Indiyawan Dajin Amirka,-mohawk. Tarihi da al'adu na kabilar

Kabilar Iroquois - mutanen da suka rayu a cikin tsakiyar yankunan na {asar Amirka, da kuma Canada. Wannan kabila ne da ya shahara ba kawai domin ta m bayyanar, amma kuma mai ban sha'awa tarihi da kuma al'ada. Yau muna bayar da ku a m tafiya a cikin deepest sassa na Great Lakes , da kuma ƙarin koyo game da yadda za a zauna a 'yan qasar Indiyawan Amirka Mohawk.

Mene ne League na kabilar Iroquois?

Mai yiwuwa a 1570 akwai wani ƙawance na kabilar Iroquois, da ake kira League na Haudenosaunee. Da farko, wannan ilimin hada biyar kabilan: da Oneida, Mohawk, Cayuga, Onondaga, kuma Shenglijia. Daga baya, a cikin 1770, ya shiga cikin League na Haudenosaunee kabilar Tuscarora fitar daga kudancin yankunan da United States (yanzu Eastern Carolina).

Saboda da kusa kabilanci, al'adu da kuma zamantakewa da lambobi daga duk wadannan kungiyoyin, kuma akwai ga kabilar Iroquois, Indiyawa. kabilanci bayanin ba za a iya yi, ba tare da halaye na kabilu da cewa shiga cikin Haudenosaunee League. Saboda haka, muka dubi kowace kabila mafi.

Oneida Tribe

Oneida - kabilar kabilar Iroquois League. Da farko, zuriyarsa suka zauna a ƙauyen New York, sa'an nan zaunar da ƙasar a arewa maso gabashin Wisconsin (kusa Green Bay). "Man na gyarawa dutse" - don haka kiran kansu kowane fito daga Oneida yan kabilar India, ga kabilar Iroquois. A tarihin sunan da aka alaka da gida hadisin. A cewar labari, a tsakiyar babban kauyen Oneida ko da yaushe sanya babban ja dutse. Wannan dutse ya zama wani muhimmin alama ce daga cikin kabilar.

mohawk Tribe

Mohawk (Mohawk, ko) - North American 'yan kabilar India rai a cikin gabacin New York State. A Haudenosaunee League wannan kungiyar da ake kira "matsaranta na gabashin kofa." Yau magavki - wannan shi ne mafi yawa kabilar a cikin kabilar Iroquois, alliance. Yanzu sun zama a lardunan Ontario, kuma Quebec (Canada).

A farko lambobi da Turawa Mohawk kabilar da ya faru a 1634, lokacin da tako a kan American ƙasa da Dutch. Mohawk kabilar Iroquois, kafin sauran suka fara kasuwanci da Turawa.

Daga cikin Mohawk kabilar suna da irin shahararrun mutane a matsayin Dzhozef Brant (jami'in sojan Birtaniya, ya bambanta kansa a lokacin American Revolutionary War), Kateri Tekakwitha (Mai Tsarki Roman Katolika) da kuma Polin Dzhonson (sanannen Canadian actress da kuma marubuci).

Cayuga Tribe

Cayuga kabilar asali zauna a yankin na Cayuga Lake tsakanin mutanen Shenglijia da Onondaga. Yau da zũriyarsu rayuwa a lardin Ontario (Canada) da kuma a Perrysburg (New York, USA).

Native na Cayuga kabilar ne Harry Farmer - sanannen Canadian actor, wanda ya zama sananne godiya ga movie " 'Yan sanda Academy" da "Matattu Man."

Onondaga kabilar

North American tribal wakilan Onondaga kiran kansu "mutane na tuddai." Da farko, da mutane da aka gudanar ƙasa located a arewa maso yamma na Jihar New York. Amma bayan da War of Independence da United States kabilar aka fitar daga waɗannan ƙasashe da kuma shagaltar sassa na Ontario (Canada).

Ya kamata a lura da cewa a cikin League na Onondaga Haudenosaunee kabilar aiki a matsayin "babban yan'uwa", watau. E. Gudanar jagorancin matsayi a cikin tarayyar Soviet.

Shenglijia Tribe

Mazauni na Shenglijia kabilar kiran kansu "dutse mutane". Yanzu wannan mutane na zaune a kan gaba na Shenglijia Lake, dake kudu na Ontario da Genesee River a ƙauyen New York. Da farko, Shenglijia bautarka a sararin ƙasa daga New York zuwa Pennsylvania.

Daga cikin tarihi na kabilar

Tun da XI karni kabilar Iroquois, shagaltar da sararin ƙasa tsakanin kogin St. Lawrence River da kuma Lake Ontario. Na dogon lokaci da suka rayu a wani yanayi algonkinoyazychnyh kabilu (Ojibwa, aftermath, Algonquins) da kuma kulla m yaki domin ƙasarsu.

A mafi kusa Lambobin League na kabilar Iroquois kiyaye da Dutch. Turai yan kasuwa saya daga gida kabilan dabbar beaver fãtunsu da maimakon kawota su da bindigogi. Da zarar duk beavers a yankin tsakanin kogin St. Lawrence River da kuma Lake Ontario an yanke, da Dutch tura ga kabilar Iroquois, ya kama da sabuwar ƙasar. Wannan ya kai ga farkon abin da ake kira dabbar beaver Wars. A 1660, ga kabilar Iroquois, ya fara yin inroads cikin New Faransa. A hedkwatarsu da ya goyan bayan ta mazauna, sabõda haka, North American kabilan fara sha kaye. A halin yanzu, British sojojin kama Dutch mallaka na New Samoa, yankan ga kabilar Iroquois, daga cikin muhimman abokan huldar cinikinta.

A 1688, yaki ya barke a kan Turanci gādo tsakanin Faransa da kuma Birtaniya. A wannan rikici, ga kabilar Iroquois kasance a kan sashin Birtaniya. Bugu da kari, da North American kabilu don taimaka wa da su a cikin Faransa da Indiya War. Wadannan biyu rikice-rikice sun gaba daya ya canza da balance mulki a nahiyar. The kabilar Iroquois, sun zama gaba daya dogara a kan samar da makamai daga Ingila.

The kabilar Iroquois, a cikin Amirka, Revolutionary War

A 1775 ya fara American Revolutionary War. A wannan rikici, ya samu halartar, a hannu daya, da United Kingdom da kuma magoya bayan (watau masu biyayya ga gwamnatin Birtaniya ..), Kuma a kan sauran - 13 Birtaniya mazauna. Mafi yawa daga cikin Indiyawan a lokacin yaki bayar da shawarwari neutrality. Great Haudenosaunee League Majalisar ma da farko ya kasance tsaka tsaki. Duk da haka, a 1777, ga kabilar Iroquois kasance a kan gefen Great Britain. Babban dalilin wannan kuwa da cewa Ingila shi ne babban makamai maroki ga North American kabilu. Bugu da kari, da mulkin mallaka hukuma haramta su mazauni ta mamaye yankin yamma da Appalachian Mountains don kauce wa rikice-rikice da 'yan India.

Bayan da yaki, da United Kingdom ya ba da ƙasar kabilar Iroquois, a karkashin Amurka iko. A wannan lokacin da Haudenosaunee League daina wanzuwa. Sashe na daga cikin kabilar Iroquois koma arewa - a cikin ƙasa bã Birtaniya kambi na da goyon baya a cikin yakin. A sauran rabin kabilar Haudenosaunee League zauna a cikin ƙasa na New York.

Tattalin arziki da kuma rayuwar da American kabilar Iroquois,

Saboda haka, yadda ya rayu kuma ya jagoranci rayuwar wani sauki Indian-mohawk? Features na al'adun Arewa American kabilu suke zaune a yankin Great Lakes, kafa a ƙarƙashin rinjayar waje dalilai. A ƙasa sanaki ga kabilar Iroquois, sun zahiri a kan crests daga duwãtsu. Waɗannan ƙasashe aka rufe da m gandun daji da kuma kewaye da koguna da tabkuna. Yanayin damina sun sa musamman bangaren na North American kabilu.

The kabilar Iroquois, ya rayu a cikin manyan fili gidaje - ovachirah. Su aka gina a wani rectangular siffar da ganga-dimbin yawa, rufi.

Babban amfanin gona da aka masara kabilu. Masara filayen zauna manyan yankunan (har zuwa 9 km a radius). Bugu da kari, ga kabilar Iroquois, horar da wake da kuma kabewa.

Daga cikin 18th karni shi ne rayayye tasowa soja da kuma Jawo cinikin. Wannan shi ne saboda rufe lambobi da cinikayya tare da mulkin mallaka. North American kabilu sun kawota Turawa dabbar beaver pelts, wanda aka yi amfani da don samar da Jawo huluna. Aikin, kamar yadda mai mulkin, tsunduma gabaɗaya a mata.

The rayuwar siyasa na kabilar Iroquois,

A cikin rayuwar siyasa na jama'ar Arewacin Amirka kabilan shagaltar da wani rinjaye matsayin Haudenosaunee League. Its yan aka bukata don adana zaman lafiya a tsakãninsu. Gangarawa League Council of mashãwarta, kunsha na 50 sachems. Its mambobi ana zabe ta uwayensu haihuwa. Council Regulation tattauna dabam da kowace kabila, kuma sai ku tsai da shawara. Kowane shugaba iya kujerar naƙi da wani hukunci. A farko yanke shawara da majalisar tattauna Mohawks, sa'an nan - Shenglijia da Oneida, da kuma latest - Cayuga da Onondaga.

Duk da dokoki da al'adun kabilu Haudenosaunee League da aka rubuta a cikin "Littafi mai girma Law." Shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa Tsarin Mulkin Amirka da aka kera a kan wannan daftarin aiki.

A ginin zamantakewa na North American kabilan

The main naúrar na jama'a kabilar Iroquois na'urar da aka haife, wanda aka karkashin jagorancin wata mace. Its mambobi da na gama mallaka na ƙasar da kuma aikin noma, ƙasar. Kowane kabila haifa a wasu iyali sunan. Yawanci, shi da wata dangantaka da sunan dabba. Duk wani nau'i na mata da aka rayayye da hannu a cikin isar da jirgin. A da tarurruka zabe sachems - mashãwarta Council.

A abun da ke ciki na iya hada kabilu daga 10 zuwa 3 danginsu. Saboda haka, a Shenglijia, Onondaga, kuma Cayuga akwai 8, yayin da Mohawk, kuma Oneida - 3.

bayyanar kabilar Iroquois,

Hankula Indiyawan Amirka-Mohawk, photos of wanda aka gabatar a kasa, akasin rare ra'ayi a yau, ba sa gashi "Mohawk". Maza da shugabannin kabilu, kamar yadda mai mulkin, gaba daya aski gashi. Akwai zauna kawai a kananan "na fatar kan mutum kulle".

M view kabilar Iroquois dauki kawai a lokacin soja kamfen da kuma manyan bukukuwanku na addini. Hairstyles cewa kawai dan kadan ya yi kama da mashahuri a yau kwanciya da sojoji sa da Onondaga kabilar. Suna gaba daya aski gashi, ya bar kawai karamin tsiri tare da cibiyar da kai, to, wanda aka braided cikin wani amarya.

addini ideas

Da farko, da kafuwar addini ya ga kabilar Iroquois, totemism - da imani da allahntaka dabbobi. Animals sun yi aiki a matsayin eponyms HALITTAR Kariya ayyuka a lokacin yaki, patronized noma da farauta. Alal misali, Mohawk, za su yi yaƙi, dauke da su da makamai tare da babban image totem kabilar.

Wadannan kungiyoyin asiri mafi kwanan nan tsiwirwirinsu kasuwanci muhimmanci. The kabilar Iroquois yi imani da cewa kabilar kana bukatar ka farautar su totem dabba. A dangane da wannan sosai rare daga Arewa Indiyawan Dajin Amirka amfani da sadaukarwa na bear.

Bugu da kari, a cikin rayuwar addini na kabilar Iroquois muhimmancin samu m asiri. Kabilan bauta wa, kuma girmamawa ƙasar daruyuschuyu su ƙarfi. Musamman rare ne daba na "uku da 'yan'uwanku mãtã-mãma," - da babban amfanin gona (masara, wake da kuma squash).

Ya kamata a lura da cewa kabilar Iroquois, kafin sauran North American kabilan arangama da koyarwar Kirista ne. Turai addini ƙarshe ya zama wani ɓangare na rayuwarsu. A halin yanzu, ga kabilar Iroquois, suna Kirista.

Ma'adanin na yaki ga kabilar Iroquois,

Bayan samuwar na League na Haudenosaunee soja ikon baya disparate kabilan ƙwarai karu. Kafin Turai lamba kabilar Iroquois makamai kunshi bakkuna da kibansu, māsu da clubs. Bugu da kari, sun yi amfani da katako, da garkuwoyi da kare jiki, kai da kafafu da warrior. Fara wani aiki cinikayya tare da Yaren mutanen Holland ya kai ga canje-canje a cikin soja rai na North American kabilu.

Turawa samar da su bindigogi da kuma rike da wuka. Duk da haka, wadannan trends ba nan da nan maye gurbinsu da saba wa kabilar Iroquois, defenses (rukũ'i, kuma mashi). A gabatarwar da makami ne suka kai ga kin amincewa da katako, allon. Tun daga nan ga kabilar Iroquois, kuma fara amfani da sabuwar dabara na yaƙi - a warwatse dabara a fagen yaƙi.

The kabilar Iroquois, sun kasance mafi m, a cikin yin amfani da makaman sabon kayayyakin fiye da sauran North American kabilu. Wannan ƙwarai da gudummawar da kusa cinikayya lambobi da Turawa.