International laifi: ra'ayi da kuma iri daban-daban

The duniya doka norms ne babu guda ra'ayi na kasa da kasa da aikata laifuka. Duk da haka, akwai manyan alamu da shi a cikin su. Daban-daban kafofin ce irin wannan definition, kamar yadda "na duniya laifi a kan bil'adama da kuma duniya." Masana kimiyya da dama da kuma MDD Hukumar wadãtu da wadannan sharuddan ne synonymous. ba don gabatar da wani na kowa definition, aka yanke shawarar a wannan batun. MDD Hukumar ƙarasa da cewa da kafa, na] aukacin haddi a cikin ra'ayi, ma'ana kasa da kasa laifuka, da ra'ayi da kuma iri daban-daban na ayyuka envisaged a cikin Yarjejeniya na Nuremberg Kotun (Art. 6), ya kamata a da za'ayi a yi.

A general definition of

A halin yanzu, da duniya kuma m adabi offers da yawa ma'anar. Bayan an yi nazarin su, masana sun yi kokarin kirkiro wani janar definition. International laifi ƙunshi wani take hakkin duniya doka dokokin. Ya unshi mutum azãba ga mutumin da ya aikata shi. A babban alama irin wannan aiki a cikin ni'imar da babba hurumin kotun na kowace ƙasa da cewa tana son da kuma yana da ikon fara da m samar. Wannan yanayin ya bambanta da na kasa da kasa laifuka daga talakawa ayyukan zalunci da cewa ya zo a cikin koyarwa na jihar Mulki.

related category

kasa da kasa yanayin da laifi zarcewa a take hakkin lumana gwiwa a dukkan duniyoyin da dangantakar: dukiya, zamantakewa da al'adu, da tattalin arziki da sauransu. Irin ayyukan da suke detrimental doka abokai da kuma 'yan ƙasa na wasu kasashe. Horo ga kasa da kasa da aikata laifukan za a iya kafa a cikin dacewa duniya da yarjejeniyar. Duk da haka, irin wannan yarjejeniyar dole ne ƙulla da kasashen na sanya hannu. Kawo cin zarafin ga adalci a wannan yanayin ne da za'ayi a cikin wani takamaiman jihar iko. Wadannan ayyukan, kamar yadda mai mulkin, sun hada da 'yan fashin teku, Kame jirgin, kayayyakin na jabu, samarwa da kuma rarraba da kwayoyi da sauransu.

Abin da ãyõyinMu da kasa da kasa laifukan?

Su faye hali dogara ne a kan wasu siffofin. Na farko farkon da fadi da ikon yinsa, daga rarraba. International laifi, da wani laifi a zaman lafiya rufe take hakki na biyu na al'ada janar dokoki da kuma babbar hanyar da yarjejeniyar. Dokokin da cewa ba a yarda da laifi mutum ya kamata a directed zuwa kariya na musamman dabi'u. Suna dauke da al'ummomin kasa da kasa a matsayin wani muhimmin da kuma dauri duk mutane kuma duk ƙasashe. Core dabi'u suna gyarawa:

• Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Yarjejeniya.
• The Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
• Turai Yarjejeniyar.
• International alkawari.
• Geneva Convention da sauransu.

Da yaki da aikata laifuka ne da wani aiki ga gamayyar kasa da kasa.

The main iri

A dokoki ne da wadannan iri na kasa da kasa laifuka:

1. Kisan kare dangi.
2. A soja hari.
3. Cin zarafin bil'adama.
4. Ta'adi.

kisan kare dangi

Wannan definition maida hankali ne akan kasa da kasa shari'a laifuffukan da aka aikata domin manufar halakar da wani kabilanci da addini ko kuma na kasa kungiyar. Wadannan sun hada da, musamman, sun hada da:

1. Kashe 'yan al'umma.
2. Hana haihuwar.
3. Shafi tunanin mutum da tasiri.
4. Iyakance yanayi na al'ada rayuwa.
5. Haddasa jiki lalacewa.

Wadannan duniya laifuka yake kunshe a cikin yarjejeniyar a kan Rigakafin Kisan kare dangi da kuma azãba daga 1948, da Roma Dokoki na ICC daga 1998

Ƙeta a kan 'yan asalin'

Wannan category hada da wadannan duniya laifuka:

• Bautar.
• Kisan kai.
• Link.
• Tsananta a kan addini, kome launin, da siyasa, ko wasu dalilai da sauransu.

Wadannan ayyuka suna kyalli a cikin Roma Dokoki na kotun kasa da kasa.

harin soji

Wadannan sun hada da irin wannan kasa da kasa laifuka:

• Bauta ne a kan mazaunan da shagaltar da ƙasa.
• Azabtarwa fararen hula.
• Kashewar 'yan ƙasa.
• Ta'asa, da fursunonin yaki.
• Kisan da aka yi garkuwa.
• Halakar da fashi da makami na kanmu ko ga jama'a dukiya, ba shi barata bisa horar da sojoji.
• Halakar kauyuka, ko birane, da sauransu.

Irin wannan kotun sauraron laifukan suna kunshe a cikin Yarjejeniya, da Roma Dokoki, da Ƙarin layinhantsaki zuwa Geneva yarjejeniyar.

m dokokin

Alhakin kasa da kasa laifuka da ke rubuce a ch. 34 na Criminal Code. Shi ne hukuncin karkashin wadannan articles:

• 354 - ga jama'a kira ga fashewa yaki.
• 356 - domin amfani da haramta hanyoyin da wajen yaki.
• 357 - ga kisan kare dangi.
• 360 - don wani hari a kan cibiyoyin da rãyukansu a karkashin kasa da kasa kariya.

Ba dole ne a ce cewa Mataki na ashirin da. 356 na kundin Code ne da gaske bargo, domin ya ƙunshi wani tunani da gwamnatoci yarjejeniya da Rasha Federation.

Yarda da ayyukan: abubuwan

Masu bincike sun gano wata dama daga cikin mafi muhimmanci doka sakamakon da rarrabuwa na infringements matsayin kasa da kasa laifuka:

1. Ayyukan wannan category za a azabtar, ko da kuwa ko bayar da akwai wani bugun da su a cikin gida da dokar.
2. International zagi za a iya gurfanar da kotuna, wanda a karkashin wasu (al'ada) yanayi zai ba da ya dace iko. Wannan yana nufin cewa batutuwa da suka yi wai alhakin aikata su, za a iya yi kokari, kuma Ya azabtar da kowace ƙasa, ko da kuwa yankin dangane da zargi da kabila daga cikin wanda aka azabtar ko attacker. Yana zai ba kome, kuma babu wani kai tsaye barazana ga tsaro, ko kuma na kasa da bukatun na jihar. Saboda haka, gabatar da kara ne da za'ayi misali, ko da idan ba na al'ada da dalilin iko.
3. International hari magance kowa sharudda kebantattun na shuwagabannin da sauran manyan jami'an la'anta. Wannan yana nufin cewa mutumin da ya aikata wadannan ayyuka, amsa kamar yadda wani jami'in gwamnatin, wani wakilin iko. A kan wannan batu na rigakafi don laifi ko} ungiyoyin iko da m kotuna na} asashen waje da kuma ba a rufe. An togiya ne data kasance jiha babi, diplomasiyya wakilan, ministocin harkokin wajen kasashen, za su zama Hurumi zuwa lokacin da ya tafi da gidan.
4. A kotu iya bayar da boko iko na kasa da kasa ayyukan aikata kafin ta kafa. Wannan mulki da aka iyakance kawai lokuta inda infringements an criminalized a duniya nagartacce a lokacin.
5. International laifuka, a wani taron, kamar kisan kare dangi, da laifuffukan yaki, da azabtarwa, abubuwa da Adam, da doka da gazawa ba za a iya amfani.
6. afuwa Ayyukan Manzanni soma da hukumomi na kasashen 'yan ƙasa ne da' yan wasan kwaikwayo da ake zargin sun aikata a yi, ko a cikin ƙasa wadda infringements aka dauke, ba su ɗaure kotuna na sauran jihohi, da kuma wasu hukumomi.

Keta cikin batutuwa karkashin kariya

List of mutane, abubuwa a game da wanda ake gane kamar yadda duniya laifuka, yake kunshe a cikin dacewa al'ada. Bisa ga daftarin aiki, ga abokai karkashin kariya sun hada da:

1. Shugaban kasa ko kowane memba na wata collegial jiki da yin aikinsu.
2. Official ko wasu wakili na kasa da kasa gwamnatoci kungiyar, membobin iyalansu zaune tare da su.
3. Ministan harkokin wajen kasar.
4. Jihar wakilan ko wasu jami'an suna da hakkin su musamman kariya.
5. da shugaban gwamnatin.
6. Rakiyar mutane, na sama abokai, iyalansu.

premeditation

An kafa a game da laifukan da aka aikata idan:

1. Magudana, ya kashe, ko in ba haka ba tauye 'yanci da ainihi na batun a karkashin musamman kariya.
2. A hari ta amfani da tashin hankali a kan mai rai, da hukuma gabatarwa, yana nufin na kai na irin wannan mutum.
3. Kokarin harin.
4. Hada baki a cikin harin.
5. Zancen barazanar da ake yi wani mutum a karkashin musamman kariya.

A bambanci ga m da harkokin shari'a, a dokar kasa da kasa na samar da wani m kewayon ayyukan. Ba kome da muradi, a kan wanda ya aikata wani ƙeta. Main guzuri don musamman kariya daga muhallinsu kafa a Convention. Daya daga cikin su da aka soma a shekara ta 1994. Yana shirya lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ma'aikata da kuma related mutane. A karshen, musamman, sun hada da mahalarta zaman lafiya na ayyukan, ma'aikata na ba na gwamnati kungiyoyin bayar da taimakon jin kai. Hare-hare a kan irin abokai ake gane kamar yadda laifukan, a karkashin kasa dokokin laifuffuka.

aka yi garkuwa da-shan

Wannan laifi ne halin a matsayin mai hadarin gaske aikin 'yan ta'adda. Da farko, da aka yi garkuwa da-shan aka classified a matsayin wani take hakkin kullum yarda da matsayin a duniya kawai a cikin yanayin da aka alaka da makamai rikici. Halaye na laifi kafa a Yarjejeniyar na 1979, zuwa wanda a shekarar 1987 ya shiga cikin tarayyar Soviet. The daftarin aiki, musamman, ya bayyana cewa, batun da cewa na kama da tsare barazanar kashe, cuta, ko kuma ci gaba da rike shi don ya yi States, gwamnatoci da kungiyoyi, ko kuma wani dan kasa / shari'a mahaluži ya yi wani aikin a matsayin wani wajibi sharadin saki Yana aikata Kame jirgin. Kamar yadda irin wannan babban laifi da kuma dauke wani yunkurin da kuma sa hannu a cikin irin wannan harka. A wannan yanayin da muke magana ne game da duniya halin da aikata laifuka. A wannan mahallin, Art. 13 na Yarjejeniyar ta tanadi cewa daftarin aiki ba nema wa lokuta inda kãmun 'yan ƙasa jajirce a cikin ƙasa na daya kasar, a matsayin attacker da aka azabtar ne ta kasar, tare da na farko dake a cikin jihar. Wannan rubutu samar da wani tsarin for hulda tsakanin jihohi a yaki da wannan laifi. A daidai wannan lokaci da ajiyar bai hana Gwamnatin Jihar samar a yadda dokar da azãba sabõda wani aikin da aka yi garkuwa-karɓarsu ga.

fataucin miyagun kwayoyi

Doka ayyukan alaka da yi, sayar da irin wannan abubuwa, domin da yawa shekarun da suka gabata bauta a matsayin abu na kasa da kasa shari'a effects. a duniya a yau ne Single Yarjejeniyar a kan narcotic Kwayoyi kuma Psychotropic. Su unsa mai fadi da doka da dokoki, da samar ga hanyoyin da iko a kan wurare dabam dabam na dakatar mahadi. A musamman, ga azãbar azurta haram:

1. Import / fitarwa.
2. Storage.
3. Namo da kuma samar.
4. Sale / sayan.

Kamar yadda wani sabon tsari a cikin ni'imar da Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, wanda shirya hanyoyin magance da fasa} wauri irin wannan mahadi. Wannan daftarin aiki da aka soma a shekara ta 1988, tarayyar Soviet ƙulla shi a 1989. Yarjejeniyar ya furta cewa, da kawar da cin haram yaduwa, samar, ajiya na narcotic da psychotropic abubuwa abubuwa a matsayin na gama nauyin duk ƙasashe. Jerin ayyukan da cewa cancanci matsayin m take hakkin da dokokin saita fito a Art. 3. A cikin gida dokokin ma azurta alhaki domin irin wannan ayyukan. Complex darajar yana Tarayya Law "A narcotic Kwayoyi kuma Psychotropic abubuwa", soma a 1998. Yana amince da gwamnatin kasar ta siyasa tsarin a fagen fasa} wauri daga cikin wadannan abubuwa, akwai nassoshi duniya kida.

Kame jirgin

Wannan laifi ne ma aka bayyana a cikin dacewa Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. The daftarin aiki ya furta cewa, da yi wannan irin barazanar da aminci da dukiya da kuma rãyukansu, haddasa gwaji lalacewar iska zirga-zirga, ta zubar da kimar jama'a 'amana a cikin aminci daga flights. Laifi halaye ne da aka ba a cikin labarin. 1 na Yarjejeniyar. A matsayin wani aiki zaton ba bisa doka ba, tashin hankali, ko a karkashin irin wannan barazana, ko yin amfani da sauran siffofin tursasawa jirgin ko iko da shi, ya yi ta wani actor a kan jirgin, zama a jirgin. Wannan category da laifukan ya shafi ma ƙoƙarin aikata da hada baki da a da shi. A jirgin sama ne dauke da za a zama a cikin jirgin daga lokacin da na rufe da matsanancin kofa bayan da loading kafin bude wani daga cikinsu zai sauke. Yarjejeniyar ta shafi lokuta a cikin abin da wuri na ainihin saukowa ko dauki-kashe da aka located waje da jirgin sama rajista. A wannan yanayin, shi zai ba kome, Make gida ko kasa da kasa jirgin.

Yarjejeniyar ba iyakance jihar kafa da kansa nauyi a dokar domin irin wannan laifi. A Rasha, da tambaya da azãba da aka yanke shawarar kamar haka. Nauyi ne ba m da abubuwan lura yarjejeniyar, kuma game da hulda da kasashen. Yana shafi wani lokuta na kãmun ko Kame jirgin. A wannan yanayin, hukumcin ya shafi ayyukan aikata ba kawai a cikin jirgin, amma a lokacin da ya zauna a cikin ƙasa. Hana tanadi dage farawa saukar a cikin Yarjejeniyar ba su shafi kasa iko.

bugu da žari

Yau rarrabe wani category - giciye-iyakar laifi. Matsayin mai mulkin, irin kaiga wani hari, lalata moriyar kungiyoyi ko jama'a na kasashe daban-daban. Wannan shi ne lalacewa a cikin wannan harka kara bayan da iyakoki da daya bayyana. Wannan hali ya kwanan samu da kuma shirya laifi.