Irene Joliot-Curie: a takaice biography, photos

Irene Joliot-Curie (photo nuna daga baya a cikin labarin) - da 'yarsa na Marie kuma Pierre Curie shahara masana kimiyya samu Nobel Prize a Chemistry a shekarar 1935 domin ya samu tare da mijinta na wucin gadi radioactivity. Ya fara aiki a matsayin kimiyya da bincike mataimakin a Radium Institute a Paris, ta kafa iyayenta, ta nan da nan canja mahaifiyarta ya zama mai duba. Akwai ta sadu da mijinta da kuma lifelong kimiyya abokin Frederikom Zholio. Kamar yadda mai mulkin, suka sanya hannu sun gudanar da binciken hade da su Surnames.

Irene Joliot-Curie: a takaice biography

Irene aka haife kan 12/09/1897 a Paris a cikin iyali Maryama, kuma masu babban rabo daga cikin Nobel Prize , Pierre Curie. Ta yarantaka ya quite sabon abu - maturation da ya faru a kamfanin na m masana kimiyya. A iyaye da aka yi aure a 1895, kuma ya sadaukar da rayuwarsa don kimiyyar lissafi, gudanar da gwaje-gwajen a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje da radioactivity. Mariya Kyuri ya kan gab da gano radium, a lokacin da kadan Irene, ko "ta kadan sarauniya," kamar yadda mahaifiyarta kira da 'yarta, shi ne kawai' yan watanni da haihuwa.

A yarinya girma ba na tsawon shekaru, amma ya da wani m yaro. Ta sosai possessive a mallakar wa mahaifiyarsa, wanda ya sau da yawa aiki tare da su gwaje-gwajen. Lokacin da, bayan wani dogon rana a cikin Lab, "Sarauniya" ya sadu da firgita mahaifiyarsa, m 'ya'yan itãcen marmari, Maryamu ta juya sai ya tafi kasuwa ya cika son a' yarsa. Bayan da untimely mai haɗari rasuwar mahaifinta, ta Pierre a 1908, da wani babban tasiri a kan Irene fara exert kakansa a kan uba Ezhen Kyuri. Ya koya wa jikanyar o da na halitta tarihi, a lõkacin da ta ciyar da bazara a ƙauyen. Curie Sr. wani irin siyasa m da wani ikon fassara Mafarki, kuma ya taimaka samar da leftist sentiments Irene da kuma raini a gare ta shirya addini.

nontraditional ilimi

Curie ilimi ya quite na ƙwarai. Mahaifiyarta gan shi cewa Irene kuma ƙanwarta Eva Denise (1904 p.) Made kullum jiki da hankulansu motsa jiki. A 'yan mata da wani governess, amma saboda Madame Curie aka ba ba da damar yin amfani da makarantu, ta shirya wani horo da haɗin kai, a cikin abin da yara da furofesoshi, daga cikin shahararrun Paris Sorbonne zo da darussa a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje. Irene ta uwa sanar da kimiyyar lissafi, da kuma ta sauran shahararrun abokan aiki sanar da lissafi, sunadarai, harsuna da sassaka. Ba da da ewa Irene shi ne mafi kyau dalibi da kyau kwarai ilimi na kimiyyar lissafi da kuma sunadarai. Bayan shekaru biyu, duk da haka, a lokacin da ta 14, da m da aka yi birgima sama, da yarinya da aka shigar da wani zaman kansa makaranta, College Sevigne, kuma nan da nan ya karbi takardar shaidar. Ta shafe bazara a rairayin bakin teku ko a cikin duwatsu, wani lokacin a cikin kamfanin na celebrities kamar Albert Einstein da ɗansa. Sa'an nan Irene zo zuwa ga Sorbonne don nazarin ya zama mai renonsa.

Aiki a gaban

A lokacin farko World Madame Curie suka tafi wajen ƙofar, inda sabon X-ray kayan aiki amfani domin lura da sojoji. 'Yar zarar koya don amfani da wannan kayan aiki, aiki tare da mahaifiyarsa, da kuma daga baya a kan nasu. Irene, m da kuma wajen antisocial a cikin yanayi, a kwantar da hankula da kuma unruffled a fuskar hadari. A shekaru 21, ta zama mataimakin zuwa ga uwar a Radium Cibiyar. Da ta koya wa basira amfani da girgije jam'iyya, a na'urar da ta sa a bayyane da na farko barbashi ta hanyar da sawu na saukad da na ruwa, wanda suka bar a kan hanyar su motsi.

A farkon kimiyya aiki

A farkon 1920s, bayan nasarar da yawon shakatawa a Amurka da uwarsa da 'yar'uwa, Iren Kyuri ya fara yin ta bayar da dakin gwaje-gwaje. Aiki tare da Fernand Holweck, administrative Darektan Cibiyar, ta gudanar da dama gwaje-gwajen da radium, sakamakon wanda aka buga a 1921, a ta farko da aiki. By 1925 ta ya gama doctoral rubutun a kan alpha haskoki na polonium, wani kashi, wadda ta bude iyaye. Mutane da yawa abokan aiki a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, ciki har da ita a nan gaba miji, tunani, ta kasance kamar babanta a cikin ta kusan Ilhamin ikon amfani da na'urorin. Frederick ya 'yan shekaru matasa, fiye Irene kuma ba gwaninta a cikin yin amfani da kimiyya kayan aiki. Lokacin da ta tambaye ka gaya masa game da radioactivity, sai ta fara a wani wajen m iri, amma suna nan da nan ya fara yin dogon tafiya a cikin kasar. The biyu aure a 1926 da kuma yanke shawarar yin amfani da wata hada sunan Joliot-Curie, bayan ta shahara iyaye.

hayayyafa da haɗin gwiwar

Nobel tarihi Irene Joliot-Curie da mijinta Frederic fara gudanar da hadin gwiwa da bincike. Su duka biyu hannu da kimiyya aiki, ko da bayan shekara ta 1932, Irene aka nada a matsayin shugaban dakin gwaje-gwaje. Bayan karanta game da gwaje-gwajen da na Jamusawa masana kimiyya su Walter Bothe da kuma Hans Becker su da hankali mayar da hankali a kan makaman nukiliya kimiyyar lissafi - fagen kimiyya, wanda har yanzu a cikin jariri. Kawai a nuna na karni, masana kimiyya ya gano cewa kwayoyin halitta da tsakiyar tsakiya ya kunshi gaskiya ma cajin protons. Waje suna barnatar da cajin electrons. Iyaye Irene radioactivity yayi nazari, a sabon abu wanda ya auku a lokacin da nuclei na wasu abubuwa emit a barbashi ko makamashi. Na farko shi ne mai gwada da m alpha barbashi kama da tsakiya a helium zarra tare da biyu m zargin. A ta aiki, da lambar yabo na Nobel Prize, da Curie Sr. gano cewa wasu rediyoaktif abubuwa emit barbashi a cikin wani na yau da kullum, ake iya faɗi akai.

nukiliya Fusion

A cikin Lab, Irene Joliot-Curie da damar yin amfani da manya-manyan adadin rediyoaktif abu a duniya, wato polonium, bude iyayenta. Wannan sinadari fitarda alpha barbashi wanda Irene da Frederick amfani da su bombard da dama abubuwa. A shekara ta 1933, sun bamai su aluminum core. A sakamakon haka shi da wani rediyoaktif phosphorus. Aluminum kullum yana 13 protons amma idan bombarded tare da alpha barbashi tare da biyu m zargin kwaya samun karin protons, forming phosphorus. A sakamakon sinadari daban-daban daga cikin halitta - shi ne ya rediyoaktif isotope.

Masu bincike gwada da hanyar alfa radiation da kuma a kan wasu kayan, ya gano cewa a lokacin da alpha barbashi yi karo da sunadaran da suka maida su a cikin wani kashi da ya fi girma yawan protons. Irene da Frederic Joliot-Curie haifar wucin gadi radioactivity. Sun ruwaito a cikin sabon abu daga cikin Academy of Sciences a Janairu 1934.

The Nobel Prize

Opening Joliot-Curie ya na bayar da muhimmanci ba kawai ga m kimiyya, amma kuma domin da yawa aikace-aikace. A cikin 1930s, da yawa rediyoaktif isotopes aka samu, wanda aka yi amfani da matsayin alamomi a likitanci ganowa, kazalika a yawa gwaje-gwajen. hanya nasara sa wasu masana kimiyya su yi gwaji tare da makamashin nukiliya saki.

Shi ne mai bittersweet lokacin for Irene Joliot-Curie. Zauna a indescribable ni'ima, amma wani rashin lafiya uwar san cewa ita 'yar da aka sa ran za a gane, amma ta mutu a watan Yuli na wannan shekarar daga cutar sankarar bargo lalacewa ta hanyar dogon lokaci daukan hotuna zuwa radiation. Bayan 'yan watanni Joliot-Curie koya game da aiki na Nobel Prize. Ko da yake sun kasance nukiliya lissafin kimiyya, biyu samu lambar yabo a cikin sunadarai saboda da sakamakon na su binciken a cikin wannan filin.

Bugu da kari, Irene da Frederic zama masu yawa girmamawa darajõji, kuma jami'an da Tuli na karimci. Amma wadannan lada an kusan ba ya canzawa. Poetry karatu, iyo, sailing, gudun kan da kuma yin yawo ne a fi so wãsa, Irene Joliot-Curie. Yara Helene da Pierre yi girma sai ta zama sha'awar zamantakewa ƙungiyoyi da kuma siyasa. Samun ikon fassara Mafarki tare da leftist ra'ayoyi, Irene ya yekuwar neman zabe ga mata wahala. Ta kasance mai mataimakin ministan a cikin Popular Front gwamnatin Leona Blyuma a 1936, sa'an nan an zabe farfesa a Sorbonne a 1937.

zarra smashing

Ci gaba da aikin a fagen kimiyyar lissafi a cikin marigayi 1930s, Irene Joliot-Curie gudanar da wani gwaji tare da wani neutron bombardment na uranium nuclei. Tare da collaborator Pavlom Savichem ta nuna cewa uranium za a iya raba cikin sauran rediyoaktif abubuwa. Ta asali gwaji paved hanya domin wani likita Otto Hahn, wanda ya tabbatar da cewa da uranium neutron bombardment iya raba shi kashi biyu sunadaran m nauyi. Wannan sabon abu ya zama tushen ga m aikace-aikace na atomic makamashi - domin ƙarni na makamashin nukiliya da kuma makaman nukiliya.

A farkon duniya na biyu Irene ta ci gaba ta karatu a Paris, ko da yake mijinta Frederick tafi karkashin kasa. Sun kasance biyu ɓangare na Faransa juriya motsi, da kuma a shekarar 1944, Irene ta yara tafi Switzerland. Bayan da yaki, ta nada shugaban na Radium Institute, kazalika da izini da Faransa nukiliya aikin. Ta shafe ta kwana a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, da kuma ci gaba da bayar da laccoci da kuma yin gabatarwa a kan topic na radioactivity, ko da yake ta kiwon lafiya a hankali rincabewa.

Irene Joliot-Curie: A Biography siyasa

Frederick, memba na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis tun 1942, aka sallame ta shugaban Faransa Atomic Energy Hukumar. Bayan da cewa, ma'auratan suka fara da yin umurni da yin amfani da makamashin nukiliya a cikin hanyar zaman lafiya. Irene ya memba na World Peace Council, da kuma sanya da dama tafiye-tafiye zuwa tarayyar Soviet. A da tsawo daga cikin "Cold War", da kuma saboda siyasa ayyukan Irene aka hana membobinsu a cikin American Chemical Society, da aikace-aikace da abin da yake yi a cikin 1954. Her karshe taimako ga kimiyyar lissafi ya taimake a cikin halittar wani babban barbashi totur da dakin gwaje-gwaje a cikin Orsay, kudu da Paris, a shekara ta 1955. Ta kiwon lafiya rincabewa, kuma 3/17/56 Irene Joliot-Curie mutu, kamar mahaifiyarta, daga cutar sankarar bargo a sakamakon wani babban total radiation kashi.