, da yadda za a samu, da yadda da yawa kilomita, wanda shi ne a kusa da nan, da sauransu. d.). Idan muna sha'awar wannan tambaya: "Me ne mai ban sha'awa da wannan birni", sa'an nan ba za mu iya magana game da wasu abubuwan jan hankali (misali, na tarihi, al'adu da tattalin arziki da). Haka kuma, da tambaya da kanta a matsayin wani harshe gina ( "menene wannan gari") shi ne rashin ma'anar da bukatar ƙarin mahallin. A yi da wannan mahallin, bi da bi, yana da za'ayi a cikin jawabin tsari.

A subtext na magana

Na musamman muhimmancin ne ma'anar sakon, wanda shi ne batun son kai ta hanyar da shi. Sassan magana, da za'ayi a karkashin na ginin jumla overtones, suna da wani tunani na motivational al'amurran mu kalamai. Kamar yadda muka sani, shi ne ba ko da yaushe gaskiya ma'anar wannan ko da cewa jumlar ne a kan surface - sau da yawa muka ce abu daya amma nufi wani abu dabam a lokaci guda (magudi, flattery, da so don fassara tattaunawar, da dai sauransu ...).

Haushi-ma'ana bangare na jawabin

Har ila yau gagarumin bambanci ne wani tunanin canza launi da jawabin da harshe. Ta hanyar kalmar ma'ana, mu ba kawai kai wani abun ciki, bayanai game da abu - mu bayyana ta hanyar magana ta dace da wani tunanin hali zuwa abin da ake ce. Wannan halayyar ne wani tunanin da ma'ana bangare na jawabin, kuma an kafa ta sautin na sauti daga cikin kalmomi amfani da mu ambaci phrases bayyana ta.

Irin murya na magana sunadaran

Harshe ci gaba a matsayin cikakke aiwatar maida hankali ne akan duk al'amurran da fi'ili Sphere daga cikin mutum, ciki har da irin murya bijirẽwa.

Irin murya gefen - karin waƙa (prosody) na jawabin - An kai tsaye alaka ta tsarki, daidaito da kuma kyakkyawa. Irin murya taka wata babbar rawar a inganta darajar kalmomi kuma bayyana wani lokacin sa more hankali fiye da ainihin kalmomin da kansu. Bugu da kari, tonally ma'ana kara magana da harshen mafi saukin yarda, kamar yadda shi damar zuwa haskaka da mafi muhimmanci a cikin na ginin jumla ma'anar furcin.

Irin murya inji samuwar jawabin nasa ne da paralinguistic hanyar sadarwa. Wannan ba-rabe-(ba fi'ili) kayayyakin aiki kunshe a cikin saƙon murya da kuma daukar kwayar cutar tare da harshe (fi'ili) ma'ana da kafofin watsa labarai. Su za a iya raba iri uku (Shevtsova B. B., "Technology na samuwar intonational bangare na jawabin"):

- phonational (musamman sabawa sauti, kalmomin, sentences, pauses sauti aggregates).

- sanadin motsi (gestures, fuska, gestures).

- graphics (musamman rubutun hannu musanya haruffa da kuma kalmomi). Phonational nufin hada da irin murya.

Irin murya, bi da bi, shi ne mai sa na audio kayan aikin harshe da karin lafazi shirya shi, kafa na ginin jumla dangantakar dake tsakanin sassa na jumla, da magana rahoton declarative, interrogative da exclamatory darajar, kyale mai magana don nuna daban-daban ji. Sassan rubuce-rubuce amfani da su bayyana daya ko wani irin murya ta amfani da alamar rubutu.

Samuwar intonational bangare na jawabin rinjayar aka gyara irin launin waƙa, timbre, tempo, launi, danniya da kuma pauses.

1. The launin waƙa

Shi ne babban sinadarin irin murya. A karin waƙa daga cikin jawabin da kayyade canji a cikin farar mita, bar su a baya a lokacin da (Torsueva IG). Ayyuka na launin waƙa:

- selection rhythmic kungiyoyin a cikin tsari da kuma syntagmas bayyanenku,

- ganewa daga cikin mafi muhimmanci lokacin da kalamai,

- hade da mutum sassa a cikin dukan bayyanenku,

- kayyade rabo batun da magana da rubutu,

- magana subtext modal tabarau.

Melodika mũnãna kafa ta hada mahara melodic motifs - kadan melodic raka'a dangantawa da rhythmic jerin. Melody ko fiye kalamai dokoki daban-daban motifs ko maimaita wannan motif.

Jawabin launin waƙa da melodic music - shi ke ba da wannan abu. Jawabin launin waƙa ne da wuya rike ko da sautin, ne kullum tanã bayyana, sa'an nan fadowa. Haka kuma an akai-akai canja da jinkiri da sautunan ba su da wani takamaiman duration. Ba kamar music, jawabin launin waƙa ba ya shige a cikin makirci na da wani musamman m sikelin.

Daya bangaren launin waƙa kayyade ilimin Halittar Jiki-physiological sunadaran da jawabin ne farar mita (Choate) - magangara mafi ƙasƙanci bangaren a cikin sauti bakan da na juna na oscillation lokaci na vocal igiyoyinsu. A al'ada magana a lokacin da yake magana akwai wani m canji a cikin muhimman hakkokin mita. Amma ga kewayon data canje-canje, shi ne m da mutum halaye na magana ta magana, kazalika ta da wani tunanin da hankulansu alheri.

A physiological sunadaran da magana dangane da Choate:

- maza: 132 Hz,

- mata: 223 Hz,

- Yara: 264 Hz.

Amma banbamta sauti a tsawo, ta kayyade gudun vibrations na vocal folds mutum. Bi da bi, da tsarin ba da ƙarni na jawabin saboda vibrations folds dogara a kan sigogi kamar gudun da iska ya kwarara wucewa ta cikin glottis. nisa glottis. elasticity matakin na vocal igiyoyinsu. taro fašakarwar rabo folds.

A wani m canji a cikin farar mita kara magana launin waƙa aikin sadarwa aiki ga mutum sassa talkspurt kuma lokaci guda - rabuwa.

2. Timbre

Tare da karin waƙa ne kai tsaye related to irin wannan halayyar kamar yadda sautin na tambaya. Duk da haka, wani unambiguous tsarin kula da manufar sautin a gudanar da bincike da nufin a sunadaran da jawabin ji, babu. A daya hannun, yakan haifar da wani musamman timbre ingancin sauti saka launi, wanda aka halitta saboda da takamaiman rabo daga farar wutã ne, kuma sojojin ta harmonics (dangane da siffar da rami). Daga cikin ra'ayi na matsayi na sautin ake dangantawa da tsarki da kuma haske kara murya. Saboda haka, idan sautin na murya ga mutane da yawa za a iya raba, da murya ne wani mutum da halayyar.

A daya hannun, da murya za a iya gani a matsayin wani ƙarin sauti saka launi wanda yake koyar da daban-daban tunanin murya sautunan. Wannan dabarar ne halin da farko don harsuna (phonology). Bisa ga masu bincike, timbre halaye da asali sadarwa load, bayyana ne kawai cikin sharuddan daban-daban na motsin zuciyarmu ta hanyar sauya launi zabe.

3. launi

Yana da wani m canzawar jaddada da kuma unstressed abubuwa na magana (kalmomi, syllables) a cikin wani takamaiman lokaci. Ma'anar da na ado kungiyar na adabi rubutu, umurnin da sauti magana.

4. tempo

Yana characterizes mutum magana tempo cikin sharuddan gudun furcin magana abubuwa (syllables, kalmomi, syntagm). Kiyasta yawan data abubuwa magana a cikin wani naúrar lokaci (msl, na biyu). Ga misali, da talakawan kudi na magana a lokacin da magana ne game da 5-6 syllables da na biyu.

Daga cikin babban ayyuka na tempo yanke shawarar ware wadannan: rike da mutuncin irin murya na magana furcin da kuma rabuwar gagarumin / bai isa a kula lokacin a cikin sanarwar. Alal misali, a kan mafi muhimmanci lokacin da maganganun mutane ayan rage gudu da taki. Conversely, idan muna magana ne game da wani abu da yake ba da muhimmanci, shi accelerates da mutum. Za ka iya kuma duba cikin hanzari da kudi na magana, a lokacin da mutum ba ya so ya jawo hankalin hankalin da interlocutor wasu da maki a cikin sanarwar (sau da yawa samu a talla).

Bugu da kari, cikin kudi na iya faye hali mutum m halaye na da magana, jawabin nasa fassara sunadaran. Har ila yau muhimmanci shi ne matsayi a al'umma na magana, ya so ya haifar da wani ra'ayi, da sauransu. D.

5. Danniya

M amfani don ware wani kashi na magana (syllables, kalmomi) da dama irin wannan abubuwa. An za'ayi da musanyãwa da Ft Irfan halaye na abubuwa - inganta sautin pronunciation, kara tsanani da kuma sauransu.

Ware wadannan iri na danniya, kamar:

- fi'ili (karin lafazi mutunci da kalmar)

- syntagmatic (syntagma iyaka)

- ma'ana (Jaddada mafi muhimmanci kalmomi)

- jumlar (karshen kalamai).

6. Dakata

Yana wakiltar wani hutu (kashi tsayawa magana). jawabin sunadaran a cikin wannan harka iya zama na biyu iri:

- kara magana ne dan lokaci katse, akwai shirun (real ɗan hutu)

- samar da sakamako na hutu a kara magana ta canza launin waƙa, tempo ko danniya sojojin a kan iyakar syntagmas (m).

Irin murya na magana a oratory ya kullum biya da yawa da hankali, fara daga lokacin tsufa. Theorists na oratory a zamanin tsohuwar Girka da kuma zamanin d Roma, karatu murya launin waƙa, ya kafa shi baya daga music, halin da tempo, launi, ɗan hutu, kimanta muhimmancin samar a cikin jawabin da wasu na ginin jumla sassa.

K. S. Stanislavsky a cikin nazarin rawar da irin murya a cikin tsarin na Theatrical art, rubuta cewa yanayin da sautin, da launi dogara da murya sauti kamar vowels da kuma baƙaƙe: "wasula - kogi, da baƙaƙe - da bankuna." Don Master cikakken irin murya bukatar san wasu daga ilimin Halittar Jiki da kuma physiological sunadaran da magana:

- da ake bukata matsayi na bakin, lebe da harshe, wanda ya samar da wasu ko wasu sauti (vocal na'ura na'urar da resonators)

- da bayani dalla-dalla na sauti sautin dangane da inda a cikin rami inda shi resonates da directed.

Daga bisani, wadannan lura sun yi babban tasiri a kan ci gaban ma'ana karatu da kuma jawabin da fasahar.